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Viral Immunology Mar 2018Measles remains an important cause of child morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the availability of a safe and efficacious vaccine. The current measles virus (MeV)... (Review)
Review
Measles remains an important cause of child morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the availability of a safe and efficacious vaccine. The current measles virus (MeV) vaccine was developed empirically by attenuation of wild-type (WT) MeV by in vitro passage in human and chicken cells and licensed in 1963. Additional passages led to further attenuation and the successful vaccine strains in widespread use today. Attenuation is associated with decreased replication in lymphoid tissue, but the molecular basis for this restriction has not been identified. The immune response is age dependent, inhibited by maternal antibody (Ab) and involves induction of both Ab and T cell responses that resemble the responses to WT MeV infection, but are lower in magnitude. Protective immunity is correlated with levels of neutralizing Ab, but the actual immunologic determinants of protection are not known. Because measles is highly transmissible, control requires high levels of population immunity. Delivery of the two doses of vaccine needed to achieve >90% immunity is accomplished by routine immunization of infants at 9-15 months of age followed by a second dose delivered before school entry or by periodic mass vaccination campaigns. Because delivery by injection creates hurdles to sustained high coverage, there are efforts to deliver MeV vaccine by inhalation. In addition, the safety record for the vaccine combined with advances in reverse genetics for negative strand viruses has expanded proposed uses for recombinant versions of measles vaccine as vectors for immunization against other infections and as oncolytic agents for a variety of tumors.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Drug Discovery; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Serial Passage; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 29256824
DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0143 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Jun 2019Although a safe and effective vaccine has been available for over 6 decades, vaccine hesitancy in the United States and social and political unrest globally have led to... (Review)
Review
Although a safe and effective vaccine has been available for over 6 decades, vaccine hesitancy in the United States and social and political unrest globally have led to undervaccination. As a result, in recent months, vaccine control of measles has been threatened with an alarming upswing in measles cases nationally and internationally. Here, we review the disease and its management in view of recent outbreaks.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; United States; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
PubMed: 31204978
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.86a.19065 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2015Measles was an inevitable infection during the human development with substantial degree of morbidity and mortality. The severity of measles virus (MV) infection was... (Review)
Review
Measles was an inevitable infection during the human development with substantial degree of morbidity and mortality. The severity of measles virus (MV) infection was largely contained by the development of a live attenuated vaccine that was introduced into the vaccination programs. However, all efforts to eradicate the disease failed and continued to annually result in significant deaths. The development of molecular biology techniques allowed the rescue of MV from cDNA that enabled important insights into a variety of aspects of the biology of the virus and its pathogenesis. Subsequently these technologies facilitated the development of novel vaccine candidates that induce immunity against measles and other pathogens. Based on the promising prospective, the use of MV as a recombinant vaccine and a therapeutic vector is addressed.
Topics: Drug Carriers; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Synthetic
PubMed: 25483511
DOI: 10.4161/hv.34298 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2020Measles caused an estimated minimum of one million fatalities annually before vaccination. Outstanding progress towards controlling the virus has been made since the... (Review)
Review
Measles caused an estimated minimum of one million fatalities annually before vaccination. Outstanding progress towards controlling the virus has been made since the measles vaccine was introduced, but reduction of measles case-fatalities has stalled at around 100,000 annually for the last decade and a 2019 resurgence in several geographical regions threatens some of these past accomplishments. Whereas measles eradication through vaccination is feasible, a potentially open-ended endgame of elimination may loom. Other than doubling-down on existing approaches, is it worthwhile to augment vaccination efforts with antiviral therapeutics to solve the conundrum? This question is hypothetical at present, since no drugs have yet been approved specifically for the treatment of measles, or infection by any other pathogen of the paramyxovirus family. This article will consider obstacles that have hampered anti-measles and anti-paramyxovirus drug development, discuss MeV-specific challenges of clinical testing, and define drug properties suitable to address some of these problems.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Drug Development; Global Health; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus
PubMed: 32247280
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.007 -
Medicina 2020
Topics: Anti-Vaccination Movement; Humans; Mass Vaccination; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 32044749
DOI: No ID Found -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Measles Vaccine; COVID-19
PubMed: 37725096
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2261195 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 38649173
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.240415 -
Expert Review of Vaccines 2023Vaccination is an effective, relatively inexpensive, and easy to deliver approach to combating infectious diseases. Widespread vaccination of children has led to the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Vaccination is an effective, relatively inexpensive, and easy to deliver approach to combating infectious diseases. Widespread vaccination of children has led to the eradication of smallpox and allowed for regional elimination or control of diseases like polio, measles, mumps, tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough. But, as we learned from efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, a successful global vaccination program must overcome several hurdles. Failure at any stage can limit vaccine uptake and disease control.
AREAS COVERED
In this review, we break down the vaccine journey from research and development to delivery into several steps. We also list all the important international organizations trying to support this ecosystem. Then we identify the role of each of these organizations in supporting each of the necessary steps for a successful vaccination program.
EXPERT OPINION
The bottlenecks in vaccination can be different for different countries, based on their income and geography. Policy makers need to identify the weaknesses of this ecosystem in different regions of the world and make sure there is adequate global and local support to fill the gaps in the system.
Topics: Child; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Pandemics; Vaccination; Vaccines
PubMed: 37608523
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2250433 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Canada
PubMed: 38649166
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.240371 -
Vaccine Apr 2023This paper reviews the administration related to vaccination in Japan after the enactment of the Immunization Act in 1948, under which vaccination was implemented... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews the administration related to vaccination in Japan after the enactment of the Immunization Act in 1948, under which vaccination was implemented mandatory for the public. To enhance the effectiveness of vaccination activities, the government implemented group vaccination, which is convenient for vaccinating recipients all at once. In 1976, Japan established the relief system for health damage after vaccination. While some projects, such as the mass administration of live oral polio vaccine in 1961, achieved excellent results, incidents leading to health damage occurred, such as the diphtheria toxoid immunization incident (1948) and frequent occurrence of aseptic meningitis owing to the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (1989). In December 1992, the Tokyo High Court sentenced that the onset of health damage after vaccination could be attributed to the negligence of the national government. In the revision of the Immunization Act in 1994, the "mandatory vaccination" enforced until then was changed to "recommended vaccination." The Act was also changed to recommend "individual vaccination" in principle, which is performed after primary care physicians investigate the physical condition of individual recipients and carefully conduct preliminary examination. For approximately 20 years from the 1990s, a vaccine gap existed between Japan and other countries. From around 2010, efforts have been made to bridge this gap and establish the global standard in vaccination.
Topics: Humans; Japan; Rubella Vaccine; Vaccination; Mumps Vaccine; Measles Vaccine; Measles; Mumps; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Rubella
PubMed: 36933981
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.020