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American Journal of Veterinary Research Jul 2022To investigate the clinical value of selected biomarkers for evaluation of systemic inflammatory response and pulmonary inflammation and damage pattern in calves with...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the clinical value of selected biomarkers for evaluation of systemic inflammatory response and pulmonary inflammation and damage pattern in calves with different pneumonia forms.
ANIMALS
16 calves with fibrinous pneumonia (FP group; infected with Mannheimia haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida), 12 calves with caseonecrotic pneumonia (CNP group; infected with Mycoplasma bovis), and 10 healthy calves (C group) based on results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) examination.
PROCEDURES
Blood and BALF samples were collected. Annexin-A2 (Anx-A2), endothelin-1 (ET-1), calgranulin B (S100A9), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), haptoglobin (Hp), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and albumin (Alb) concentrations and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were measured and compared across groups.
RESULTS
Serum concentrations of Anx-A2, S100A9, TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-17A, Hp, and LBP and activities of LDH and ALP were higher and Alb concentrations were lower for the pneumonia groups versus C group. BALF concentration ratios of S100A9:Alb, LBP:Alb, LDH:Alb, and ALP:Alb were higher for the pneumonia groups versus C group (P < .05). BALF concentration ratios of Anx-A2:Alb, TGF-β1:Alb, and IL-17A:Alb were higher for the FP group versus other groups (P < .05).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results indicated that serum Anx-A2, S100A9, TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-17A, Hp, LBP, and Alb concentrations were useful in determining the systemic inflammatory response and that BALF concentration ratios of S100A9:Alb, TGF-β1:Alb, LBP:Alb, and ALP:Alb were useful biomarkers in determining pulmonary inflammation and damage. Measurements of BALF concentration ratios of Anx-A2:Alb, TGF-β1:Alb, and IL-17A:Alb could be beneficial to defining fibrinous characterization of pulmonary inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Interleukin-17; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Pneumonia; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 35895787
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.10.0172 -
Veterinary World 2019The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize the and from blood, nasal discharge, and lung tissue of pneumonic goats.
AIM
The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize the and from blood, nasal discharge, and lung tissue of pneumonic goats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 14 goats were investigated for pneumonic pasteurellosis. Of 14 goats, nasal swabs and blood samples were collected from 10 clinically diseased animals. Moreover, lung tissue and heart blood samples were collected during necropsy of four goats died with pneumonia. All the samples were processed for the isolation of and in the laboratory. Bacterial isolates were identified by cultural and biochemical characters and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. All the isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing using commonly used antimicrobials. isolates were characterized by gene detection. isolates were characterized by gene detection and capsule typing.
RESULTS
On necropsy of dead goats, the pneumonia was characterized as acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia. Bacterial culture revealed the isolation of (7) and (5) of 10 clinical cases. Moreover, and were coisolated from two of the lung tissues. Furthermore, one of the other two lung tissues showed the isolation of while the other showed recovery of . Bacterial isolates were specifically identified by the 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The isolates showed reduced susceptibility to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. Moreover, the and genes were specifically detected among , and isolates, respectively. All isolates belonged to serogroup A.
CONCLUSION
The present study reported an occurrence of pneumonic pasteurellosis caused by and in a goat flock.
PubMed: 31040578
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.331-336 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2020Pulmonary infection is associated with inflammation and damage to the bronchial epithelium characterized by an increase in the release of inflammatory factors and a...
Pulmonary infection is associated with inflammation and damage to the bronchial epithelium characterized by an increase in the release of inflammatory factors and a decrease in airway barrier function. Our objective is to optimize a method for the isolation and culture of primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) and to provide an ex vivo model to study mechanisms of epithelial airway inflammation. PBECs were isolated and cultured from the airways of calves in a submerged cell culture and liquid-liquid interface system. A higher yield and cell viability were obtained after stripping the epithelium from the bronchial section compared to cutting the bronchial section in smaller pieces prior to digestion. Mannheimia haemolytica and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as stimulants increased inflammatory responses (IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α release), possibly, by the activation of "TLR-mediated MAPKs and NF-κB" signaling. Furthermore, M. haemolytica and LPS disrupted the bronchial epithelial layer as observed by a decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and zonula occludens-1 and E-cadherin expression. An optimized isolation and culture method for calf PBECs was developed, which cooperated with animal use Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3R's) principle, and can also contribute to the increased knowledge and development of effective therapies for other animal and humans (childhood) respiratory diseases.
