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Biomedical Papers of the Medical... Mar 2016Alcohol variants such as ethanol and methanol are simple organic compounds widely used in foods, pharmaceuticals, chemical synthesis, etc. Both are becoming an emerging... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Alcohol variants such as ethanol and methanol are simple organic compounds widely used in foods, pharmaceuticals, chemical synthesis, etc. Both are becoming an emerging health problem; abuse of ethanol containing beverages can lead to disparate health problems and methanol is highly toxic and unfit for consumption.
METHODS AND RESULTS
This review summarizes the basic knowledge about ethanol and methanol toxicity, the effect mechanism on the body, the current care of poisoned individuals and the implication of alcohols in the development of diseases. Alcohol related dementia, stroke, metabolic syndrome and hepatitis are discussed as well. Besides ethanol, methanol toxicity and its biodegradation pathways are addressed.
CONCLUSIONS
The impact of ethanol and methanol on the body is shown as case reports, along with a discussion on the possible implication of alcohol in Alzheimer's disease and antidotal therapy for methanol poisoning. The role of ethanol in cancer and degenerative disorders seems to be underestimated given the current knowledge. Treatment in case of poisoning is another issue that remains unresolved even though effective protocols and drugs exist.
Topics: Alcohol Dehydrogenase; Alcoholic Beverages; Alcoholism; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Antidotes; Ethanol; Humans; Methanol; Receptors, Cell Surface
PubMed: 26006090
DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.023 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021Extraction of lipids from biological tissues is a crucial step in lipid analysis. The selection of appropriate solvent is the most critical factor in the efficient... (Review)
Review
Extraction of lipids from biological tissues is a crucial step in lipid analysis. The selection of appropriate solvent is the most critical factor in the efficient extraction of lipids. A mixture of polar (to disrupt the protein-lipid complexes) and nonpolar (to dissolve the neutral lipids) solvents are precisely selected to extract lipids efficiently. In addition, the disintegration of complex and rigid cell-wall of plants, fungi, and microalgal cells by various mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments facilitate the solvent penetration and extraction of lipids. This review discusses the chloroform/methanol-based classical lipid extraction methods and modern modifications of these methods in terms of using healthy and environmentally safe solvents and rapid single-step extraction. At the same time, some adaptations were made to recover the specific lipids. In addition, the high throughput lipid extraction methodologies used for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based plant and animal lipidomics were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatments and extraction methods were also illustrated. Moreover, the emerging green solvents-based lipid extraction method, including supercritical CO extraction (SCE), is also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Cell Wall; Chloroform; Chromatography, Liquid; Green Chemistry Technology; Lipidomics; Lipids; Mass Spectrometry; Methanol; Solvents
PubMed: 34948437
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413643 -
Environmental Microbiology Mar 2021Methanol is an ubiquitous compound that plays a role in microbial processes as a carbon and energy source, intermediate in metabolic processes or as end product in... (Review)
Review
Methanol is an ubiquitous compound that plays a role in microbial processes as a carbon and energy source, intermediate in metabolic processes or as end product in fermentation. In anoxic environments, methanol can act as the sole carbon and energy source for several guilds of microorganisms: sulfate-reducing microorganisms, nitrate-reducing microorganisms, acetogens and methanogens. In marine sediments, these guilds compete for methanol as their common substrate, employing different biochemical pathways. In this review, we will give an overview of current knowledge of the various ways in which methanol reaches marine sediments, the ecology of microorganisms capable of utilizing methanol and their metabolism. Furthermore, through a metagenomic analysis, we shed light on the unknown diversity of methanol utilizers in marine sediments which is yet to be explored.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Carbon; Euryarchaeota; Geologic Sediments; Methanol
PubMed: 33587796
DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15434 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Apr 2020Methanol and formate are attractive microbial feedstocks as they can be sustainably produced from CO and renewable energy, are completely miscible, and are easy to store... (Review)
Review
Methanol and formate are attractive microbial feedstocks as they can be sustainably produced from CO and renewable energy, are completely miscible, and are easy to store and transport. Here, we provide a biochemical perspective on microbial growth and bioproduction using these compounds. We show that anaerobic growth of acetogens on methanol and formate is more efficient than on H/CO or CO. We analyze the aerobic C assimilation pathways and suggest that new-to-nature routes could outperform their natural counterparts. We further discuss practical bioprocessing aspects related to growth on methanol and formate, including feedstock toxicity. While challenges in realizing sustainable production from methanol and formate still exist, the utilization of these feedstocks paves the way towards a truly circular carbon economy.
