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The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Apr 2018MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene-expression posttranscriptionally. MiRNA research in allergy is expanding because miRNAs are crucial... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene-expression posttranscriptionally. MiRNA research in allergy is expanding because miRNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression and promising candidates for biomarker development. MiRNA mimics and miRNA inhibitors currently in preclinical development have shown promise as novel therapeutic agents. Multiple technological platforms have been developed for miRNA isolation, miRNA quantitation, miRNA profiling, miRNA target detection, and modulating miRNA levels in vitro and in vivo. Here we will review the major technological platforms with consideration given for the advantages and disadvantages of each platform.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Markers; Humans; Hypersensitivity; In Vitro Techniques; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 29074454
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.034 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2022MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Alteration in miRNA expression results in changes in the profile of genes... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Alteration in miRNA expression results in changes in the profile of genes involving a range of biological processes, contributing to numerous human disorders. With high stability in human fluids, miRNAs in the circulation are considered as promising biomarkers for diagnosis, as well as prognosis of disease. In addition, the translation of miRNA-based therapy from a research setting to clinical application has huge potential. The aim of the current review is to: (i) discuss how miRNAs traffic intracellularly and extracellularly; (ii) emphasize the role of circulating miRNAs as attractive potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis; (iii) describe how circulating microRNA can be measured, emphasizing technical problems that may influence their relative levels; (iv) highlight some of the circulating miRNA panels available for clinical use; (v) discuss how miRNAs could be utilized as novel therapeutics, and finally (v) update those miRNA-based therapeutics clinical trials that could potentially lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of different human pathologies.
Topics: Biomarkers; Circulating MicroRNA; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 35806173
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137167 -
Seminars in Liver Disease Feb 2015In considering an overview of microRNA biology, it is useful to consider microRNAs as a part of cellular communication. At the simplest level, microRNAs act to decrease... (Review)
Review
In considering an overview of microRNA biology, it is useful to consider microRNAs as a part of cellular communication. At the simplest level, microRNAs act to decrease the expression of messenger RNAs that contain stretches of sequence complementary to the microRNA. This function can be likened to the function of endogenous or synthetic short interfering RNA. However, microRNA function is more complicated and nuanced than this "on-off" model would suggest. Further, many microRNA targets are themselves noncoding RNAs. In this review, the authors discuss the role of microRNAs in shaping the proteome of the cell in a way that is consistent with microRNA involvement in a highly regulated conversation, sensitive to outside influence and internal feedback.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Markers; Humans; MicroRNAs; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; Ribonucleoproteins
PubMed: 25632930
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1397344 -
Trends in Genetics : TIG Jun 2022MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are very powerful genetic regulators, as evidenced by the fact that a single miRNA can direct entire cellular pathways via interacting with a broad... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are very powerful genetic regulators, as evidenced by the fact that a single miRNA can direct entire cellular pathways via interacting with a broad spectrum of target genes. This property renders miRNAs as highly interesting therapeutic tools to restore cell functions that are altered as part of a disease phenotype. However, this strength of miRNAs is also a weakness because their cellular effects are so numerous that off-target effects can hardly be avoided. In this review, we point out the main challenges and the strategies to specifically address the problems that need to be surmounted in the push toward a therapeutic application of miRNAs. Particular emphasis is given to approaches that have already found their way into clinical studies.
Topics: Humans; MicroRNAs; Neoplasms
PubMed: 35303998
DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.02.006 -
International Journal of Medical... 2022Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel endogenous non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that, like microRNA (miRNA), is a rapidly emerging RNA research topic. CircRNA, unlike traditional... (Review)
Review
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel endogenous non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that, like microRNA (miRNA), is a rapidly emerging RNA research topic. CircRNA, unlike traditional linear RNAs (which have 5' and 3' ends), has a closed-loop structure that is unaffected by RNA exonucleases. Thus, circRNA has sustained expression and is less sensitive to degradation. Since circRNAs have many miRNAs binding sites, eliminating their repressive effects on their target genes can strongly enhance their expression. CircRNAs serve an important regulatory role in disease onset and progression via specific circRNA-miRNA interactions. We summarized the current progress in elucidating mechanisms and biogenesis of circRNAs in this review. In particular, circRNAs can function mainly as miRNA sponges, regulating host gene expression and protein transportation. Finally, we discussed the application prospects and significant challenges for the development of circRNA-based therapeutics.
Topics: Binding Sites; MicroRNAs; RNA; RNA, Circular
PubMed: 35813288
DOI: 10.7150/ijms.71840 -
Journal of Experimental & Clinical... Feb 2019MicroRNA-34 (miR-34) has been reported to be dysregulated in various human cancers and regarded as a tumor suppressive microRNA because of its synergistic effect with... (Review)
Review
MicroRNA-34 (miR-34) has been reported to be dysregulated in various human cancers and regarded as a tumor suppressive microRNA because of its synergistic effect with the well-known tumor suppressor p53. Along with the application of MRX34, the first tumor-targeted microRNA drug which based on miR-34a mimics, on phase I clinical trial (NCT01829971), the significance of miR-34 is increasingly recognized. miR-34 plays a crucial role on repressing tumor progression by involving in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via EMT- transcription factors, p53 and some important signal pathways. Not only that, numerous preclinical researches revealed the giant potential of miR-34a on cancer therapy through diversiform nano-scaled delivery systems. Here, we provide an overview about the function of miR-34 in various cancers and the mechanism of miR-34 in tumor-associated EMT. Furthermore, its potential role as a microRNA therapeutic candidate is also discussed. Notwithstanding some obstacles existed, the extensive application prospect of miR-34 on oncotherapy cannot be neglected.
