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Australian Journal of General Practice Sep 2020Orofacial problems present frequently to primary care providers. Many of these problems have a surgical solution. Some may require minor procedures, while others...
BACKGROUND
Orofacial problems present frequently to primary care providers. Many of these problems have a surgical solution. Some may require minor procedures, while others require major maxillofacial surgery.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this article is to illustrate how some common orofacial presentations can be investigated and solutions found in conjunction with oral and maxillofacial surgeons.
DISCUSSION
This article outlines a method of approach for some of the issues with which patients present to their primary healthcare provider that may be resolved using skills and techniques of maxillofacial surgery.
Topics: General Practice; Humans; Mastication; Referral and Consultation; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Snoring; Surgery, Oral; Tooth Loss
PubMed: 32864668
DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-02-20-5252 -
Journal of Morphology Feb 2023The evolution of mammals is characterized, amongst other developments, by an increasing relevance of effective food processing in form of an increasingly durable... (Review)
Review
The evolution of mammals is characterized, amongst other developments, by an increasing relevance of effective food processing in form of an increasingly durable dentition, complex occlusal surfaces, and transverse chewing movements. Some factors have received increasing attention for the facilitation of the latter, such as the configuration of the jaw joint, the chewing muscle arrangement and lever arms, or the reduction of interlocking cusps on the cheek teeth occlusal surface. By contrast, the constraining effect of the anterior dentition (incisors and canines) on transverse chewing motions, though known, has received less comprehensive attention. Here, we give examples of this constraint in extant mammals and outline a variety of morphological solutions to this constraint, including a reduction of the anterior dentition, special arrangements of canines and incisors, the nesting of the mandibular cheek teeth within the maxillary ones, and the use of different jaw positions for different dental functions (cropping vs. grinding). We suggest that hypselodont anterior canines or incisors in some taxa might represent a compensatory mechanism for self-induced wear during a grinding chewing motion. We propose that the diversity in anterior dentition among mammalian herbivores, and the evolutionary trend towards a reduction of the anterior dentition in many taxa, indicates that the constraining effect of the anterior dentition, which is rigidly linked to the cheek teeth by the osseous jaws, represents a relevant selective pressure in mammalian evolution.
Topics: Animals; Mastication; Mammals; Movement; Incisor; Musculoskeletal System
PubMed: 36645378
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21554 -
BioMed Research International 2015Chewing is crushing food not only to aid swallowing and digestion, but also to help stress relief and regulate cognitive function, especially in attention. It is well... (Review)
Review
Chewing is crushing food not only to aid swallowing and digestion, but also to help stress relief and regulate cognitive function, especially in attention. It is well known that chewing gum is used for sleepiness prevention during work, learning, and driving, suggesting a link between chewing and sustained attention. We hypothesized that chewing elevates attention and/or alertness, leading to improvements in cognitive performance. We carried out a systematic review of the PubMed database. We inspected the attributes of effects on attention in studies investigating the effects of chewing on attention or alertness conducted with pre-post design in healthy subjects, except elderly. We identified 151 references, 22 of which were included: 14 (64%) showed positive attributes of effects on attention, 1 (5%) showed negative attributes of effects on attention, 5 (23%) showed both positive and negative attributes of effects on attention, and 2 (9%) showed no significant attributes of effects on attention. Thus, positive attributes of effects of chewing on attention, especially on sustained attention, were shown in over half of the reports. These effects also appeared with improvement in mood and stress relief and were influenced by time-on-task effect. Further studies are needed, but chewing could be useful for modifying cognitive function.
Topics: Affect; Aging; Attention; Humans; Mastication; PubMed; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 26075234
DOI: 10.1155/2015/367026 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2020The biomechanical and adaptive significance of variation in craniodental and mandibular morphology in fossil hominins is not always clear, at least in part because of...
The biomechanical and adaptive significance of variation in craniodental and mandibular morphology in fossil hominins is not always clear, at least in part because of a poor understanding of how different feeding behaviors impact feeding system design (form-function relationships). While laboratory studies suggest that ingestive behaviors produce variable loading, stress, and strain regimes in the cranium and mandible, understanding the relative importance of these behaviors for feeding system design requires data on their use in wild populations. Here we assess the frequencies and durations of manual, ingestive, and masticatory behaviors from more than 1400 observations of feeding behaviors video-recorded in a wild population of bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) at Fazenda Boa Vista in Piauí, Brazil. Our results suggest that ingestive behaviors in wild Sapajus libidinosus were used for a range of food material properties and typically performed using the anterior dentition. Coupled with previous laboratory work indicating that ingestive behaviors are associated with higher mandibular strain magnitudes than mastication, these results suggest that ingestive behaviors may play an important role in craniodental and mandibular design in capuchins and may be reflected in robust adaptations in fossil hominins.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Anthropology, Physical; Biological Evolution; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cebinae; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Mandible; Mastication
PubMed: 33257755
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77797-2 -
Behavioural Processes May 2024In this short communication, we describe chewing behaviour in sows with no apparent edible substrate in their mouth as a potential social behaviour. Chewing in sows...
