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International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2022Many factors can shift cigarette brand preference, and surveillance is an important tactic to inform regulatory strategy. The objective of this study was to identify...
Many factors can shift cigarette brand preference, and surveillance is an important tactic to inform regulatory strategy. The objective of this study was to identify shifts in top brands' overall and menthol market share from 2014 to 2019. We used data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health public use datasets, which are a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of people aged 12+ in the USA. In our analysis of top brands, we accounted for consumption patterns and computed the percent change in market share for each brand. We observed that overall market share declined for nearly all brands, though top moderately priced brands gained share. Half of the top brands with menthol styles grew in menthol market share. We observed three primary shifts in the cigarette market: brands that gained the most menthol market share were brands with both menthol and non-menthol in their product lineups; menthol contributed substantially to discount brands' market share increases; the two premium brands that employed "natural" descriptors experienced increased market share. Research should continue to focus on trends that influence cigarette market share, as the cigarette market in the USA is likely to look very different in five years than it does today.
Topics: Child; Commerce; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Menthol; Smoking; Tobacco Products; United States
PubMed: 35206458
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042270 -
Journal of the American Board of Family... 2018Over-the-counter (OTC) cough remedies are lightly regulated and their potential side effects may go unrecognized. During 2015, over 282 million cough drops were sold in... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Over-the-counter (OTC) cough remedies are lightly regulated and their potential side effects may go unrecognized. During 2015, over 282 million cough drops were sold in the United States. A Wisconsin community clinician (RM) made clinical observations suggesting that excessive use of OTC cough drops may exacerbate rather than benefit coughs. The goal of this project was to assess whether menthol in cough drops is related to worse cough symptoms.
METHODS
From April 2016 through May 2017, 5 Wisconsin primary care clinics invited adolescent and adult outpatients seeking medical care for an acute or subacute cough to take a voluntary, anonymous, 10-question cough drop use survey that included age, sex, smoking status, cough severity, cough duration, and cough drop use (including type and amount).
RESULTS
Of the 548 surveys collected and analyzed, 363 (66.2%) reported using cough drops. Cough drop use was significantly associated with longer duration of cough at presentation ( < .001) but not with overall cough severity ( = .09). Of cough drop users, 269 (90%) reported consuming drops with menthol. Univariate analysis found no statistically significant differences between the menthol and nonmenthol groups for either severity ( = .65) or duration ( = .17). However, significant independent associations were found between cough severity and 1) average menthol dose per cough drop (R = 0.19; = .007), 2) number of cough drops consumed daily (R = 0.2; = .002) and 3) total amount of menthol consumed per day (R = 0.21; = .001) that remained significant ( = .003) after controlling for age, sex, smoking status, season, and clinic site.
CONCLUSIONS
Cough severity in some individuals may be negatively influenced by the amount of menthol consumed via cough drops. Clinicians should include cough drop use in history taking of patients with persisting cough illnesses. Further research into potential mechanisms is warranted.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cough; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Male; Menthol; Middle Aged; Nonprescription Drugs; Primary Health Care; Severity of Illness Index; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors; Wisconsin
PubMed: 29535234
DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2018.02.170363 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023infections are highly common amongst the global population. Such infections have been shown to be the cause of gastric ulcers and stomach carcinoma and, unfortunately,...
infections are highly common amongst the global population. Such infections have been shown to be the cause of gastric ulcers and stomach carcinoma and, unfortunately, most cases are asymptomatic. Standard treatment requires antibiotics such as metronidazole or azithromycin to which many strains are now resistant. species have been used as a natural treatment for gastrointestinal diseases throughout history and essential oils (EOs) derived from these plants show promising results as potential antimicrobial agents. In this study, EOs obtained from the leaves and flowers of five cultivars of × and were examined by GC-MS. The investigated mints are representatives of four chemotypes: the menthol chemotype ( × 'Multimentha' and × 'Swiss'), the piperitenone oxide chemotype ( × 'Almira'), the linalool chemotype ( × 'Granada'), and the carvone chemotype ( 'Moroccan'). The chemical composition of EOs from mint flowers and leaves was comparable with the exception of the Swiss cultivar. Menthol was the most abundant component in the leaves while menthone was highest in flowers. The ATCC 43504 reference strain and 10 other clinical strains were examined for their sensitivity to the EOs in addition to their major monoterpenoid components (menthol, menthone, carvone, dihydrocarvone, linalool, 1,8-cineole, and limonene). All tested mint EOs showed inhibitory activity against both the reference ATCC 43504 strain (MIC 15.6-31.3 mg/L) and clinical strains (MIC 31.3-250 mg/L/62.5-500 mg/L). Among the reference monoterpenes, menthol (MIC 7.8/31.3 mg/L) and carvone (MIC 31.3/62.5 mg/L) had the highest anti- activity, which also correlated with a higher activity of EOs containing these compounds ( × 'Swiss' and 'Moroccan'). A synergistic and additive interaction between the most active EOs/compounds and antibiotics possibly points to a new plant-based anti- treatment.
