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Re-thinking benign inflammation of the lactating breast: Classification, prevention, and management.Women's Health (London, England) 2022Despite the known benefits of breastfeeding for both infant and mother, clinical support for problems such as benign inflammation of the lactating breast remain a...
Despite the known benefits of breastfeeding for both infant and mother, clinical support for problems such as benign inflammation of the lactating breast remain a research frontier. Breast pain associated with inflammation is a common reason for premature weaning. Multiple diagnoses are used for benign inflammatory conditions of the lactating breast which lack agreed or evidence-based aetiology, definitions, and treatment. This article is the second in a three-part series. This second review analyses the heterogeneous research literature concerning benign lactation-related breast inflammation from the perspectives of the mechanobiological model and complexity science, to re-think classification, prevention, and management of lactation-related breast inflammation. Benign lactation-related breast inflammation is a spectrum condition, either localized or generalized. Acute benign lactation-related breast inflammation includes engorgement and the commonly used but poorly defined diagnoses of blocked ducts, phlegmon, mammary candidiasis, subacute mastitis, and mastitis. End-stage (non-malignant) lactation-related breast inflammation presents as the active inflammations of abscess, fistula, and septicaemia, and the inactive condition of a galactocoele. The first preventive or management principle of breast inflammation is avoidance of excessively high intra-alveolar and intra-ductal pressures, which prevents strain and rupture of a critical mass of lactocyte tight junctions. This is achieved by frequent and flexible milk removal. The second preventive or management principle is elimination of the mechanical forces which result in high intra-alveolar pressures. This requires elimination of conflicting vectors of force upon the nipple and breast tissue during milk removal; avoidance of focussed external pressure applied to the breast, including avoidance of lump massage or vibration; and avoidance of other prolonged external pressures upon the breast. Three other key preventive or management principles are discussed. Conservative management is expected to be effective for most, once recommendations to massage or vibrate out lumps, which worsen micro-vascular trauma and inflammation, are ceased.
Topics: Breast; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Lactation; Mastitis
PubMed: 35441543
DOI: 10.1177/17455057221091349 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Oct 2021Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a quite rare inflammatory condition of the breast with varying clinical presentations and microbiological findings. Having excluded... (Review)
Review
Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a quite rare inflammatory condition of the breast with varying clinical presentations and microbiological findings. Having excluded specific diseases connected with GM, a group of idiopathic GM (IGM) remains including a special form presenting with multiple small cysts named cystic neutrophil GM (CNGM). The aetiology is unknown, and clinical investigation methods as well as treatment options are controversial. The purpose of this review is to describe diagnostic considerations and controversies in the treatment of IGM and CNGM.
Topics: Breast; Cysts; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Neutrophils
PubMed: 34761745
DOI: No ID Found -
The British Journal of Surgery Sep 2021
Topics: Abscess; Breast Diseases; Disease Management; Female; Humans; Management Audit; Mastitis
PubMed: 34370817
DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab155 -
Reumatologia Clinica May 2022
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Mastitis
PubMed: 35568445
DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2021.05.006 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Jun 2024A young woman experienced pain and swelling in a non-lactating breast. The culture test result showed an unusual microbe, which is increasingly prevalent in Norway and...
A young woman experienced pain and swelling in a non-lactating breast. The culture test result showed an unusual microbe, which is increasingly prevalent in Norway and internationally.
Topics: Humans; Female; Gonorrhea; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mastitis; Adult; Young Adult
PubMed: 38832624
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0768 -
Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de... 2021
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans
PubMed: 34787268
DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0452-2021 -
The British Journal of Radiology Mar 2023Infectious diseases of the breast can demonstrate a wide variety of clinical presentations and imaging appearances. Breast abscesses are often a complication of... (Review)
Review
Infectious diseases of the breast can demonstrate a wide variety of clinical presentations and imaging appearances. Breast abscesses are often a complication of infectious mastitis of the breast. Puerperal mastitis is the most common cause of breast abscess, typically affecting postpartum females. Often diagnosed clinically, it is usually treated with antibiotics without need for imaging. Non-puerperal mastitis is relatively uncommon and typically subareolar in location. Patients can present with asymmetric breast thickening, a palpable lump, nipple discharge, or axillary adenopathy. These presentations can mimic malignancy. Herein, this pictorial review demonstrates imaging findings of common and uncommon infectious processes of the breast and clinically important mimickers of breast infection.
Topics: Female; Humans; Abscess; Breast; Mastitis; Communicable Diseases; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36651859
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20220649 -
The Journal of the American Osteopathic... Dec 2017Breast masses and nipple discharge are common symptoms that lead women to seek medical care. Many of the findings on subsequent examination are benign. When evaluating a... (Review)
Review
Breast masses and nipple discharge are common symptoms that lead women to seek medical care. Many of the findings on subsequent examination are benign. When evaluating a patient who presents with breast masses or nipple discharge, it is useful to take a holistic approach to evaluating the patient, including a detailed history, structural and directed physical examination, and, if indicated, laboratory studies, diagnostic imaging, and biopsy. The goal of this review is to assist physicians in understanding the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of benign breast conditions.
Topics: Breast; Breast Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Nipple Discharge
PubMed: 29181518
DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2017.147 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Dec 2018Postpartum uterine infections such as metritis, endometritis and mastitis have been considered as underlying causes for ovarian dysfunction in mammals. Almost all... (Review)
Review
Postpartum uterine infections such as metritis, endometritis and mastitis have been considered as underlying causes for ovarian dysfunction in mammals. Almost all mammals, particularly dairy animals are susceptible to postpartum uterine infections, resulting in impaired fertility and economic loss. One of the factors for low fertility in females is ovarian dysfunction, which is exhibited as impaired growth and function of ovarian follicles by the postpartum infection. Immune system of mammals provides a host defence mechanism against pathogenic microbes through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and forming inflammasomes. Like immune cells, ovarian granulosa cells also exhibit a similar pattern of cytokine gene expressions on exposure to PAMPs. Genome-wide transcriptomic approaches explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune function of buffalo granulosa cells during endotoxin exposure. Understanding the molecular mechanism of ovarian dysfunction due to uterine infection would be helpful to implement various strategies to handle the adverse effects of postpartum uterine disease on fertility by developing potential therapeutics. Therefore, this article focuses on key factors that are responsible for postpartum infection and particularly summarizes the molecular mechanism of infection underlying the ovarian dysfunction in dairy animals.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Endometritis; Female; Fertility; Infections; Mastitis; Postpartum Period; Uterine Diseases; Uterus
PubMed: 30964082
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_961_18 -
African Journal of Paediatric Surgery :... 2022Mastitis and abscess of the newborn breast are serious infections. The objective of our study was to describe the epidemiological and therapeutic aspects of these...
INTRODUCTION
Mastitis and abscess of the newborn breast are serious infections. The objective of our study was to describe the epidemiological and therapeutic aspects of these infections in our context.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a retrospective study from January 2017 to December 2019. We included all children aged ≤2 months admitted for mastitis or breast abscess. The variables studied were epidemiological and therapeutic.
RESULTS
We collected 34 files, i.e., 11.3 cases/year. The sex ratio was 0.5. The mean age was 16.3 ± 6.6 days. The mean time to the consultation was 3.7 ± 2.4 days. The parents had undertaken a massage in 79.4% of cases. It was mastitis in 12 cases and abscess in 21 cases. Treatment was surgical in 26 cases.
CONCLUSION
This affection is frequent with a female predominance. Its management must be early. The proscription of breast massage would reduce its frequency.
Topics: Abscess; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mastitis; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 36018205
DOI: 10.4103/ajps.ajps_92_21