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Nephron 2023Acute kidney injury impacts the micronutrient status by various mechanisms including decreased enteral absorption, changes in redistribution, altered metabolism, and... (Review)
Review
Acute kidney injury impacts the micronutrient status by various mechanisms including decreased enteral absorption, changes in redistribution, altered metabolism, and increased consumption. When renal replacement therapy (RRT) is applied, there are additional losses of vitamins, trace elements, and amino acids, and their derivatives due to diffusion or adhesion. Varied data exist regarding the degree of micronutrient losses and plasma concentrations in patients who receive RRT, and these differ by RRT modality, dose, duration, and type of micronutrient. Water-soluble vitamins, selenium, copper, and carnitine are among the most frequently reported depleted nutrients. The role of micronutrient supplementation in critically ill patients undergoing RRT and the optimal dose and mode of administration are yet to be determined.
Topics: Humans; Trace Elements; Micronutrients; Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy; Vitamins; Selenium; Renal Replacement Therapy; Acute Kidney Injury; Critical Illness
PubMed: 37611551
DOI: 10.1159/000531947 -
Nutrients Sep 2023Selenium is an essential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in maintaining human health. Selenium deficiency is seriously associated with various diseases such as... (Review)
Review
Selenium is an essential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in maintaining human health. Selenium deficiency is seriously associated with various diseases such as Keshan disease, Kashin-Beck disease, cataracts, and others. Conversely, selenium supplementation has been found to have multiple effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer functions. Compared with inorganic selenium, organic selenium exhibits higher bioactivities and a wider range of safe concentrations. Consequently, there has been a significant development of selenium-enriched foods which contain large amounts of organic selenium in order to improve human health. This review summarizes the physiological role and metabolism of selenium, the development of selenium-enriched foods, the physiological functions of selenium-enriched foods, and provides an analysis of total selenium and its species in selenium-enriched foods, with a view to laying the foundation for selenium-enriched food development.
Topics: Humans; Selenium; Food, Fortified; Trace Elements; Antioxidants; Kashin-Beck Disease
PubMed: 37836473
DOI: 10.3390/nu15194189 -
Nutrients Feb 2023Iodine is an essential micronutrient and component of thyroid hormone. An adequate dietary iodine intake is critical to maintain and promote normal growth and... (Review)
Review
Iodine is an essential micronutrient and component of thyroid hormone. An adequate dietary iodine intake is critical to maintain and promote normal growth and development, especially during vulnerable life stages such as pregnancy and early infancy. The role of iodine in cognitive development is supported by numerous interventional and observational studies, and when iodine intake is too low, somatic growth is also impaired. This can be clearly seen in cases of untreated congenital hypothyroidism related to severe iodine deficiency, which is characterized, in part, by a short stature. Nevertheless, the impact of a less severe iodine deficiency on growth, whether in utero or postnatal, is unclear. Robust studies examining the relationship between iodine and growth are rarely feasible, including the aspect of examining the effect of a single micronutrient on a process that is reliant on multiple nutrients for optimal success. Conversely, excessive iodine intake can affect thyroid function and the secretion of optimal thyroid hormone levels; however, whether this affects growth has not been examined. This narrative review outlines the mechanisms by which iodine contributes to the growth process from conception onwards, supported by evidence from human studies. It emphasizes the need for adequate iodine public health policies and their robust monitoring and surveillance, to ensure coverage for all population groups, particularly those at life stages vulnerable for growth. Finally, it summarizes the other micronutrients important to consider alongside iodine when seeking to assess the impact of iodine on somatic growth.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Iodine; Trace Elements; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Micronutrients; Malnutrition
PubMed: 36839172
DOI: 10.3390/nu15040814 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jul 2023One of the basic trace elements for the structure and metabolism of human tissue is copper. However, as a heavy metal, excessive intake or abnormal accumulation of... (Review)
Review
One of the basic trace elements for the structure and metabolism of human tissue is copper. However, as a heavy metal, excessive intake or abnormal accumulation of copper in the body can cause inevitable damage to the organism because copper can result in direct injury to various cell components or disruption of the redox balance, eventually leading to cell death. Interestingly, a growing body of research reports that diverse cancers have raised serum and tumor copper levels. Tumor cells depend on more copper for their metabolism than normal cells, and a decrease in copper or copper overload can have a detrimental effect on tumor cells. New modalities for identifying and characterizing copper-dependent signals offer translational opportunities for tumor therapy, but their mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, this article summarizes what we currently know about the correlation between copper and cancer and describes the characteristics of copper metabolism in tumor cells and the prospective application of copper-derived therapeutics.