Topics: Humans; Oils, Volatile; Menthol; Mentha; Helicobacter pylori; Helicobacter Infections; Mentha piperita; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37570659
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155690 -
Tobacco Control Apr 2023To estimate the effect of menthol use and transitions in use (switching to or from menthol) on short-term and long-term cessation from cigarette smoking and whether this...
OBJECTIVES
To estimate the effect of menthol use and transitions in use (switching to or from menthol) on short-term and long-term cessation from cigarette smoking and whether this differed across demographic groups (age, sex, race).
METHODS
We compared the probability of 30+ day and 12-month abstinence from cigarette smoking by menthol use status using two cohorts of US adult cigarette smokers who attempted to quit smoking in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (wave 1 to wave 3 and wave 2 to wave 4; n=5759), inverse probability of treatment weighting and adjusted risk ratios (aRRs).
RESULTS
Using menthol (vs non-menthol) prior to a quit attempt decreased the probability of 30+ day abstinence by 28% (aRR=0.78; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.91) and the probability of 12-month abstinence by 53% (aRR=0.65; 95% CI 0.47 to 0.88). Additionally, switching from menthol (vs maintaining menthol use) increased the probability of 30+ day abstinence by 58% (aRR=1.58; 95% CI 1.00 to 2.50) and the probability of 12-month abstinence by 97% (aRR=1.86; 95% CI 0.92 to 3.74). Switching to menthol (vs maintaining non-menthol use) was associated with a lower probability of 30+ day (aRR=0.70; 95% CI 0.42 to 1.16) and 12-month abstinence (aRR=0.64; 95% CI 0.30 to 1.36), but these associations were imprecise. The effects of menthol use on impaired quitting were slightly larger for non-Hispanic Black smokers, but not different for other demographic groups.
CONCLUSION
These results demonstrate that menthol impaired menthol smokers' attempts to quit smoking but switching from menthol improved success. This suggests that removing menthol may improve menthol smokers' success during quit attempts.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Smokers; Smoking Cessation; Menthol; Tobacco Products; Health Behavior; Nicotiana
PubMed: 34230056
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056596 -
Nature Mar 2023The selective conversion of natural or synthetic neral to (1R,6S)-trans-isopiperitenol would enable and expedite sustainable routes to menthol and cannabinoids. However,...
The selective conversion of natural or synthetic neral to (1R,6S)-trans-isopiperitenol would enable and expedite sustainable routes to menthol and cannabinoids. However, this reaction has been considered impossible because its product is more reactive to the required acid catalysts than its starting material, resulting in several side products. We now show that an unsymmetric, strong and confined chiral acid, a highly fluorinated imino-imidodiphosphate, catalyses this process with excellent efficiency and selectivity. Expanding the method to other α,β-unsaturated aldehydes could enable access to new cannabinoids and menthol derivatives not readily accessible previously. Mechanistic studies suggest that the confined catalyst accomplishes this reaction by binding the product in an unreactive conformation, thereby preventing its decomposition. We also show how (1R,6S)-trans-isopiperitenol can be readily converted to pharmaceutically useful cannabinoids and menthol, each in the shortest and most atom-economic routes so far.
Topics: Cannabinoids; Catalysis; Menthol; Aldehydes; Halogenation; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Acyclic Monoterpenes
PubMed: 36859552
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05747-9 -
The Clinical Respiratory Journal Dec 2023About 40% of nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) have already progressed in an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Development of effective prevention and therapy...
BACKGROUND
About 40% of nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) have already progressed in an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Development of effective prevention and therapy approaches against NSCLC is critical for reducing mortality. As a fundamental ingredient of peppermint oil, menthol has been demonstrated to possess an antitumor activity in several types of carcinomas. However, the potential role of menthol on NSCLC has not been reported. The present study aims to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of menthol on proliferation, apoptosis, and mobility of human lung adenocarcinoma.