Topics: Animals; Bronchi; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelial Cells; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Lung; Mannheimia haemolytica; Models, Biological; Pasteurellaceae Infections
PubMed: 32747652
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69982-0 -
Veterinary World Sep 2020Respiratory infection due to and are responsible for huge economic losses in livestock sector globally and it is poorly understood in ovine population. The study aimed...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Respiratory infection due to and are responsible for huge economic losses in livestock sector globally and it is poorly understood in ovine population. The study aimed to investigate and characterize and from infected and healthy sheep to rule out the involvement of these bacteria in the disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 374 healthy and infected sheep samples were processed for isolation, direct detection by multiplex PCR (mPCR), and antibiotic susceptibility testing by phenotypic and genotypic methods.
RESULTS
Overall, 55 Pasteurella isolates (27 [7.2%] and 28 [7.4%] ) were recovered and identified by bacteriological tests and species-specific PCR assays. Significant correlation between the detection of (66.6%) with disease condition and (19.1%) exclusively from infected sheep was recorded by mPCR. antibiotic susceptibility testing of 55 isolates revealed higher multidrug resistance in (25.9%) than (7.1%) isolates. Descending resistance towards penicillin (63.6%), oxytetracycline (23.6%), streptomycin (14.5%), and gentamicin (12.7%) and absolute sensitivity towards chloramphenicol were observed in both the pathogens. The antibiotic resistance genes such as (32.7%) and (32.7%) associated with streptomycin and sulfonamide resistance, respectively, were detected in the isolates.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed the significant involvement of together with in ovine respiratory infection and is probably responsible for frequent disease outbreaks even after vaccination against hemorrhagic septicemia in sheep population of Karnataka, southern province of India.
PubMed: 33132610
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1947-1954 -
Veterinary World Dec 2022Pneumonic mannheimiosis (PM) is a common respiratory bacterial disease among small ruminants. Despite numerous management methods, vaccination remains a suitable...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Pneumonic mannheimiosis (PM) is a common respiratory bacterial disease among small ruminants. Despite numerous management methods, vaccination remains a suitable strategy to combat or reduce PM in goats and sheep. Thus, a study was conducted in Malaysia to evaluate the immunogenicity of exopolysaccharide-adjuvanted A2 vaccine (EPS-MHA2) under laboratory and field conditions for its potential use as an efficient vaccine against PM.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study induced immunoglobulin (Ig) responses following intramuscular (IM) delivery of the EPS-MHA2 vaccine on 12 goats for about 7 months. Goats were divided into three groups, with three goats per group, and they were vaccinated intramuscularly as follows: Group 1 was vaccinated with an adjuvanted vaccine prepared from formalin-killed serotypes A2 and EPS excipient; Group 2 was vaccinated with formalin-killed . seed only, whereas Group 3 was injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as the negative control. Measures of specific immunity included serum IgM, IgG, and IgA as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid secretory IgA and the size and number of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).
RESULTS
From the 1 day of vaccination, Groups 1 and 2 showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum IgM, IgG, and IgA levels. However, the antibodies started to decline 5-week post-vaccination, indicating that the booster dose was necessary. On the second exposure to the same vaccine (booster), the level of antibodies showed a significant increase (p < 0.05), particularly IgG. All groups were challenged intratracheally by virulent MHA2 2 weeks after the decline of second antibodies on the administration of booster. All goats were euthanatized and necropsied 4-week post-challenge. The number and size of the BALT in Group 1 goats significantly increased compared with those in Group 2 and the unvaccinated control. Bacteriological parameters were evaluated, in which MHA2 was reisolated successfully from lung samples in Group 3. The IgA level produced by the group vaccinated with EPS-MHA2 was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that the MHA2 vaccine and PBS groups. All data obtained were analyzed statistically using a one-way analysis of variance. The results indicate that IM injection of EPS-MHA2 vaccine significantly enhanced the immune response against MHA2.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, the addition of EPS to MHA2 (EPS-MHA2 vaccine) can effectively protect goats from lethal mannheimiosis infection. Factors such as the ideal concentration of EPS should be further studied to verify its application potential as a vaccine adjuvant, and the extraction of EPS from different microalgae species should be further investigated. This study showed a novel and exciting set of data and a vaccination system, in which the suppressive effects of mannheimiosis may be further investigated.
PubMed: 36718330
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2945-2952 -
Veterinary World Jan 2023causes respiratory infection and mortality in sheep and goats, similar to the effects in cattle, which causes major economic damage. Regular vaccinations alongside good...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
causes respiratory infection and mortality in sheep and goats, similar to the effects in cattle, which causes major economic damage. Regular vaccinations alongside good management practices remain the most efficient tools for controlling this disease. Indeed, vaccines against pasteurellosis are available, but results on their efficacy have varied. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three vaccines against mannheimiosis in small ruminants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We evaluated three vaccines developed from a local field isolate based on the inactivated bacterium, its toxoid, and a mixture of bacterin/toxoid, which we then tested on sheep and goats. Selected criteria that were evaluated were safety, antibody response, and protection through a challenge. Post-vaccination monitoring was carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The evaluation was based on antibody responses to vaccination in sheep and goats for both bacteria and leukotoxin. Protection was assessed by clinical and lesion scores after the challenge of vaccinated goats with a pathogenic strain.