Topics: Humans; Copper; Trace Elements; Oxidation-Reduction; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37105071
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114791 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Nov 2023Bariatric surgery may increase the risk of micronutrient deficiencies; however, confounders including preoperative deficiency, supplementation and inflammation are... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Bariatric surgery may increase the risk of micronutrient deficiencies; however, confounders including preoperative deficiency, supplementation and inflammation are rarely considered.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the impact of bariatric surgeries, supplementation and inflammation on micronutrient deficiency.
SETTING
Two public hospitals, Australia.
METHODS
Participants were recruited to an observational study monitoring biochemical micronutrient outcomes, supplementation dose, inflammation and glycaemic control, pre-operatively and at 1-3, 6 and 12 months after gastric bypass (GB; Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Single Anastomosis Gastric Bypass; N = 66) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG; N = 144). Participant retention at 12 months was 81%.
RESULTS
Pre-operative micronutrient deficiency was common, for vitamin D (29-30%), iron (13-22%) and selenium (39% GB cohort). Supplement intake increased after surgery; however, dose was <50% of target for most nutrients. After SG, folate was vulnerable to deficiency at 6 months (OR 13 [95% CI 2, 84]; p = 0.007), with folic acid supplementation being independently associated with reduced risk. Within 1-3 months of GB, three nutrients had higher deficiency rates compared to pre-operative levels; vitamin B1 (21% vs. 6%, p < 0.01), vitamin A (21% vs. 3%, p < 0.01) and selenium (59% vs. 39%, p < 0.05). Vitamin B1 deficiency was independently associated with surgery and inflammation, selenium deficiency with improved glycaemic control after surgery and inflammation, whilst vitamin A deficiency was associated with inflammation only.
CONCLUSION
In the setting of prophylactic post-surgical micronutrient prescription, few nutrients are at risk of de novo deficiency. Although micronutrient supplementation and monitoring remains important, rationalising high-frequency biochemical testing protocols in the first year after surgery may be warranted.
Topics: Humans; Obesity, Morbid; Selenium; Gastric Bypass; Bariatric Surgery; Malnutrition; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Thiamine; Inflammation
PubMed: 37550536
DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01318-3 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Nutrient deficiencies are among the major risk factors in DFU development and healing. In... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Nutrient deficiencies are among the major risk factors in DFU development and healing. In this context, we aimed to investigate the possible association between micronutrient status and risk of DFU.
METHODS
A systematic review (Prospero registration: CRD42021259817) of articles, published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL Complete, and Embase, that measured the status of micronutrients in DFU patients was performed.
RESULTS
Thirty-seven studies were considered, of which thirty were included for meta-analysis. These studies reported levels of 11 micronutrients: vitamins B9, B12, C, D, E, calcium, magnesium, iron, selenium, copper, and zinc. DFU, compared to healthy controls (HC) had significantly lower vitamin D (MD: -10.82 14 ng/ml, 95% CI: -20.47, -1.16), magnesium (MD: -0.45 mg/dL, 95% CI: -0.78, -0.12) and selenium (MD: -0.33 µmol/L, 95% CI: -0.34, -0.32) levels. DFU, compared to DM patients without DFU, had significantly lower vitamin D (MD: -5.41 ng/ml, 95% CI: -8.06, -2.76), and magnesium (MD: -0.20 mg/dL, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.15) levels. The overall analysis showed lower levels of vitamin D [15.55ng/ml (95% CI:13.44, 17.65)], vitamin C [4.99µmol/L (95% CI:3.16, 6.83)], magnesium [1.53mg/dL (95% CI:1.28, 1.78)] and selenium [0.54µmol/L (95% CI:0.45, 0.64)].
CONCLUSION
This review provides evidence that micronutrient levels significantly differ in DFU patients, suggesting an association between micronutrient status and risk of DFU. Therefore, routine monitoring and supplementations are warranted in DFU patients. We suggest that personalized nutrition therapy may be considered in the DFU management guidelines.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=259817, identifier CRD42021259817.