METHODS
Cell apoptosis was examined by MTT and flow cytometry. The motility of cells was determined by Transwell assay. Western blot analysis was performed to determine expression level of proteins. In vivo model of nude mice was established for evaluating the influence of menthol on tumorigenicity of A549 cells. The expression lentiviral vector of Akt was established in NSCLC cells for further verifying the inhibiting effect of menthol on survival and mobility of NSCLC cells via Akt pathway.
RESULTS
The results showed that menthol promoted A549 cell apoptosis, suppressed cell proliferation, and motility by altering the phosphorylated protein level of Akt. Menthol enhanced the expression level of Bax while decreasing expression of Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and MMPs proteins. In vivo experiments suggested that menthol exhibited an inhibitory effect in tumor growth on xenografts. These results were further validated in Akt over-expressed A549 and H1299 cells.
CONCLUSIONS
Menthol could display an inhibitory effect on NSCLC cells through Akt signaling pathway, making it a potential target for NSCLC treatment.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Humans; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Lung Neoplasms; Menthol; Mice, Nude; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; Carcinoma; Lung; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 38012058
DOI: 10.1111/crj.13713 -
Health Promotion Practice Nov 2023Although menthol cigarettes are a starter product for youth, menthol was exempted from the 2009 Tobacco Control Act, which banned all other characterizing flavors....
Although menthol cigarettes are a starter product for youth, menthol was exempted from the 2009 Tobacco Control Act, which banned all other characterizing flavors. Minneapolis and Duluth, Minnesota, implemented menthol tobacco sales restrictions in 2018 to advance health equity for youth, African American, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (LGBTQ), and other communities adversely affected by menthol. This evaluation assesses the policy impact on youth access to menthol tobacco, exposure to menthol advertising, and tobacco use. A core group of youth aged 14 to 17 years (n = 30) was recruited from Minneapolis and Duluth to gather data through photo voice and peer interviews 2 months before and after policy implementation. This evaluation shares the results of focus groups with these core youth where they reflected on what they observed in the community and heard from peers. The core youth identified and categorized emergent themes using the evaluation questions. Following the focus groups, the evaluation staff used these preliminary themes and coded remaining transcripts. The core youth had mixed reactions to the impact of policies on access and use because many tobacco users in their age group obtain tobacco informally through peers, family members, and online. They observed decreases in retail advertising of menthol cigarettes, although many felt e-cigarettes and online advertising were more significant issues for their age group. Findings show a need for increased education and more comprehensive policy approaches, including addressing use of flavored e-cigarettes, online tobacco sales, and informal access, making youth access to tobacco more difficult.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adolescent; Minnesota; Menthol; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Tobacco Products; Nicotiana
PubMed: 36263446
DOI: 10.1177/15248399221127046 -
Science Progress 2022This study was conducted to evaluate some terpenes effect on the behavior and immune function of hemocytes in adults of the red palm weevil . Six individual different...
Disruption impact of citronella and menthol insecticides on adults behavior and hemocytes morphology in the red palm weevil ferrugineus "Oliver" (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
This study was conducted to evaluate some terpenes effect on the behavior and immune function of hemocytes in adults of the red palm weevil . Six individual different terpenes these are: (±)-menthol, B-citronellol, ( + )-3-carene, (R)- ( + )- limonene, citronella oil and orange terpenes. The results revealed significant differences between the terpenes used on the olfactory response on this insect, in that half of the compounds were very attractive while the other half were repellant to them. This behavior study results with olfactometer citronella oil exhibited an 80% attraction response rate for both sexes, while menthol exhibited a 60% attraction response rate for females and 100% for males. By contrast, menthol had a more significant effect on adults than citronella, lethal concentration at 50 scale (LC) values of 1.03, 0.89, and 0.9 mg, and LC values of 5.09, 2.01, and 1.59 mg, after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. For citronella oil, the LC values were 2.09, 1.76, and 1.70 mg after 24, 48, and 72 h, and the LC values were 5.5, 3.7, and 1.5 mg after 24, 48 and 72h, were noted. In the present study, the effects of citronella and methanol insecticides were observed on six types of hemocytes namely prohemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytes, coagulocytes and spherulocytes. Both citronella oil and menthol had a histopathological effect on the hemocytes of the adult red palm weevil, specifically, on the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The findings also revealed that the vacuoles in some hemocytes, specifically, the prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, and granulocytes were more sensitive than those in other hemocytes, which remained unaffected by the treatment.The effects of citronella and menthol on RPW immunity were demonstrated in this study, and this information may be applied to their usage in integrated pest control at sub-lethal dosages.
