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Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao... 2019
Topics: Brazil; Cannabis; Commerce; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Marijuana Abuse
PubMed: 31826094
DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-4108 -
Missouri Medicine 2019
Topics: Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Mental Disorders; Risk Factors; Violence
PubMed: 31911714
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Health Promotion :... Jan 2017To assess use, screening, and disclosure of perinatal marijuana and other illicit drugs during first obstetric visits.
PURPOSE
To assess use, screening, and disclosure of perinatal marijuana and other illicit drugs during first obstetric visits.
DESIGN
Observational study that qualitatively assesses provider screening and patient disclosure of substance use.
SETTING
Study sites were five urban outpatient prenatal clinics and practices located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
PARTICIPANTS
Pregnant patients and obstetric providers were recruited as participants.
METHODS
We audio recorded patient-provider conversations during first obstetric visits and obtained patient urine samples for drug analyses. Audio recordings were reviewed for provider screening and patient disclosure of illicit drug use. Urine analyses were compared with audio recordings to determine disclosure.
RESULTS
Four hundred and twenty-two pregnant patients provided complete audio recordings and urine samples for analyses. Providers asked about illicit drug use in 81% of the visits. One hundred twenty-three patients (29%) disclosed any current or past illicit drug use; 48 patients (11%) disclosed current use of marijuana while pregnant. One hundred and forty-five samples (34%) tested positive for one or more substances; marijuana was most commonly detected (N = 114, 27%). Of patients who tested positive for any substance, 66 (46%) did not disclose any use; only 36% of patients who tested positive for marijuana disclosed current use.
CONCLUSION
Although marijuana is illegal in Pennsylvania, a high proportion of pregnant patients used marijuana, with many not disclosing use to their obstetric care providers.
Topics: Female; Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Mass Screening; Pennsylvania; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prevalence; Self Disclosure; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 26559718
DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.141215-QUAL-625 -
Neuropharmacology Sep 2017Cannabis sativa preparations are the most consumed illicit drugs for recreational purposes worldwide, and the number of people seeking treatment for cannabis use... (Review)
Review
Cannabis sativa preparations are the most consumed illicit drugs for recreational purposes worldwide, and the number of people seeking treatment for cannabis use disorder has dramatically increased in the last decades. Due to the recent decriminalization or legalization of cannabis use in the Western Countries, we may predict that the number of people suffering from cannabis use disorder will increase. Despite the increasing number of cannabis studies over the past two decades, we have gaps of scientific knowledge pertaining to the neurobiological consequences of long-term cannabis use. Moreover, no specific treatments for cannabis use disorders are currently available. In this review, we explore new research that may help fill these gaps. We discuss and provide a solution to the experimental limitation of a lack of rodent models of THC self-administration, and the importance this model can play in understanding the neurobiology of relapse and in providing a biological rationale for potential therapeutic targets. We also focus our attention on glial cells, commenting on recent preclinical evidence suggesting that alterations in microglia and astrocytes might contribute to the detrimental effects associated with cannabis abuse. Finally, due to the worrisome prevalence rates of cannabis use during pregnancy, we highlight the associations between cannabis use disorders during pregnancy and congenital disorders, describing the possible neuronal basis of vulnerability at molecular and circuit level. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "A New Dawn in Cannabinoid Neurobiology".