Topics: Humans; Diabetic Foot; Selenium; Magnesium; Vitamins; Micronutrients; Vitamin D; Trace Elements; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 37065742
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1152854 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2021This study described the interactions of different nutritional components with the immune system. A detailed search was carried out on Google Scholar and PubMed... (Review)
Review
This study described the interactions of different nutritional components with the immune system. A detailed search was carried out on Google Scholar and PubMed databases to find out the relevant research studies using different keywords, such as "Nutrients", "Micronutrients", and "Immune system and micronutrients". Only those papers that discussed the interactions between nutrients and the components of the immune system were included in the study. This research outlined the impact of different vitamins, trace elements or metals, amino acids, and fatty acids on different immune system components. It was found that vitamins, such as vitamin A, D, and C, tend to help immune cell differentiation and enhance the expression of different cytokines. Vitamins also contribute to the proliferation of T and B cells and impact the production of white blood cells. Similarly, trace elements or metals act as enzyme cofactors and control different immune response cycles by controlling the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules. Moreover, different essential and non-essential amino acids play important roles in immune system development as they are primarily involved in protein synthesis. Amino acids, such as arginine, glutamine, and alanine, modulate the expression of cytokines and also control the migration and transmigration capabilities of macrophages. They also enhance the phagocytic properties of macrophages and neutrophils. In a similar way, fatty acids act as anti-inflammatory agents since they can decrease the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II. Furthermore, they inhibit the secretion of different inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, all the components of our daily diet are associated with the development of the immune system, and understanding their interactions is important for future immune therapies and drug development.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Cytokines; Fatty Acids; Immune System; Micronutrients; Nutrients; Trace Elements; Vitamins
PubMed: 35546980
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356098.1775 -
Trends in Biotechnology Apr 2019Zinc has been described as the 'calcium of the twenty-first century'. Zinc-based degradable biomaterials have recently emerged thanks to their intrinsic physiological... (Review)
Review
Zinc has been described as the 'calcium of the twenty-first century'. Zinc-based degradable biomaterials have recently emerged thanks to their intrinsic physiological relevance, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and pro-regeneration properties. Zinc-based biomaterials mainly include: metallic zinc alloys, zinc ceramic nanomaterials, and zinc metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Metallic zinc implants degrade at a desirable rate, matching the healing pace of local tissues, and stimulating remodeling and formation of new tissues. Zinc ceramic nanomaterials are also beneficial for tissue engineering and therapy thanks to their nanostructures and antibacterial properties. MOFs have large surface areas and are easily functionalized, making them ideal for drug delivery and cancer therapy. This review highlights recent developments in zinc-based biomaterials, discusses obstacles to overcome, and pinpoints directions for future research.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Regeneration; Regenerative Medicine; Trace Elements; Zinc
PubMed: 30470548
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.10.009 -
Nutrients Jun 2017Micronutrient homeostasis is a key factor in maintaining a healthy immune system. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is involved in the regulation of the innate and... (Review)
Review
Micronutrient homeostasis is a key factor in maintaining a healthy immune system. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is involved in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The main cause of zinc deficiency is malnutrition. Zinc deficiency leads to cell-mediated immune dysfunctions among other manifestations. Consequently, such dysfunctions lead to a worse outcome in the response towards bacterial infection and sepsis. For instance, zinc is an essential component of the pathogen-eliminating signal transduction pathways leading to neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) formation, as well as inducing cell-mediated immunity over humoral immunity by regulating specific factors of differentiation. Additionally, zinc deficiency plays a role in inflammation, mainly elevating inflammatory response as well as damage to host tissue. Zinc is involved in the modulation of the proinflammatory response by targeting Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), a transcription factor that is the master regulator of proinflammatory responses. It is also involved in controlling oxidative stress and regulating inflammatory cytokines. Zinc plays an intricate function during an immune response and its homeostasis is critical for sustaining proper immune function. This review will summarize the latest findings concerning the role of this micronutrient during the course of infections and inflammatory response and how the immune system modulates zinc depending on different stimuli.
Topics: Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Trace Elements; Zinc
PubMed: 28629136
DOI: 10.3390/nu9060624 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Mar 2024Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. The importance of MNs in common pathologies is recognized by recent...
BACKGROUND
Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. The importance of MNs in common pathologies is recognized by recent research, with deficiencies significantly impacting the outcome.
OBJECTIVE
This short version of the guideline aims to provide practical recommendations for clinical practice.
METHODS
An extensive search of the literature was conducted in the databases Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and CINAHL for the initial guideline. The search focused on physiological data, historical evidence (for papers published before PubMed release in 1996), and observational and/or randomized trials. For each MN, the main functions, optimal analytical methods, impact of inflammation, potential toxicity, and provision during enteral or parenteral nutrition were addressed. The SOP wording was applied for strength of recommendations.
RESULTS
The limited number of interventional trials prevented meta-analysis and led to a low level of evidence for most recommendations. The recommendations underwent a consensus process, which resulted in a percentage of agreement (%): strong consensus required of >90 % of votes. Altogether the guideline proposes 3 general recommendations and specific recommendations for the 26 MNs. Monitoring and management strategies are proposed.
CONCLUSION
This short version of the MN guideline should facilitate handling of the MNs in at-risk diseases, whilst offering practical advice on MN provision and monitoring during nutritional support.
Topics: Humans; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Vitamins; Consensus; Databases, Factual
PubMed: 38350290
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.01.030