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The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Aug 2022Bacterial bronchopneumonia occurs in mature dairy cows but much of the information is extrapolated from knowledge of the disease in calves. The study was prompted by...
OBJECTIVE
Bacterial bronchopneumonia occurs in mature dairy cows but much of the information is extrapolated from knowledge of the disease in calves. The study was prompted by perceptions of an increasing occurrence and a paucity of information on fatal pneumonia in dairy cows in Ontario. The study objectives were to describe the seasonality, main pathogens involved, and suggested predisposing factors for cases of fatal bacterial bronchopneumonia in mature dairy cows submitted for postmortem examination to a diagnostic laboratory, and to evaluate if the frequency of such submissions has increased over time.
ANIMALS
Mature dairy cows.
PROCEDURE
Retrospective study of cases submitted for postmortem examination to a diagnostic laboratory from 2007-2020 that were diagnosed as bacterial bronchopneumonia.
RESULTS
Most of the postmortem cases of bacterial bronchopneumonia in dairy cows were submitted from November to February (54% of cases). was isolated from lung of 61/101 cases. Viruses were only identified in 8/55 cases tested. A minority (29/92) of bacterial isolates had resistance to antimicrobials used to treat pneumonia. Frequently suggested predisposing factors included recent introductions or movement of animals, recent or imminent calving, inclement weather, concurrent diseases, and poor ventilation in barns.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
This study describes seasonal and annual trends, major pathogens, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and suggested predisposing factors in Ontario dairy cows submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for postmortem investigation of pneumonia and provides insights for understanding why outbreaks occur.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bronchopneumonia; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Mannheimia haemolytica; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35919462
DOI: No ID Found -
JDS Communications May 2023Appropriate sample collection, storage conditions, and time for transport to the laboratory are important for an accurate diagnostic result. We evaluated the effects of...
Appropriate sample collection, storage conditions, and time for transport to the laboratory are important for an accurate diagnostic result. We evaluated the effects of transport storage medium type, time of storage, and storage temperatures on (MH) and (PM) recovery using an in vitro model simulation. A quantitative culture method, using colony-forming units per milliliter, was used to recover MH or PM by an in vitro model with cotton swabs. Three independent trials were conducted, in which cotton swabs were inoculated with MH or PM and placed in either (1) a sterile 15-mL polypropylene tube without transport medium (dry), (2) Amies culture medium with charcoal (ACM), or (3) Cary-Blair transport agar (CBA). Swabs were evaluated for recovery of MH or PM when stored at 3 temperatures (4°C, 23°C, or 36°C) and after storage for 8 h, 24 h, or 48 h. From all study group combinations, a total of 162 individual independent swabs were evaluated. The nonparametric Dunn all-pairs approach was used to compare the proportion of culturable bacteria, between the various storage media, temperature, and time point combinations. The proportion of MH in samples stored at 4°C was significantly higher for ACM and CBA than dry storage at 24 and 48 h. The MH samples stored at 36°C had a significantly higher proportion for ACM and CBA than dry storage at 24 h. The proportion of PM in samples stored at 4°C was significantly lower for ACM compared with dry at 8 h but significantly higher at 48 h. The PM samples stored at 23°C in ACM had a significantly higher proportion than dry samples at 24 h, and, at 48 h, ACM and CBA had a significantly higher proportion than the dry group. All swabs stored at 36°C for 48 h had a proportion close to zero, indicating decreasing diagnostic efficacy. These results support the use of transport media such as ACM and CBA for increasing the detection of PM and MH from samples, especially when samples are exposed to high temperatures. The combination of longer periods from collection of samples to diagnostic evaluation (>24 h) and higher storage temperatures (>23°C) were shown to significantly impair diagnostic accuracy.
PubMed: 37360122
DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0329 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jul 2022This study aimed to investigate the prevalence at both farm-level and calf-level and to identify the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens in dairy calves in...