In this short communication, we describe chewing behaviour in sows with no apparent edible substrate in their mouth as a potential social behaviour. Chewing in sows during interaction with unfamiliar sows was unexpectedly observed in a study assessing social abilities and damaging behaviours in group-housed dry sows. Such chewing was observed frequently and performed by almost all sows. To our knowledge, this behaviour has not been described previously in a social context in pigs, but rather as an oral stereotypic behaviour related to chronic hunger. We describe the behaviour in its social context and speculate on reasons for its occurrence in that context.
Topics: Animals; Female; Mastication; Swine; Social Behavior; Behavior, Animal
PubMed: 38679342
DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105042 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Nov 2022To evaluate the wear resistance and abrasiveness of monolithic CAD/CAM ceramics.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the wear resistance and abrasiveness of monolithic CAD/CAM ceramics.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Rectangular-shaped specimens (12 mm × 6.5 mm × 1.5 mm) were sectioned from the following CAD/CAM blocks (n = 10); partially crystallized lithium disilicate (PLD), experimental fully crystallized lithium disilicate (FLD), zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS), super-translucent monolithic zirconia (SMZ), and ultra-translucent monolithic zirconia (UMZ). Silicon carbide papers were used to mechanically flatten and polish the surfaces. PLD specimens were subjected to a combined crystallization/glazing firing cycle. Ceramic specimens were mounted to the wear device and tested for 200,000 cycles against human premolars at 20 N force and 2 mm sliding distance. Artificial saliva was used as a lubricant. The teeth were scanned using micro-CT before and after the wear test and the generated models were overlapped to determine the volumetric tooth loss. Before and after the test, specimens' weights and surface roughness (R) values were measured, and the differences were calculated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were utilized for microstructural and chemical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA or an equivalent test for non-parametric results. Significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS
The type of ceramic material affected the ceramic and antagonist wear rates (P < 0.001). PLD and ZLS had the highest ceramic and antagonist wear, whereas UMZ and SMZ demonstrated the lowest wear values. The FLD group showed comparable antagonist wear and significantly less ceramic wear than PLD and ZLS.
CONCLUSIONS
Monolithic zirconia demonstrated the best wear resistance and least abrasiveness to the antagonist. The experimental lithium disilicate was more wear-resistant than other glass-ceramic groups.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Monolithic zirconia is wear-resistant and gentle on the antagonist. In contrast, glass-ceramics are more abrasive to enamel.
Topics: Humans; Mastication; Materials Testing; Surface Properties; Dental Porcelain; Zirconium; Ceramics; Computer-Aided Design
PubMed: 35819543
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04611-w -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Dec 2021Lip-seal strength, which represents the muscle strength of the lips, appears to chiefly contribute to mastication and pronunciation. However, the functional...
OBJECTIVES
Lip-seal strength, which represents the muscle strength of the lips, appears to chiefly contribute to mastication and pronunciation. However, the functional characteristics of lip-seal strength in adults are still undefined. The present study aimed to understand not only the distribution of lip-seal strength in adult men and women but also the effect of age on this strength and identify oral motor functions correlated with lip-seal strength.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The subjects included 339 participants (men: 170, age 39.2 ± 18.2 years; women: 169, age 43.1 ± 19.7 years). Oral motor function was evaluated for lip-seal strength, oral diadochokinesis (ODK), tongue pressure, occlusal force, and masticatory performance. Statistical analyses included the Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney U, and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests, in addition to the Spearman's correlation analysis and curvilinear regression analysis.
RESULTS
Lip-seal strength did not have a normal distribution (p < 0.001). The mean ± standard deviation and median (first quartile, third quartile) of lip-seal strength were 11.2 ± 3.4 and 10.9 (8.7, 13.2)N for the whole sample, 12.3 ± 3.4 and 11.9 (9.4, 14.4)N for men, and 10.2 ± 3.0 and 9.9 (8.0, 12.0)N for women. A significant difference was observed in lip-seal strength between men and women (p < 0.001). Oral motor functions showed a marked correlation with lip-seal strength, including tongue pressure, occlusal force, and masticatory performance and ODK (/pa/ and /ta/), tongue pressure, and masticatory ability in men and women, respectively. In women, lip-seal strength declined with increase in age.
CONCLUSIONS
Lip-seal strength was non-normally distributed in both men and women, and lip-seal strength was affected by age only in women. Lip-seal strength and multiple oral motor functions were significantly correlated. Because the indicators of perioral muscle strength and performance were correlated with lip-seal strength, lip-seal strength may also partially reflect the condition of the perioral muscles.
Topics: Adult; Bite Force; Female; Humans; Lip; Male; Mastication; Middle Aged; Pressure; Tongue; Young Adult
PubMed: 33963687
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.440 -
Journal of Dentistry Aug 2022To give an overview of the current evidence on the associations of general health conditions with masticatory performance and maximum bite force in older adults. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To give an overview of the current evidence on the associations of general health conditions with masticatory performance and maximum bite force in older adults.
DATA/SOURCES
Three electronic databases (Medline via PubMed, Embase via Ovid and CINAHL Plus via EBSCOhost) were searched up to September 2021 for cross-sectional studies on general health conditions and masticatory performance or maximum bite force in older adults. Methodological quality of the included studies was independently evaluated based on Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies. Data on the associations between general health conditions and masticatory performance or maximum bite force were extracted.