Topics: Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Genes, Tumor Suppressor; Humans; Mice; MicroRNAs; Molecular Mimicry; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Signal Transduction; Transcription Factors; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
PubMed: 30717802
DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1059-5 -
Veterinary Pathology Jul 2014The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in 1993 followed by developments and discoveries in small RNA biology have redefined the biological landscape by significantly... (Review)
Review
The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in 1993 followed by developments and discoveries in small RNA biology have redefined the biological landscape by significantly altering the longstanding dogmas that defined gene regulation. These small RNAs play a significant role in modulation of an array of physiological and pathological processes ranging from embryonic development to neoplastic progression. Unique miRNA signatures of various inherited, metabolic, infectious, and neoplastic diseases have added a new dimension to the studies that look at their pathogenesis and highlight their potential to be reliable biomarkers. Also, altering miRNA functionality and the development of novel in vivo delivery systems to achieve targeted modulation of specific miRNA function are being actively pursued as novel approaches for therapeutic intervention in many diseases. Here we review the current body of knowledge on the role of miRNAs in development and disease and discuss future implications.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Biomarkers; Growth and Development; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; MicroRNAs; Models, Biological
PubMed: 24045890
DOI: 10.1177/0300985813502820 -
The New Phytologist Feb 20171030 I. 1030 II. 1030 III. 1031 IV. 1031 V. 1032 VI. 1033 VII. 1034 VIII. 1034 1034 References 1034 SUMMARY: Copper (Cu) microRNAs are upregulated by Cu deficiency and... (Review)
Review
1030 I. 1030 II. 1030 III. 1031 IV. 1031 V. 1032 VI. 1033 VII. 1034 VIII. 1034 1034 References 1034 SUMMARY: Copper (Cu) microRNAs are upregulated by Cu deficiency and mediate the post-transcriptional downregulation of transcripts that encode Cu proteins, suggesting a role directly related to Cu. However, expression and phenotypic analyses of copper microRNA mutants and over-expressors have suggested roles mainly in tolerance to abiotic stresses. To reconcile available data, a model is proposed which emphasizes the mobile nature of copper microRNA molecules in the regulation of Cu homeostasis. It is proposed that the Cu-microRNA regulatory circuits are further co-opted by plants to regulate both beneficial and pathogenic interactions with microbes. Further exploration of Cu-microRNA functions that account for the cell-to-cell mobility should give novel insight into plant microbe interactions and the integration of micronutrition and development.
Topics: Conserved Sequence; Copper; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Homeostasis; MicroRNAs; Plants
PubMed: 27767213
DOI: 10.1111/nph.14244 -
Bone Sep 2021MicroRNAs, identified in the early 1990s, are believed to regulate approximately 30% of the human genome. The role of microRNA in bone cells was first reported in 2007... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs, identified in the early 1990s, are believed to regulate approximately 30% of the human genome. The role of microRNA in bone cells was first reported in 2007 in a manuscript showing that microRNA-223 is essential for osteoclast differentiation in vitro, and a few studies reported a role of microRNAs in osteoblasts the same year. The first report of microRNA actions in osteocytes was published in 2010, in which it was demonstrated that the microRNA cluster 23a~27a~24-2 regulates osteocyte differentiation. Since then, few studies have described the role of these 18-25-nucleotide non-coding RNAs on osteocyte biology, reporting osteocytes both as producers and as targets of the actions of microRNAs. We review here the current knowledge on the effects of microRNAs on osteocyte biology.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Humans; MicroRNAs; Osteoblasts; Osteocytes
PubMed: 33965651
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115994 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system to various insults, such as pathogens, toxic compounds, damaged cells, and radiation. The complex network of... (Review)
Review
Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system to various insults, such as pathogens, toxic compounds, damaged cells, and radiation. The complex network of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors and their direction towards inflammation often leads to the development and progression of various inflammation-associated diseases. The role of small non-coding RNAs (small ncRNAs) in inflammation has gained much attention in the past two decades for their regulation of inflammatory gene expression at multiple levels and their potential to serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in various diseases. One group of small ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), has become a key regulator in various inflammatory disease conditions. Their fine-tuning of target gene regulation often turns out to be an important factor in controlling aberrant inflammatory reactions in the system. This review summarizes the biogenesis of miRNA and the mechanisms of miRNA-mediated gene regulation. The review also briefly discusses various pro- and anti-inflammatory miRNAs, their targets and functions, and provides a detailed discussion on the role of miR-10a in inflammation.
Topics: Humans; MicroRNAs; Gene Expression Regulation; Biomarkers; Inflammation
PubMed: 36555120
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415479