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Marijuana Abuse; Neuroglia
PubMed: 28373077
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.033 -
The American Journal of Drug and... 2019: Polymorphisms in cannabinoid receptor type 1 (encoded by ) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (encoded by ) have been associated with cannabis dependence, but it remains... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
: Polymorphisms in cannabinoid receptor type 1 (encoded by ) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (encoded by ) have been associated with cannabis dependence, but it remains unknown whether variation within these genes influences cannabis' acute effects on affect. : Conduct a secondary data analysis study to determine whether previously observed acute effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on mood was dependent upon variation in and . : A balanced placebo design was used crossing marijuana administration (i.e., 0% THC vs. 2.8% THC) with stimulus expectancy. Participants (N = 118; 64% male) provided DNA and completed the Profile of Mood States questionnaire prior to and after smoking. Haplotypes were constructed from genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms for (rs1049353 and rs806368) and (rs4141964, rs324420, and rs11576941); rs2023239 () and rs6703669 () were not part of a phased haplotype block. Analyses tested both main and interaction effects for genotype across and , and drug, and expectancy effects. : THC increased levels of POMS Tension-Anxiety and Confusion-Bewilderment over and above the effects of variation in and . Significant drug X genotype/haplotype and expectancy X genotype/haplotype interaction effects were observed for some but not all mood states [e.g., 'C' allele carriers of rs2023239 who received THC had higher levels of Anger-Hostility (= 0.29 (0.12), = .02) compared to those who received placebo]. : These preliminary findings suggest individual differences in mood states after using marijuana depend on genetic variation. Such information might be useful in understanding either motivation for use of marijuana and/or risk for associated behaviors.
Topics: Affect; Amidohydrolases; Dronabinol; Female; Genotype; Haplotypes; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Marijuana Smoking; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1
PubMed: 31184938
DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2019.1614596 -
JAMA Network Open May 2023Cannabis use is increasingly viewed by adolescents as not harmful. Youths with cannabis use disorder (CUD) are recognized by clinicians as being at risk for adverse...
IMPORTANCE
Cannabis use is increasingly viewed by adolescents as not harmful. Youths with cannabis use disorder (CUD) are recognized by clinicians as being at risk for adverse outcomes, yet little is known about the associations between subclinical cannabis use (ie, nondisordered cannabis use [NDCU]) and adverse psychosocial events.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the prevalence and demographics of NDCU and to compare associations of cannabis use with adverse psychosocial events among adolescents with no cannabis use, NDCU, and CUD.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This cross-sectional study used a nationally representative sample derived from the 2015 to 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Participants were adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, separated into 3 distinct groups: nonuse (no recent cannabis use), NDCU (recent cannabis use below diagnostic threshold), and CUD. Analysis was conducted from January to May 2022.
EXPOSURES
CUD, NDCU, or cannabis nonuse. NDCU was defined as endorsing recent cannabis use but not meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5) CUD criteria. CUD was defined using DSM-5 criteria.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The main outcomes were prevalence of adolescents meeting criteria for NDCU and associations between adverse psychosocial events and NDCU, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics.
RESULTS
The 68 263 respondents (mean [SD] age, 14.5 [1.7] years; 34 773 [50.9%] males) included in the analysis represented an estimated yearly mean of 25 million US adolescents during 2015 to 2019. Among respondents, 1675 adolescents (2.5%) had CUD, 6971 adolescents (10.2%) had NDCU, and 59 617 adolescents (87.3%) reported nonuse. Compared with nonusers, individuals with NDCU had approximately 2 to 4 times greater odds of all adverse psychosocial events examined, including major depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.86; 95% CI, 1.67-2.08), suicidal ideation (aOR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.88-2.29), slower thoughts (aOR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.58-1.96), difficulty concentrating (aOR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.65-2.00), truancy (aOR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.67-2.16), low grade point average (aOR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.62-2.00), arrest (aOR, 4.15; 95% CI, 3.17-5.43), fighting (aOR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.80-2.31), and aggression (aOR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.79-2.62). Prevalence of adverse psychosocial events was greatest for adolescents with CUD (range, 12.6% to 41.9%), followed by NDCU (range, 5.2% to 30.4%), then nonuse (range, 0.8% to 17.3%).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this cross-sectional study of US adolescents, past-year NDCU was approximately 4 times as prevalent as past-year CUD. A stepwise gradient association was observed for odds of adverse psychosocial events between adolescent NDCU and CUD. In the context of US normalization of cannabis use, prospective research into NDCU is necessary.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adolescent; Female; Marijuana Abuse; Cannabis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prospective Studies; Substance-Related Disorders; Depressive Disorder, Major
