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Genes Mar 2022A review of miRNA (microRNA) profiling studies in keratoconus. (Review)
Review
AIM
A review of miRNA (microRNA) profiling studies in keratoconus.
METHODS
Literature search strategy-PubMed central database, using miRNA or microRNA and keratoconus as keywords.
RESULTS
Eleven experimental or clinical studies on humans regarding miRNA and keratoconus, published in English between 2009 and 2020 were retrieved.
CONCLUSION
The publications regarding the role of miRNAs in keratoconus are scarce and diverse but provide some valuable information about potential new mechanisms of keratoconus development and progression. The cornea expresses almost 300 different miRNAs, 18 of which are specific, and miR-184 is by far the most abundant, with expression restricted to central basal and suprabasal epithelial cells. Mutations in the seed region of were proved to be rare and nonspecific in patients with isolated keratoconus. Overall, in keratoconus, a total of 29 miRNAs were upregulated, and 11 were downregulated. It appeared that miR-143-3p, miR-182-5p, and miR-92a-3p were highly expressed, while the miRNAs connected to cell-cell junction, cell division, and motor activity were downregulated. In less advanced forms, altered expression of four miRNAs-miR-151a-3p, miR-194-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-185-5p-was proved in the cone epithelium; in contrast, in advanced keratoconus, the expression of miR-151a-3p and miR-194-5p remained altered, changes in the expression of miR-195 and miR-185 were not reported, and the expression of miR-138-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-28-5p, and miR-181a-2-3p was also altered in the corneal epithelium. Keratoconus is a dynamic process of corneal stromal thinning that might result from a dynamic miRNA expression in the corneal epithelium exposed to environmental and behavioral factors causing repetitive traumas. Further experimental studies are needed to prove this hypothesis.
Topics: Biomarkers; Epithelium, Corneal; Humans; Keratoconus; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 35456395
DOI: 10.3390/genes13040588 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with skeletal muscle function decline with ageing or disease or inadequate exercise and/or poor diet. Paradoxically,... (Review)
Review
Oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with skeletal muscle function decline with ageing or disease or inadequate exercise and/or poor diet. Paradoxically, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines are key for mounting the muscular and systemic adaptive responses to endurance and resistance exercise. Both ageing and lifestyle-related metabolic dysfunction are strongly linked to exercise redox and hypertrophic insensitivity. The adaptive inability and consequent exercise intolerance may discourage people from physical training resulting in a vicious cycle of under-exercising, energy surplus, chronic mitochondrial stress, accelerated functional decline and increased susceptibility to serious diseases. Skeletal muscles are malleable and dynamic organs, rewiring their metabolism depending on the metabolic or mechanical stress resulting in a specific phenotype. Endogenous RNA silencing molecules, microRNAs, are regulators of these metabolic/phenotypic shifts in skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscle microRNA profiles at baseline and in response to exercise have been observed to differ between adult and older people, as well as trained vs. sedentary individuals. Likewise, the circulating microRNA blueprint varies based on age and training status. Therefore, microRNAs emerge as key regulators of metabolic health/capacity and hormetic adaptability. In this narrative review, we summarise the literature exploring the links between microRNAs and skeletal muscle, as well as systemic adaptation to exercise. We expand a mathematical model of microRNA burst during adaptation to exercise through supporting data from the literature. We describe a potential link between the microRNA-dependent regulation of redox-signalling sensitivity and the ability to mount a hypertrophic response to exercise or nutritional cues. We propose a hypothetical model of endurance exercise-induced microRNA "memory cloud" responsible for establishing a landscape conducive to aerobic as well as anabolic adaptation. We suggest that regular aerobic exercise, complimented by a healthy diet, in addition to promoting mitochondrial health and hypertrophic/insulin sensitivity, may also suppress the glycolytic phenotype and mTOR signalling through miRNAs which in turn promote systemic metabolic health.
Topics: Humans; MicroRNAs; Muscle, Skeletal; Exercise; Circulating MicroRNA; Signal Transduction; Hypertrophy
PubMed: 36499053
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314716 -
BMB Reports Nov 2017MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22nt-long single-stranded RNA molecules that form a RNA-induced silencing complex with Argonaute (AGO) protein to post-transcriptionally... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22nt-long single-stranded RNA molecules that form a RNA-induced silencing complex with Argonaute (AGO) protein to post-transcriptionally downregulate their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). To understand the regulatory mechanisms of miRNA, discovering the underlying functional rules for how miRNAs recognize and repress their target mRNAs is of utmost importance. To determine functional miRNA targeting rules, previous studies extensively utilized various methods including high-throughput biochemical assays and bioinformatics analyses. However, targeting rules reported in one study often fail to be reproduced in other studies and therefore the general rules for functional miRNA targeting remain elusive. In this review, we evaluate previously-reported miRNA targeting rules and discuss the biological impact of the functional miRNAs on gene-regulatory networks as well as the future direction of miRNA targeting research. [BMB Reports 2017; 50(11): 554-559].