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence at both farm-level and calf-level and to identify the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens in dairy calves in Taiwan. The status of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated by using the Wisconsin scoring system from a total of 400 pre-weaned calves from 32 different farms in Taiwan, then the nasopharyngeal swabs were collected. The prevalence of respiratory pathogens was 84.37% at farm-level and 45.50% at calf-level, and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) was the most prevalent pathogen. The presence of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), P. multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) and Histophilus somni (H. somni) were all higher in BRD positive calves than BRD negative calves, but only in H. somni was significant (P<0.001). Then nine farm management risk factors were analyzed by using multivariate logistic regression models to determine the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens (farm and calf-level). In the result at farm-level, only unheated colostrum was significantly associated with pathogen positive farms (Odds Ratio (OR)=11.43). At calf-level, the predominant risk factor for each pathogen, M. bovis, P. multocida, M. haemolytica and H. somni, was late first colostrum feeding (OR=272.82), unheated colostrum (OR=3.41), waste milk feeding (OR=6.59) and high pneumonia treatment cost (OR=2.52), respectively. For effective preventive measures, farmer education on milk and colostrum feeding are urgently warranted.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Mannheimia haemolytica; Mycoplasma bovis; Pasteurella multocida; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Taiwan
PubMed: 35675980
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0056 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Nov 2023Evaluate agreement among the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Mannheimia haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida obtained by transtracheal wash, nasal swab,...
Agreement of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica isolates from preweaned dairy calves with bovine respiratory disease.
OBJECTIVE
Evaluate agreement among the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Mannheimia haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida obtained by transtracheal wash, nasal swab, nasopharyngeal swab, and bronchoalveolar lavage.
ANIMALS
100 Holstein and Holstein-cross bull calves with bovine respiratory disease.
METHODS
Calves > 30 days old with naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease were sampled sequentially by nasal swab, nasopharyngeal swab, transtracheal wash, and then bronchoalveolar lavage. Samples were cultured, and for each antimicrobial, the MIC of 50% and 90% of isolates was calculated, and isolates were categorized as susceptible or not. Categorical discrepancies were recorded. Percent positive agreement and kappa values were calculated between isolates for each of the sampling methods.
RESULTS
Antimicrobial susceptibility varied by pathogen and resistance to enrofloxacin, florfenicol, tilmicosin, and spectinomycin was detected. Minor discrepancies were seen in up to 29% of classifications, with enrofloxacin, penicillin, and florfenicol more frequently represented than other drugs. Very major and major discrepancies were seen when comparing florfenicol (1.9%) and tulathromycin (3.8 to 4.9%) across sampling methods. Some variability was seen in agreement for enrofloxacin for several comparisons (8.3 to 18.4%).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Susceptibility testing of isolates from 1 location of the respiratory tract can reliably represent susceptibility in other locations. Nevertheless, the potential for imperfect agreement between sampling methods does exist. The level of restraint available, the skill level of the person performing the sampling, the age and size of the animal, disease status, and treatment history all must be factored into which test is most appropriate for a given situation.
Topics: Humans; Cattle; Animals; Male; Pasteurella multocida; Mannheimia haemolytica; Enrofloxacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle Diseases; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37558231
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.06.0140 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Mar 2020To quantify acute immunologic and metabolic responses of beef heifers following topical administration of transdermal flunixin meglumine (TDFM) at various times relative...
Acute immunologic and metabolic responses of beef heifers following topical administration of flunixin meglumine at various times relative to bovine herpesvirus 1 and challenges.
OBJECTIVE
To quantify acute immunologic and metabolic responses of beef heifers following topical administration of transdermal flunixin meglumine (TDFM) at various times relative to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) and challenges.
ANIMALS
32 beef heifers (mean body weight, 170 kg).
PROCEDURES
Heifers were assigned to 1 of 4 groups. Heifers in the control group did not receive TDFM, whereas 1 dose of TDFM (3.3 mg/kg) was topically applied to heifers of groups A, V, and B at -144, -72, and 0 hours. All heifers were inoculated with 1 × 10 plaque-forming units of BHV1 in each nostril at -72 hours and with 1.18 × 10 CFUs of intratracheally at 0 hours. Vaginal temperature was recorded and blood samples were collected for quantification of select immunologic and metabolic biomarkers at predetermined times from -144 to 360 hours.