PubMed: 37133862
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.11294 -
Medecine Sciences : M/S Apr 2015The genetic analyses of addictions recently converted to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and thanks to national and international consortia, allowed to recruit... (Review)
Review
The genetic analyses of addictions recently converted to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and thanks to national and international consortia, allowed to recruit large cohorts of patients. This approach allowed the identification of the first susceptibility gene in addiction (tobacco), with genes CHRNA5, CHRNA3 and CHRNB4 encoding the α5, α3 and b4 subunits involved in the formation of nicotinic receptors, explaining 14% of the attributable risk for tobacco dependence. Variants of ADH1B and ADH1C genes encoding alcohol dehydrogenases enzymes have also been consistently associated, this time with alcohol dependence (AD). Finally, DRD2 and ANKK1 genes, involved in the dopaminergic pathway, and which were initially associated with AD, are now considered to be involved in a broader phenotype (addiction to psychoactive substances) including opiates. Future directions in molecular study of addiction are gene x environment interactions though the epigenetic approach. Numerous studies already investigated the methylome in addiction, including histone and microRNA modifications.
Topics: Alcoholism; Behavior, Addictive; Cohort Studies; Humans; Marijuana Abuse; Psychotropic Drugs; Substance-Related Disorders; Tobacco Use Disorder
PubMed: 25958762
DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153104018 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2021Marijuana is the most common illicit substance globally. The rate of marijuana use is increasing in young adults in the US. The current environment of legalizing...
Marijuana is the most common illicit substance globally. The rate of marijuana use is increasing in young adults in the US. The current environment of legalizing marijuana use is further contributing to an increase of users. The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of adults who abuse marijuana (20-49 years old) and analyze behavior and social relation variables related to depression and suicide risk using machine-learning algorithms. A total of 698 participants were identified from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey as marijuana dependent in the previous year. Principal Component Analysis and Chi-square were used to select features (variables) and mean imputation method was applied for missing data. Logistic regression, Random Forest, and K-Nearest Neighbor machine-learning algorithms were used to build depression and suicide risk prediction models. The results showed unique characteristics of the group and well-performing prediction models with influential risk variables. Identified risk variables were aligned with previous studies and suggested the development of marijuana abuse prevention programs targeting 20-29 year olds with a regular depression and suicide screening. Further study is suggested for identifying specific barriers to receiving timely treatment for depression and suicide risk.
Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Humans; Machine Learning; Marijuana Abuse; Marijuana Smoking; Marijuana Use; Middle Aged; Young Adult
PubMed: 34639657
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910357 -
Psychiatry Research Sep 2019Studies on the relationships between marijuana use and quality of life have reported mixed findings. Based on a survey of 123 marijuana users conducted in Los Angeles...
Studies on the relationships between marijuana use and quality of life have reported mixed findings. Based on a survey of 123 marijuana users conducted in Los Angeles during 2017-2018, we investigated the relationships between marijuana use frequency, severity of marijuana-related problems, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Results indicated that (1) marijuana use frequency was positively related to severity of marijuana-related problems; (2) severity of marijuana-related problems was negatively related to mental domain of HRQoL but was not significantly related to physical domain of HRQoL; and (3) marijuana use frequency was positively associated with mental health symptoms and physical health conditions, and both in turn were negatively linked to mental and physical domains of HRQoL, respectively. Reduction of marijuana-related problems and mitigation of mental and physical health problems may improve HRQoL among marijuana users. The study findings may contribute to developing treatment interventions for marijuana use that simultaneously address marijuana-related problems and associated mental and physical issues.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Marijuana Smoking; Marijuana Use; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Quality of Life; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 30876731
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.010 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Jan 2016
Topics: Anxiety; Cognition Disorders; Humans; Marijuana Abuse
PubMed: 26931525
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0010