Topics: Argonaute Proteins; Binding Sites; Computational Biology; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; MicroRNAs; RNA, Messenger; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 28946941
DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2017.50.11.179 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jul 2019MicroRNAs are a class of small RNAs that play essential roles in various biological processes by silencing genes. Evidence emerging in recent years suggests that... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs are a class of small RNAs that play essential roles in various biological processes by silencing genes. Evidence emerging in recent years suggests that microRNAs in food can be absorbed into the circulatory system and organs of humans and other animals, where they regulate gene expression and biological processes. These food-derived dietary microRNAs may serve as a novel functional component of food, a role that has been neglected to date. However, a significant amount of evidence challenges this new concept. The absorption, stability, and physiological effects of dietary microRNA in recipients, especially in mammals, are currently under heavy debate. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the unique characteristics of dietary microRNAs and concerns about both the mechanistic and methodological basis for studying the biological significance of dietary microRNAs. Such efforts will benefit continuing investigations and offer new perspectives for the interpretation of the roles of dietary microRNA with respect to the health and disease of humans and animals.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Food; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 31120095
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy127 -
Seminars in Liver Disease Feb 2015MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20 to 24 nt long, single-stranded RNAs that repress gene expression. Dysregulation of miRNA expression is associated with many human diseases.... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20 to 24 nt long, single-stranded RNAs that repress gene expression. Dysregulation of miRNA expression is associated with many human diseases. Modulating the level of endogenous miRNA alters gene profiling and can achieve therapeutic benefits. Here the authors review currently used methods of altering miRNA activity in vivo. They focus on the delivery of miRNAs and miRNA inhibitors using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). In general, rAAV-mediated miRNA inhibition or overexpression provides a simple, efficient, and informative way to study miRNA function in mammals. This method also provides the opportunity to explore potential miRNA therapeutics for many diseases.
Topics: Dependovirus; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 25632938
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1397352 -
FEBS Letters Jun 2015MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs, which mediate selective repression of gene expression. miRNAs play important roles in many natural and pathological... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs, which mediate selective repression of gene expression. miRNAs play important roles in many natural and pathological processes. Numerous tools were developed for their detection and functional analysis. There are many excellent articles covering different areas of miRNA biology in detail. At the same time, I think there are many colleagues who face a miRNA-related research problem and would appreciate having an introductory general overview of tools for miRNA analysis, which would help them in considering available options. Accordingly, this review provides an elementary roadmap to navigate among available tools for miRNA analysis. The most common problems and errors observed in miRNA research are also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 25957774
DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.054 -
Journal of Radiation Research Aug 2016MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that have key regulatory roles in cancer, acting as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Due to the potential... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that have key regulatory roles in cancer, acting as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Due to the potential roles of miRNAs in improving cancer prognostic, predictive, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, they have become an area of intense research focus in recent years. MiRNAs harbor attractive features allowing for translation to the clinical world, such as relatively simple extraction methods, resistance to molecular degradation, and ability to be quantified. Numerous prognostic, predictive and diagnostic miRNA signatures have been developed. To date however, miRNA analysis has not been adopted for routine clinical use. The objectives of this article are to provide an overview of miRNA research and review a selection of miRNA studies in breast cancer, cervical cancer, sarcoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma to highlight advances and challenges in miRNA cancer research.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MicroRNAs; Models, Biological; Neoplasms
PubMed: 26983984
DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw009 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, evolutionarily conserved, non-coding RNA molecules that influence most, if not all biological events, with cardiovascular development...
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, evolutionarily conserved, non-coding RNA molecules that influence most, if not all biological events, with cardiovascular development and homeostasis being no exceptions [...].
Topics: MicroRNAs; Heart
PubMed: 36555208
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415567 -
Theranostics 2023Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global pandemic that... (Review)
Review
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global pandemic that has high incidence rates, spreads rapidly, and has caused more than 6.5 million deaths globally to date. Currently, several drugs have been used in the clinical treatment of COVID-19, including antivirals (e.g., molnupiravir, baricitinib, and remdesivir), monoclonal antibodies (e.g., etesevimab and tocilizumab), protease inhibitors (e.g., paxlovid), and glucocorticoids (e.g., dexamethasone). Increasing evidence suggests that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of viral infection and antiviral immune responses, including the biological processes involved in regulating COVID-19 infection and subsequent complications. During viral infection, both viral genes and host cytokines regulate transcriptional and posttranscriptional steps affecting viral replication. Virus-encoded miRNAs are a component of the immune evasion repertoire and function by directly targeting immune functions. Moreover, several host circulating miRNAs can contribute to viral immune escape and play an antiviral role by not only promoting nonstructural protein (nsp) 10 expression in SARS coronavirus, but among others inhibiting NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing (NLRP) 3 and IL-1β transcription. Consequently, understanding the expression and mechanism of action of circulating miRNAs during SARS-CoV-2 infection will provide unexpected insights into circulating miRNA-based studies. In this review, we examined the recent progress of circulating miRNAs in the regulation of severe inflammatory response, immune dysfunction, and thrombosis caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, discussed the mechanisms of action, and highlighted the therapeutic challenges involving miRNA and future research directions in the treatment of COVID-19.
Topics: Humans; Antiviral Agents; Circulating MicroRNA; COVID-19; MicroRNAs; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 36593971
DOI: 10.7150/thno.78164 -
Clinical Genetics Mar 2023MicroRNAs are the major class of small non-coding RNAs, evolutionary conserved post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Since their discovery in 1993, they... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs are the major class of small non-coding RNAs, evolutionary conserved post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Since their discovery in 1993, they have been implicated as master regulators in numerous cellular processes. MicroRNA (miRNA)s regulate gene expression by attenuation and/or mRNA degradation and are commonly associated with cell development, differentiation, and homeostasis. Extensive research in past two decades has provided new insights into the potential implications of miRNA in the onset, progression, and therapeutic nature of miRNAs in disease manifestation. Owing to the novel discoveries, "miRNAs" would probably pave a new direction in therapeutic research. However, "micro" in length miRNAs have attracted considerable attention in numerous other fields. Understanding the functionality of miRNAs, in this review article, we discussed the mechanistic role of miRNAs in human diseases and have outlined most of the recent published work in clinical therapeutics. We have constructed different network models for miRNA and its targets which made us understand their interrelationship and association with diseases. Future research would surely overcome challenges and would introduce new strategies for the utility of miRNAs in a broader setting.
Topics: Humans; MicroRNAs; Disease
PubMed: 36310341
DOI: 10.1111/cge.14256