RESULTS
Mean vaginal temperature was similar between group A and the control group. Mean vaginal temperatures for groups V and B were generally lower than that for the control group following BHV1 and challenges, respectively. Mean neutrophil oxidative burst capacity and L-selectin expression at 0 hours were significantly decreased for group V relative to the other groups. Other biomarkers did not differ among the groups at any time.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggested that topical administration of TDFM to beef cattle effectively alleviated pyrexia without adverse effects on acute immunologic or metabolic responses when TDFM was administered at the same time as, but not before, respiratory pathogen challenge.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Cattle; Clonixin; Female; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Mannheimia haemolytica; Red Meat
PubMed: 32101043
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.3.243 -
Archives of Razi Institute Jun 2022Sheep husbandry is considered one of the most important activities in the socio-economic development in the Middle East region, especially in Iraq and Islamic Republic...
Sheep husbandry is considered one of the most important activities in the socio-economic development in the Middle East region, especially in Iraq and Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). Therefore this study was designed to evaluate the level of ovine pasteurellosis vaccine protective antibody titer and identification of the prevailing serotypes in Iraq (Basrah, Baghdad, Tikrit, Mosul, Erbil). The vaccine was made from Bio-type A and the serotypes of . This investigation was performed from September 2021 to January 2022, in Iraq. Sheep blood sera samples were obtained from control unvaccinated and vaccinated sheep after 14, 21 and 28 days post vaccination. The results showed that out of 319 sheep blood sera samples which were evaluated using indirect Haemagglutination (IHA) test to detect serotypes, the high prevalence (100 %) of A2 was found in all the five study regions area, while 96.5 % was A7 and 88.1 % was A1. The level of antibody titer was measured by specific serum antibody titer of Bio-type A. The results revealed that out of 268 vaccinated blood sera samples the overall antibody titer were 12 (3.8 %), 16 (5%) and 17 (5.3 %) for protective antibody titer of 1:160, 1:80 and 1:40 respectively and for antibody titer of 1:20 were 15 (4.7%) and for antibody titer of 1:10 were 17 (5.3 %), whereas the antibody titer in the control group was 4 (7.8 %). The result of this study indicated that the vaccine administered has limited protective power against Bio-type A which lead to researchers for further study on identification of specific strain of and development of multivalent vaccine including the most prevalent pasteurella serotypes.
Topics: Animals; Sheep; Serogroup; Bacterial Vaccines; Pasteurella Infections; Mannheimia haemolytica; Vaccination; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 36618316
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.358759.2303 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021Patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) regarding (n = 345), (n = 273), (n = 119), and (n = 17) isolated from calves, cattle and dairy cows with putative bovine...
Patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) regarding (n = 345), (n = 273), (n = 119), and (n = 17) isolated from calves, cattle and dairy cows with putative bovine respiratory disease syndrome were determined. The aim of this study was to investigate temporal trends in AMR and the influence of epidemiological parameters for the geographic origin in Bavaria, Germany, between July 2015 and June 2020. Spectinomycin was the only antimicrobial agent with a significant decrease regarding not susceptible isolates within the study period ( 88.89% to 67.82%, 90.24% to 68.00%). Regarding , significant increasing rates of not susceptible isolates were found for the antimicrobials tulathromycin (5.56% to 26.44%) and tetracycline (18.52% to 57.47%). The proportions of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (n = 48) increased significantly from 3.70% to 22.90%. The proportions of MDR and isolates (n = 62) were significantly higher in fattening farms (14.92%) compared to dairy farms (3.29%) and also significantly higher on farms with more than 300 animals (19.49%) compared to farms with 100 animals or less (6.92%). The data underline the importance of the epidemiological farm characteristics, here farm type and herd size regarding the investigation of AMR.
PubMed: 34943750
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121538 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Effective identification and treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an ongoing health and economic issue for the dairy and beef cattle industries. Bacteria...
INTRODUCTION
Effective identification and treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an ongoing health and economic issue for the dairy and beef cattle industries. Bacteria pathogens , , , and Histophilus somni and the virus Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPIV-3), Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine adenovirus 3 (BAdV3), bovine coronavirus (BoCV) and Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) have commonly been identified in BRD cattle; however, no studies have investigated the fungal community and how it may also relate to BRD.
METHODS
The objective of this study was to understand if the nasal mycobiome differs between a BRD-affected (n = 56) and visually healthy (n = 73) Holstein steers. Fungal nasal community was determined by using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequencing.