Topics: Formates; Methanol
PubMed: 31733545
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.10.002 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Functions of selenium are diverse as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, increased immunity, reduced cancer incidence, blocking tumor invasion and metastasis, and further... (Review)
Review
Functions of selenium are diverse as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, increased immunity, reduced cancer incidence, blocking tumor invasion and metastasis, and further clinical application as treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. These functions of selenium are mostly related to oxidation and reduction mechanisms of selenium metabolites. Hydrogen selenide from selenite, and methylselenol (MSeH) from Se-methylselenocyteine (MSeC) and methylseleninicacid (MSeA) are the most reactive metabolites produced reactive oxygen species (ROS); furthermore, these metabolites may involve in oxidizing sulfhydryl groups, including glutathione. Selenite also reacted with glutathione and produces hydrogen selenide via selenodiglutathione (SeDG), which induces cytotoxicity as cell apoptosis, ROS production, DNA damage, and adenosine-methionine methylation in the cellular nucleus. However, a more pronounced effect was shown in the subsequent treatment of sodium selenite with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. High doses of sodium selenite were effective to increase radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and further to reduce radiation side effects and drug resistance. In our study, advanced cancer patients can tolerate until 5000 μg of sodium selenite in combination with radiation and chemotherapy since the half-life of sodium selenite may be relatively short, and, further, selenium may accumulates more in cancer cells than that of normal cells, which may be toxic to the cancer cells. Further clinical studies of high amount sodium selenite are required to treat advanced cancer patients.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Glutathione; Humans; Methanol; Neoplasms; Organoselenium Compounds; Selenium Compounds; Sodium Selenite
PubMed: 34769276
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111844 -
Nature Communications Feb 2020Methanol is a clean liquid energy carrier of sunshine and a key platform chemical for the synthesis of olefins and aromatics. Herein, we report the conversion of...
Methanol is a clean liquid energy carrier of sunshine and a key platform chemical for the synthesis of olefins and aromatics. Herein, we report the conversion of biomass-derived polyols and sugars into methanol and syngas (CO+H) via UV light irradiation under room temperature, and the bio-syngas can be further used for the synthesis of methanol. The cellulose and even raw wood sawdust could be converted into methanol or syngas after hydrogenolysis or hydrolysis pretreatment. We find Cu dispersed on titanium oxide nanorod (TNR) rich in defects is effective for the selective C-C bond cleavage to methanol. Methanol is obtained from glycerol with a co-production of H. A syngas with CO selectivity up to 90% in the gas phase is obtained via controlling the energy band structure of Cu/TNR.
