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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2019Four new triterpenoids, 3β,12β,16β,21β,22-pentahydroxyhopane (), 12β,16β,21β,22-tetrahydroxyhopan-3-one (), 3-oxo-olean-12-ene-28,30-dioic acid (), and...
Four new triterpenoids, 3β,12β,16β,21β,22-pentahydroxyhopane (), 12β,16β,21β,22-tetrahydroxyhopan-3-one (), 3-oxo-olean-12-ene-28,30-dioic acid (), and 3β-hydroxyoleana-11,13(18)-diene-28,30-dioic acid 30-methyl ester (); 21 new triterpenoid saponins, glinusopposides A-U (-); and 12 known compounds (-) were isolated from the whole plants of . The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. All compounds from the plants were measured for antifungal activities against and . Glinusopposide B (), glinusopposide Q (), glinusopposide T (), and glinusopposide U () showed strong inhibitory activities against (MIC 7.1, 6.7, 6.8, and 11.1 μM, respectively) and (MIC 14.3, 13.4, 11.9, and 13.0 μM, respectively). For those active compounds with an oleanane skeleton, glycosylation (-) or oxidation () of 3-OH was helpful in increasing the activity; replacement of the 30-methyl group () by a carboxymethyl group () enhanced the activity; the presence of 11,13(18) double bonds () decreased the activity.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Glycosides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microsporum; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Structure; Molluginaceae; Trichophyton; Triterpenes
PubMed: 31212847
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122206 -
Laboratory Medicine Apr 2019Rhizopus stolonifer is an opportunistic fungus that causes respiratory infections, sinusitis, and otomycosis. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum cause...
BACKGROUND
Rhizopus stolonifer is an opportunistic fungus that causes respiratory infections, sinusitis, and otomycosis. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum cause athlete's foot, ringworm, and nail infections. Previous research has shown that some essential oils inhibit fungal growth.
METHODS
We investigated the effects of 0.5% and 1% concentrations of Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum verum, Citrus paradisi, and Capsicum annuum extracts on the growth of R. stolonifer and T. mentagrophytes. The combined effects also were determined at 0.5% concentration for these fungal species and for M. gypseum. Fungal species were grown in flasks, along with growth media, for 7, 14, and 21 days, with each species of essential oil or combination of oils and mass determined and compared to its control.
RESULTS
Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum verum, and Citrus paradisi had overall significant inhibitory effects (P ≤.05) on R. stolonifer and T. mentagrophytes. C. annuum significantly (P ≤.05) inhibited the growth of T. mentagrophytes and enhanced that of R. stolonifer. The combination of essential oils resulted in inhibition of growth (P ≤.05) at similar percentages as R. officinalis, C. verum, and C. paradisi only.
CONCLUSION
Essential oils such as Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum verum, and Citrus paradisi may be useful for treating opportunistic and dermatophytic fungal diseases.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microsporum; Oils, Volatile; Rhizopus; Trichophyton
PubMed: 30690523
DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmy080 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2016Dermatophytoses are among the most frequently diagnosed skin infections worldwide. However, the distribution of pathogenic species and the predominating anatomical sites...
Dermatophytoses are among the most frequently diagnosed skin infections worldwide. However, the distribution of pathogenic species and the predominating anatomical sites of infection vary with geographical location and change over time. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological and aetiological factors of dermatophytoses in Crete, Greece over the last 5-year period (2011-2015) and their incidence in relation to the gender and the age of the patients. We compared our findings with those previously reported from the same area and from other parts of the world. A total of 2,910 clinical specimens (skin scrapings, nail clippings, and hair specimens) obtained from 2,751 patients with signs of dermatomycoses were examined using direct microscopy and culture. Overall, 294 specimens (10.1%) were proved mycologically positive for dermatophytes. The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 86 years (mean age, 37 years). Tinea corporis was the predominant clinical type of infection, followed by tinea unguium, tinea pedis, tinea capitis, tinea faciei, tinea cruris and tinea manuum. Among dermatophytes, eight species were isolated: Microsporum canis (35.8%), Trichophyton rubrum (35.1%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (23.3%), Epidermophyton floccosum (2.5%), Microsporum gypseum (1.8%), Trichophyton violaceum (0.7%), Trichophyton verrucosum (0.4%), and Trichophyton tonsurans (0.4%). In our area, the most common dermatophyte was M. canis followed by T. rubrum. Increased migration, mass tourism, and climate changes will contribute to further changes in the epidemiology of dermatophytoses in our area. Continuing studies are necessary for determining the new epidemiological trends and to implement the appropriate control measures.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Epidermophyton; Female; Greece; Humans; Male; Microsporum; Middle Aged; Sex Distribution; Time Factors; Tinea; Trichophyton; Young Adult
PubMed: 27904054
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.16-00008 -
Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Exclusive physicochemical and biological properties of carbon allotrope graphene have attracted the peer attention of researchers for the synthesis and development of...