RESULTS
The three tested vaccines were completely safe, did not cause any adverse reactions, and induced significant antibody titers in immunized animals. Following challenge, unvaccinated goats showed clinical signs with lesions typical of the disease. Meanwhile, the best protection was obtained with the inactivated combined bacterin/toxoid vaccine.
CONCLUSION
This study highlighted the effectiveness of adding a bacterial toxoid in the vaccine as a promising solution for preventing mannheimiosis in small ruminants. Because of the worldwide distribution of infection, general prophylaxis based on a combined inactivated vaccine could greatly benefit.
PubMed: 36855364
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.68-75 -
Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2023Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a respiratory system disease of sheep caused by , and responsible for the low productivity and economic loss resulting from death and...
Isolation and Molecular Detection of and from Clinically Pneumonic Pasteurellosis Cases of Bonga Sheep Breed and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests in Selected Areas of Southwest Ethiopian Peoples Regional State, Ethiopia.
BACKGROUND
Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a respiratory system disease of sheep caused by , and responsible for the low productivity and economic loss resulting from death and treatment costs. This study was conducted to isolate and molecularly detect causative agents and antibiotic susceptibility tests from a nasal swab sample of the Bonga sheep breed that was suspected to have pneumonic pasteurellosis in selected areas of Southwest Ethiopian Peoples Regional State.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study design was used along with purposive sampling of nasal swab samples from sheep that were brought to veterinary clinics during the study period. Bacterial isolation and phenotypic characterization were carried out using microbiological and biochemical tests that followed standard microbiological techniques. To molecularly confirm the isolates, and , species-specific PCR primer genes were used. Using the disc diffusion method, molecularly confirmed isolates were subjected to an in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test.
RESULTS
The 85 samples that were scrutinized had an overall isolation rate of 31.76%, whereas the isolates of and had species compositions of 40.7% and 59.25%, respectively. Overall, 12.5% of the and 18.18% of the species were verified from phenotypical isolates using the species-specific PCR primer genes and , respectively. An in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out on all four PCR-confirmed isolates for seven commonly used antibiotics used to treat ovine pasteurellosis in the study area. It was found that both bacterial species were resistant to chloramphenicol and penicillin G.
CONCLUSION
Using phenotypic and molecular diagnostic techniques, the results of our current inquiry revealed that and are the causative agents of ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis in the study area.
PubMed: 38162823
DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S435932 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jan 2023Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) involves multiple pathogens, shows diverse lung lesions, and is a major concern in calves. Pathogens from 160 lung samples of...
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) involves multiple pathogens, shows diverse lung lesions, and is a major concern in calves. Pathogens from 160 lung samples of dead cattle from 81 cattle farms in Northeast China from 2016 to 2021 were collected to characterize the molecular epidemiology and risk factors of BRDC and to assess the major pathogens involved in bovine suppurative or caseous necrotizing pneumonia. The BRDC was diagnosed by autopsy, pathogen isolation, PCR, or reverse transcription-PCR detection, and gene sequencing. More than 18 species of pathogens, including 491 strains of respiratory pathogens, were detected. The positivity rate of bacteria in the 160 lung samples was 31.77%, including Trueperella pyogenes (9.37%), Pasteurella multocida (8.35%), Histophilus somni (4.48%), Mannheimia haemolytica (2.44%), and other bacteria (7.13%). The positivity rate of Mycoplasma spp. was 38.9%, including M. bovis (7.74%), M. dispar (11.61%), M. bovirhinis (7.94%), M. alkalescens (6.11%), M. arginini (0.81%), and undetermined species (4.68%). Six species of viruses were detected with a positivity rate of 29.33%, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1; 13.25%), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV; 5.50%), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV; 4.89%), bovine parainfluenza virus type-3 (BPIV-3; 4.28%), bovine parainfluenza virus type-5 (1.22%), and bovine coronavirus (2.24%). Mixed infections among bacteria (73.75%), viruses (50%), and M. bovis (23.75%) were the major features of BRDC in these cattle herds. The risk analysis for multi-pathogen co-infection indicated that BoHV-1 and H. somni; BVDV and M. bovis, P. multocida, T. pyogenes, or Mann. haemolytica; BPIV-3 and M. bovis; BRSV and M. bovis, P. multocida, or T. pyogenes; P. multocida and T. pyogenes; and M. bovis and T. pyogenes or H. somni showed co-infection trends. A survey on molecular epidemiology indicated that the occurrence rate of currently prevalent pathogens in BRDC was 46.15% (6/13) for BoHV-1.2b and 53.85% (7/13) for BoHV-1.2c, 