Topics: Animals; Coleoptera; Cymbopogon; Female; Hemocytes; Insecticides; Lamiaceae; Larva; Magnoliopsida; Male; Menthol; Weevils
PubMed: 35188836
DOI: 10.1177/00368504221079437 -
Nature Communications Jun 2022Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel is a Ca-permeable non-selective cation channel that acts as the primary cold sensor in humans. TRPM8 is also...
Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel is a Ca-permeable non-selective cation channel that acts as the primary cold sensor in humans. TRPM8 is also activated by ligands such as menthol, icilin, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP), and desensitized by Ca. Here we have determined electron cryo-microscopy structures of mouse TRPM8 in the absence of ligand, and in the presence of Ca and icilin at 2.5-3.2 Å resolution. The ligand-free state TRPM8 structure represents the full-length structure of mammalian TRPM8 channels with a canonical S4-S5 linker and the clearly resolved selectivity filter and outer pore loop. TRPM8 has a short but wide selectivity filter which may account for its permeability to hydrated Ca. Ca and icilin bind in the cytosolic-facing cavity of the voltage-sensing-like domain of TRPM8 but induce little conformational change. All the ligand-bound TRPM8 structures adopt the same closed conformation as the ligand-free structure. This study reveals the overall architecture of mouse TRPM8 and the structural basis for its ligand recognition.
Topics: Animals; Cold Temperature; Ligands; Mammals; Menthol; Mice; TRPM Cation Channels; Thermosensing; Transient Receptor Potential Channels
PubMed: 35662242
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30919-y -
Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the... Dec 2019Menthol, which creates mint flavor and scent, is often added to tobacco in both menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes. A potent tobacco carcinogen,...
Menthol, which creates mint flavor and scent, is often added to tobacco in both menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes. A potent tobacco carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), is extensively metabolized to its equally carcinogenic metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) as ()- or ()-NNAL enantiomers. NNAL is detoxified by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, with glucuronidation occurring on either NNAL's pyridine ring nitrogen (NNAL--Gluc) or the chiral alcohol [()- or ()-NNAL--Gluc]. To characterize a potential effect by menthol on NNAL glucuronidation, in vitro menthol glucuronidation assays and menthol inhibition of NNAL-Gluc formation assays were performed. Additionally, NNAL and menthol glucuronides (MG) were measured in the urine of smokers ( = 100) from the Southern Community Cohort Study. UGTs 1A9, 1A10, 2A1, 2A2, 2A3, 2B4, 2B7, and 2B17 all exhibited glucuronidating activity against both l- and d-menthol. In human liver microsomes, both l- and d-menthol inhibited the formation of each NNAL-Gluc, with a stereospecific difference observed between the formation of ()-NNAL--Gluc and ()-NNAL--Gluc in the presence of d-menthol but not l-menthol. With the exception of three nonmenthol cigarette smokers, urinary MG was detected in all menthol and nonmenthol smokers, with l-MG comprising >98% of total urinary MG. Levels of urinary NNAL--Gluc were significantly ( < 0.05) lower among subjects with high levels of total urinary MG; no significant changes in free NNAL were observed. These data suggest that the presence of menthol could lead to increases in alternative, activating metabolic pathways of NNAL in tobacco target tissues, increasing the opportunity for NNAL to damage DNA and lead to the development of tobacco-related cancers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: High levels of the major menthol metabolite, menthol-glucuronide, was observed in the urine of smokers of either menthol or nonmenthol cigarettes. The fact that a significant inverse correlation was observed between the levels of urinary menthol-glucuronide and NNAL-N-glucuronide, a major detoxification metabolite of the tobacco carcinogen, NNK, suggests that menthol may inhibit clearance of this important tobacco carcinogen.
Topics: Carcinogens; Cohort Studies; Glucuronides; Glucuronosyltransferase; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Menthol; Microsomes, Liver; Nitrosamines; Smoking; Stereoisomerism; Tobacco Products; Transfection
PubMed: 31578206
DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088351