STUDY SELECTION
Of the 5133 records identified, 39 studies (43 articles) were included in this review. Significant negative associations were found between masticatory performance and stroke, sarcopenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dyspepsia, dysphagia, anorexia, and carotid atherosclerosis. Significant negative association was found between maximum bite force and sarcopenia. There were equivocal results on the association between masticatory performance and diabetes mellitus, and between maximum bite force and stroke, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. There was no significant association between masticatory performance and metabolic syndrome, and between maximum bite force and progress of Parkinson's disease. Most studies revealed positive associations of physical function with masticatory performance and maximum bite force.
CONCLUSIONS
Negative associations between masticatory function of older adults and presence of several systemic diseases have been reported in a number of studies while there are positive associations between masticatory function and some physical function indicators.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This study provides valuable information on the association of masticatory function with general health, which draws clinicians' attention to the masticatory function of older adults who suffer from certain systemic diseases or physical dysfunction, and to the need to improve their masticatory ability to achieve healthy aging.
Topics: Aged; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Bite Force; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Mastication; Sarcopenia; Stroke
PubMed: 35691453
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104186 -
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation Oct 2022Treatment for malocclusion can cause discomfort and pain in the teeth and periodontium, which may impair masticatory efficiency. The glucose concentration method is...
BACKGROUND
Treatment for malocclusion can cause discomfort and pain in the teeth and periodontium, which may impair masticatory efficiency. The glucose concentration method is widely used to assess masticatory efficiency for its convenience in the clinical situation, although its validity has not been shown.
OBJECTIVES
The aims were to determine the validity of the glucose concentration method and investigate if this method can be applicable to orthodontic patients with braces.
METHOD
Sixteen healthy individuals (7 men, 9 women, and 26 ± 5 years old) and 16 patients with malocclusions needing orthodontic treatment (5 men, 11 women, and 26 ± 4 years old) participated. Glucose concentration was measured after 5-, 10-, and 15-s mastication of gummy jelly and compared to Hue values obtained from the color-changing gum method (reference method). In addition, all participants were asked to fill out the Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire (OHIP) to assess differences in perception related to the mouth before and after the placement of braces.
RESULTS
Glucose concentrations were strongly correlated to measures of the two-color chewing gum methods (R = 0.965). Both the glucose extraction and chewing gum hue value were the smallest for 5 s chewing cycles and increased as the number of chewing strokes increased for the 15 s chewing cycles. (Hue: R² = 0.510, p < 0.001; glucose: R² = 0.711, p < 0.001) Masticatory efficiency assessed by both methods was significantly lower in orthodontic patients compared to controls (p < 0.05), even though it was not affected by bonding (p > 0.09). In addition, OHIP scores in physical pain dimension and psychological disability were higher in orthodontic patients than in the control group (p < 0.005).
CONCLUSION
Measurement of glucose concentration was confirmed as a reliable and convenient method for assessing masticatory efficiency. Furthermore, it appears that this method is applicable to patients with braces whose perception in the oral cavity could change.
Topics: Adult; Chewing Gum; Color; Female; Glucose; Humans; Male; Mastication; Pain; Young Adult
PubMed: 35899420
DOI: 10.1111/joor.13359 -
Journal of Dental Research Feb 2021The periodontal ligament (PDL) plays a critical role in providing immediate response to abrupt high loads during mastication while also facilitating slow remodeling of...
The periodontal ligament (PDL) plays a critical role in providing immediate response to abrupt high loads during mastication while also facilitating slow remodeling of the alveolar bone. The PDL exceptional functionality is permitted by the unique nonuniform structure of the tissue. Two distinct areas that are critical to PDL function were previously identified: the furcation and the dense collar. Despite their hypothesized functions in tooth movement and maintenance, these 2 regions have not yet been compared within the context of their native environment. Therefore, the objective of this study is to elucidate the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, composition, and biomechanical function of the furcation and the collar regions while maintaining the 3-dimensional (3D) structure in the murine PDL. We identify significant difference between the collar and furcation regions in both structure and mechanical properties. Specifically, we observed unique longitudinal structures in the dense collar that correlate with type VI collagen and LOX, both of which are associated with increased type I collagen density and tissue stiffness and are therefore proposed to function as scaffolds for tooth stabilization. We also found that the collar region is stiffer than the furcation region and therefore suggest that the dense collar acts as a suspense structure of the tooth within the bone during physiological loading. The furcation region of the PDL contained more proteins associated with reduced stiffness and higher tissue remodeling, as well as a dual mechanical behavior, suggesting a critical function in loads transfer and remodeling of the alveolar bone. In summary, this work unravels the nonuniform nature of the PDL within the 3D structural context and establishes understanding of regional PDL function, which opens new avenues for future studies of remodeling, regeneration, and disease.
Topics: Animals; Collagen Type I; Mastication; Mice; Periodontal Ligament; Tooth; Tooth Movement Techniques
PubMed: 33043806
DOI: 10.1177/0022034520962455