RESULTS
The phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and the genera, and , were the most abundant among all animals, regardless of health status. We identified differences between healthy and BRD animals in abundance of and at a sub-species level that could be a potential indicator of BRD. No differences were observed in the nasal fungal alpha and beta diversity between BRD and healthy animals. However, the fungal community structure was affected based on season, specifically when comparing samples collected in the summer to the winter season. We then performed a random forest model, based on the fungal community and abundance of the BRD-pathobionts (qPCR data generated from a previous study using the same animals), to classify healthy and BRD animals and determine the agreement with visual diagnosis. Classification of BRD or healthy animals using ITS sequencing was low and agreed with the visual diagnosis with an accuracy of 51.9%. A portion of the ITS-predicted BRD animals were not predicted based on the abundance of BRD pathobionts. Lastly, fungal and bacterial co-occurrence were more common in BRD animals than healthy animals.
DISCUSSION
The results from this novel study provide a baseline understanding of the fungal diversity and composition in the nasal cavity of BRD and healthy animals, upon which future interaction studies, including other nasal microbiome members to further understand and accurately diagnose BRD, can be designed.
PubMed: 37441557
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1165994 -
BMC Microbiology Mar 2017The nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiota plays an important role in bovine health, comprising a rich and diverse microbial community. The nasopharynx is also the niche for...
BACKGROUND
The nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiota plays an important role in bovine health, comprising a rich and diverse microbial community. The nasopharynx is also the niche for potentially pathogenic agents which are associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD), a serious and costly illness in feedlot cattle. We used 14 beef heifers from a closed and disease-free herd to assess the dynamics of the NP microbiota of cattle that are transported to a feedlot. Cattle were sampled prior to transport to the feedlot (day 0) and at days 2, 7, and 14.
RESULTS
The structure of the NP microbiota changed significantly over the course of the study, with the largest shift occurring between day 0 (prior to transport) and day 2 (P < 0.001). Phylogenetic diversity and richness increased following feedlot placement (day 2; P < 0.05). The genera Pasteurella, Bacillus, and Proteus were enriched at day 0, Streptococcus and Acinetobacter at day 2, Bifidobacterium at day 7, and Mycoplasma at day 14. The functional potential of the NP microbiota was assessed using PICRUSt, revealing that replication and repair, as well as translation pathways, were more relatively abundant in day 14 samples. These differences were driven mostly by Mycoplasma. Although eight cattle were culture-positive for the BRD-associated bacterium Pasteurella multocida at one or more sampling times, none were culture-positive for Mannheimia haemolytica or Histophilus somni.
CONCLUSIONS
This study investigated the effect that feedlot placement has on the NP microbiota of beef cattle over a 14-d period. Within two days of transport to the feedlot, the NP microbiota changed significantly, increasing in both phylogenetic diversity and richness. These results demonstrate that there is an abrupt shift in the NP microbiota of cattle after transportation to a feedlot. This may have importance for understanding why cattle are most susceptible to BRD after feedlot placement.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Cattle; DNA, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Housing, Animal; Microbiota; Nasopharynx; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Time Factors
PubMed: 28330466
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0978-6 -
Microbiome Jul 2023Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most common diseases in intensively managed cattle, often resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Although several...
BACKGROUND
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most common diseases in intensively managed cattle, often resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Although several pathogens have been isolated and extensively studied, the complete infectome of the respiratory complex consists of a more extensive range unrecognised species. Here, we used total RNA sequencing (i.e., metatranscriptomics) of nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs collected from animals with and without BRD from two cattle feedlots in Australia.
RESULTS
A high abundance of bovine nidovirus, influenza D, bovine rhinitis A and bovine coronavirus was found in the samples. Additionally, we obtained the complete or near-complete genome of bovine rhinitis B, enterovirus E1, bovine viral diarrhea virus (sub-genotypes 1a and 1c) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and partial sequences of other viruses. A new species of paramyxovirus was also identified. Overall, the most abundant RNA virus, was the bovine nidovirus. Characterisation of bacterial species from the transcriptome revealed a high abundance and diversity of Mollicutes in BRD cases and unaffected control animals. Of the non-Mollicutes species, Histophilus somni was detected, whereas there was a low abundance of Mannheimia haemolytica.
CONCLUSION
This study highlights the use of untargeted sequencing approaches to study the unrecognised range of microorganisms present in healthy or diseased animals and the need to study previously uncultured viral species that may have an important role in cattle respiratory disease. Video Abstract.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Rhinitis; Australia; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Viruses; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37491320
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01591-1