Exclusive physicochemical and biological properties of carbon allotrope graphene have attracted the peer attention of researchers for the synthesis and development of newer topical remedies including films, scaffolds, microspheres, and hydrogels. Here, graphene nanoplatelets (GN) were embedded into a different ratio of polymeric ERL100/ERS100 solution and fabricated in the form of a scaffold through the electrospinning process. FTIR spectra displayed characteristic similar peaks present both in GN and GN-loaded scaffold owing to the compatibility of GN and polymeric mixture. XRD curve revealed a distinct GN peak at nearly 26° whereas from DSC/TGA thermal stability was observed between polymers and graphene nanoplatelets. FESEM images showed ultrathin architecture of GN-loaded scaffold in a range of 280 ± 90 nm. The fabricated scaffold exhibited hydrophilicity (contact angle 48.8 ± 2.8°) and desirable swelling index (646% in skin pH media) which were desired criteria for the scaffold for topical application. In vitro, antifungal activity was conducted through the broth microdilution method against different virulent dermatophytes i.e., , , , and . For in vivo evaluation, inoculum was applied on the dorsal surface of each group of Swiss albino mice, and the degree and intensity of mycelial growth or erythema on skin surfaces was visually investigated. The study depicted complete signs of cure after 14 days of application of G3-loaded scaffold on the infected dorsal site. Hence graphene-loaded scaffold represented a possible alternative for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by dermatophytes.
PubMed: 37630890
DOI: 10.3390/nano13162305 -
Revista Argentina de Microbiologia 2021A descriptive observational and cross-sectional study was carried out. The clinical characteristics, etiologic agents, treatments and outcome of 33 cases of tinea...
A descriptive observational and cross-sectional study was carried out. The clinical characteristics, etiologic agents, treatments and outcome of 33 cases of tinea capitis in the Mycology Unit at Francisco J. Muñiz Hospital of Buenos Aires City between January 2015 and December 2019 were analyzed. The median age of the patients was 7 years, 21 of whom were male, 3 were HIV-positive and 22 had pets. The isolated etiologic agents were the following: Microsporum canis in 22 cases, Trichophyton tonsurans in 8, Nannizzia gypsea in 2 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in one patient. Suppurative tinea capitis (krion Celsi) was detected in 10 cases and the same number of patients presented other skin locations of their dermatophytosis in addition to those in the scalp. Twenty-one cases were orally treated with griseofulvin and 12 with terbinafine. Those patients with suppurative tinea capitis received drops of betamethasone by mouth besides the antifungal drugs. All patients had good clinical and mycological response to the treatments, all lesions disappeared, and mycological studies turned negative by the end of the treatments. We conclude that both drugs were effective for the treatment of tinea capitis; however, lesions in those cases receiving terbinafine involuted more slowly.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Griseofulvin; Humans; Male; Naphthalenes; Terbinafine; Tinea Capitis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 33618899
DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2021.01.004 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology 2021Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in chronic unresponsive dermatophytosis. A study was conducted to quantify the proportion of patients with chronic...
BACKGROUND
Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in chronic unresponsive dermatophytosis. A study was conducted to quantify the proportion of patients with chronic dermatophytosis and to determine the clinico-mycological predictors of chronicity including antifungal susceptibility.
METHODS
Hospital-based cross-sectional study design was adopted. Four hundred and twenty-five patients were studied. The outcome variable was chronic dermatophytosis and the determinants were clinico-mycological characteristics. Chi-square and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.
RESULTS
Chronic dermatophytosis was seen in 29.4%. Past history of dermatophytosis, OR 0.44 (95% CI 0.28-0.68); family history of dermatophytosis, OR 1.66 (95% CI 1.06-2.56); HIV infection, OR 9.88 (95% CI 1.09-89.33); treatment with topical antifungals, OR 2.4 (95% CI 1.5-3.9); systemic antifungals, OR 3.9 (95% CI 2.5-6.1); topical steroids, OR 2.02 (95% CI 1.25-3.25); multiple-site infection, OR 1.97 (95% CI 1.24-3.13); and tinea unguium, OR 6.52 (95% CI 2.89-14.7) were the significant determinants. (73.6%) was the most common isolate followed by and (13.2%) each. A percentage of 77.4 of the isolates were resistant-73.6% isolates to terbinafine and 3.8% isolates to fluconazole. None of the isolates were resistant to itraconazole.