Topics: Biofuels; Biomass; Carbon Monoxide; Catalysis; Cellulose; Copper; Hydrolysis; Methanol; Nanotubes; Nitrogen; Polymers; Sugars; Titanium; Ultraviolet Rays; Wood
PubMed: 32107386
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14915-8 -
Archives of Toxicology Feb 2022Methanol-induced optic neuropathy (Me-ION) is a serious condition that may result in long-term or irreversible visual impairment or even blindness secondary to damage... (Review)
Review
Methanol-induced optic neuropathy (Me-ION) is a serious condition that may result in long-term or irreversible visual impairment or even blindness secondary to damage and loss of function of the optic nerve and retina. Me-ION shows a tendency to occur as mass poisonings around the world with a clear predilection for poor societies in developing countries. The main mechanism underlying the molecular basis of Me-ION is the inhibition of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation process through the binding of the toxic metabolite of methanol-formic acid-with the key enzyme of this process-cytochrome c oxidase. However, other mechanisms, including damage to the eye tissues by oxidative stress causing the intensification of the oxidative peroxidation process with the formation of cytotoxic compounds, as well as an increase in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and influence on the expression of key proteins responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis, also play an important role in the pathogenesis of Me-ION. Histopathological changes in the eye tissues are mainly manifested as the degeneration of axons and glial cells of the optic nerve, often with accompanying damage of the retina that may involve all its layers. Despite the development of therapeutic approaches, persistent visual sequelae are seen in 30-40% of survivors. Thus, Me-ION continues to be an important problem for healthcare systems worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Axons; Formates; Humans; Methanol; Mitochondria; Optic Nerve; Optic Nerve Diseases; Oxidative Stress; Retina
PubMed: 34988610
DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03202-0 -
Chemical Reviews Jul 2022Transition-metal-exchanged zeolites perform remarkable chemical reactions from low-temperature methane to methanol oxidation to selective reduction of NOx pollutants. As... (Review)
Review
Transition-metal-exchanged zeolites perform remarkable chemical reactions from low-temperature methane to methanol oxidation to selective reduction of NOx pollutants. As with metalloenzymes, metallozeolites have impressive reactivities that are controlled in part by interactions outside the immediate coordination sphere. These second-sphere effects include activating a metal site through enforcing an "entatic" state, controlling binding and access to the metal site with pockets and channels, and directing radical rebound vs cage escape. This review explores these effects with emphasis placed on but not limited to the selective oxidation of methane to methanol with a focus on copper and iron active sites, although other transition-metal-ion zeolite reactions are also explored. While the actual active-site geometric and electronic structures are different in the copper and iron metallozeolites compared to the metalloenzymes, their second-sphere interactions with the lattice or the protein environments are found to have strong parallels that contribute to their high activity and selectivity.
Topics: Catalysis; Copper; Iron; Metalloproteins; Methane; Methanol; Zeolites
PubMed: 35077641
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00915 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Nov 2022Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a crucial C building block for daily-life commodities in a wide range of industrial processes. Industrial production of HCHO today is based on... (Review)
Review
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a crucial C building block for daily-life commodities in a wide range of industrial processes. Industrial production of HCHO today is based on energy- and cost-intensive gas-phase catalytic oxidation of methanol, which calls for exploring other and more sustainable ways of carrying out this process. Utilization of carbon dioxide (CO ) as precursor presents a promising strategy to simultaneously mitigate the carbon footprint and alleviate environmental issues. This Minireview summarizes recent progress in CO -to-HCHO conversion using hydrogenation, hydroboration/hydrosilylation as well as photochemical, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and enzymatic approaches. The active species, reaction intermediates, and mechanistic pathways are discussed to deepen the understanding of HCHO selectivity issues. Finally, shortcomings and prospects of the various strategies for sustainable reduction of CO to HCHO are discussed.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Catalysis; Formaldehyde; Methanol; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 36066469
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204008 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2018Alcohol-based hand rub (hand sanitizer) is heavily used in the community and the healthcare setting to maintain hand hygiene. Methanol must never be used in such a... (Review)
Review
Alcohol-based hand rub (hand sanitizer) is heavily used in the community and the healthcare setting to maintain hand hygiene. Methanol must never be used in such a product because oral, pulmonary and/or skin exposures can result in severe systemic toxicity and even deaths. However, sporadic cases of acute poisoning indicate that alcohol-based hand rub with undeclared methanol may be found in the market from time to time. The unexpected presence of methanol poses a serious threat to public health. Unintentional ingestion by young children and inadvertent consumption by older subjects as alcohol (ethanol) substitute can occur. Methanol is more lethal and poisoning often requires antidotal therapy, in addition to supporting therapy and critical care. However, specific therapy may be delayed because the exposure to methanol is initially not suspected. When repeatedly used as a hand rub, skin absorption resulting in chronic toxicity (e.g., visual disturbances) occurs, particularly if methanol induced desquamation and dermatitis are present. Nationwide surveillance systems, regional/international toxicovigilance networks and situational awareness among the healthcare professionals should facilitate the early detection, management and prevention of such poisoning incidents of public health significance.
Topics: Hand Sanitizers; Health Personnel; Humans; Methanol; Skin Absorption
PubMed: 29987197
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071440