53.3% (8/15) for BVDV-1b and 46.7% (7/15) for BVDV-1d, 29.41% (5/17) for BPIV-3a and 70.59% (12/17) for BPIV-3c, 100% (2/2) for BRSV gene subgroup IX, 91.67% (33/36) for P. multocida serotype A, and 8.33% (3/36) for P. multocida serotype D. Our research discovered new subgenotypes for BoHV-1.2c, BRSV gene subgroup IX, and P. multocida serotype D in China's cattle herds. In the BRDC cases, bovine suppurative or caseous necrotizing pneumonia was highly related to BVDV [odds ratio (OR) = 4.18; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.6-10.7], M. bovis (OR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.1-4.9), H. somni (OR = 8.2; 95% CI: 2.6-25.5), and T. pyogenes (OR = 13.92; 95% CI: 5.8-33.3). The risk factor analysis found that dairy calves <3 mo and beef calves >3 mo (OR = 5.39; 95% CI: 2.7-10.7) were more susceptible to BRDC. Beef cattle were more susceptible to bovine suppurative or caseous necrotizing pneumonia than dairy cattle (OR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.2-4.4). These epidemiological data and the new pathogen subgenotypes will be helpful in formulating strategies of control and prevention, developing new vaccines, improving clinical differential diagnosis by necropsy, predicting the most likely pathogen, and justifying antimicrobial use.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Coinfection; Pneumonia, Necrotizing; Cattle Diseases; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Pasteurella multocida; Bacteria; Lung; Risk Factors; Paramyxoviridae Infections
PubMed: 36333140
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21929 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2022Numerous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance studies have been conducted in North American feedlot cattle to investigate the major bacterial pathogens of the... (Review)
Review
Numerous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance studies have been conducted in North American feedlot cattle to investigate the major bacterial pathogens of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex, specifically: , , , and . While most bacterial isolates recovered from healthy cattle are susceptible to a repertoire of antimicrobials, multidrug resistance is common in isolates recovered from cattle suffering from BRD. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) have gained increasing notoriety in BRD- as they appear to play a key role in the concentration and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant genes. Likewise, low macrolide susceptibility has been described in feedlot isolates of . Horizontal gene transfer has also been implicated in the spread of AMR within mycoplasmas, and experiments have shown that exposure to antimicrobials can generate high levels of resistance in mycoplasmas via a single conjugative event. Consequently, antimicrobial use (AMU) could be accelerating AMR horizontal transfer within all members of the bacterial BRD complex. While metagenomics has been applied to the study of AMR in the microbiota of the respiratory tract, the potential role of the respiratory tract microbiome as an AMR reservoir remains uncertain. Current and prospective molecular tools to survey and characterize AMR need to be adapted as point-of-care technologies to enhance prudent AMU in the beef industry.
PubMed: 35453238
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040487 -
Veterinary World Aug 2021(Mha) is a common agent of pneumonia in ruminants globally, causing economic losses by morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs. Infection by Mha is often associated...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
(Mha) is a common agent of pneumonia in ruminants globally, causing economic losses by morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs. Infection by Mha is often associated with or promoted by respiratory viral pathogens and environmental conditions. Infections due to Mha have rarely been described in small ruminants. This study reports the biological and molecular characteristics of a new Moroccan Mha isolate from small ruminants presenting typical respiratory symptoms. We also studied the cultural parameters, growth kinetics, and Lkt excretion of the isolate and its pathogenicity on laboratory animals and small ruminants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Suspected pasteurellosis cases in sheep and goat flocks in Morocco were investigated. A local strain of Mha was isolated and identified using biochemical and molecular methods. Polymerase chain reaction-targeting specific genes were used for serotyping and phylogenetic analyses; further, leukotoxin production, cytotoxicity, and pathogenicity of the isolate in mice, goats, and sheep were investigated.
RESULTS
Phylogeny analysis revealed 98.76% sequence identity with the USA isolate of 2013; the strain growth with a cycle of 9-10 h with leukotoxin secretion was detected by NETosis and quantified by cytotoxicity and mortality of mice. Goat and sheep infections cause hyperthermia, with characteristic postmortem lesions in the trachea and lung.
CONCLUSION
A local isolate of Mha from sheep that died of pneumonia was characterized for the 1 time in North Africa using biological and molecular methods. Although growth on appropriate culture media is accompanied by intense leukotoxin secretion, experimental infections of sheep and goats cause hyperthermia and typical lesions of pneumonia.
PubMed: 34566318
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2031-2040