CONCLUSION
Significant determinants were host-related factors. Thorough history taking, patient examination, and education can improve the present scenario. Microbiological resistance was not a significant predictor. High proportion of resistant strains should be an eye opener. Developing and adopting a standard uniform treatment protocol throughout the country should be the need of the hour.
PubMed: 34446965
DOI: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_283_20 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology 2018Dermatophytic fungi of genera and are the most important fungal species causing tinea capitis. Choice of treatment for tinea capitis is determined by the species of...
BACKGROUND
Dermatophytic fungi of genera and are the most important fungal species causing tinea capitis. Choice of treatment for tinea capitis is determined by the species of fungus.
AIM
The aim of the study was to investigate the most prevalent fungal species causing tinea capitis in children from Egypt and the most useful antifungal agent for treatment.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A total of 100 patients diagnosed clinically with tinea capitis were included in the study. Samples were collected and sent to the microbiology and immunology laboratory for sample processing and fungal identification by routine laboratory techniques. A study of antifungal susceptibility to chosen antifungal medications (fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, amphotericin, caspofungin, itraconazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin) was done by minimum inhibitory concentration technique.
RESULTS
Our analysis revealed that is the most commonly isolated strain. Amphotericin was the most effective antifungal agent followed by terbinafine. The most sensitive strain to fluconazole and griseofulvin is , while was mostly responsive to terbinafine.
CONCLUSION
Identification and evaluation of the antifungal susceptibility of the pathogenic species in a certain geographic region is important to achieve a good clinical response.
PubMed: 29692458
DOI: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_519_17 -
Biology Dec 2021Although keratinophilic fungi on avian feathers have been widely described, data from European literature are quite lacking regarding Mediterranean countries. The aim of...
Although keratinophilic fungi on avian feathers have been widely described, data from European literature are quite lacking regarding Mediterranean countries. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the occurrence of fungal species on feathers of different avian species in Italy. A total of 378 feather samples from both aquatic (n = 254) and terrestrial birds (n = 124), for a total of 30 bird species, were cultured for keratinophilic fungi. Fungal isolates were recognized by their macro- and micro-scopical morphology, and results were corroborated by PCR and sequencing. Keratinophilic fungi belonging to 11 different species (, , , , sp., , sp., and ) were isolated from 71 animals (18.8%). The frequency of isolation of keratinophilic species from terrestrial birds was significantly higher in waterfowl. Migratory birds in Italy have been proven to carry pathogenic fungi such as dermatophytes, (), besides saprophytic species.
PubMed: 34943235
DOI: 10.3390/biology10121317 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Nov 2022Dermatophytoses are superficial mycoses, and the identification of their etiological agents is routinely performed by culture and microscopic features, which is...
INTRODUCTION
Dermatophytoses are superficial mycoses, and the identification of their etiological agents is routinely performed by culture and microscopic features, which is time-consuming and relies on personnel expertise. Molecular approaches have been developed to provide faster and reliable results; therefore, this study aimed to identify dermatophytes isolated from Alagoas state patients, employing phenotypical and molecular methods.
METHODOLOGY
Clinical samples for morphological identification were collected from private and public laboratories and cultivated on Sabouraud dextrose agar. DNA extraction was followed by ITS amplicon analysis after restriction enzyme digestion DdeI (ITS-RFLP).
RESULTS
Out of fourteen representative strains, ITS-RFLP with DdeI efficiently identified Microsporum canis, Nannizzia gypsea, and Trichophyton rubrum, while species of the complex T. tonsurans/T. mentagrophytes presented the same restriction pattern. After genotyping, 2 T. tonsurans and 1 Microsporum sp. strain were reclassified as T. rubrum.
CONCLUSIONS
RFLP of ITS-region followed by DdeI digestion produced faster and relatively reliable results than classic methods; however, this method has not been as efficient for closely related dermatophytes cryptic species.
Topics: Humans; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Arthrodermataceae; Brazil; Dermatomycoses; Culture Media
PubMed: 36449651
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.17077 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Nov 2021Superficial fungal infections are prevalent worldwide, with dermatophytes as the most common cause. Various antifungal agents including azoles and allylamines are...
Superficial fungal infections are prevalent worldwide, with dermatophytes as the most common cause. Various antifungal agents including azoles and allylamines are commonly used to treat dermatophytosis. However, their overuse has yielded drug-resistant strains, calling for the development of novel antimycotic compounds. Olorofim is a newly developed antifungal compound that targets pyrimidine biosynthesis in molds. The purpose of this study was to determine the and antifungal effects of olorofim against common dermatophytes. The activity of olorofim against dermatophytes was assessed by microtiter broth dilution method. Bioinformatic analysis of olorofim binding to dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) of dermatophytes was also performed, using Aspergillus fumigatus DHODH as a template. The efficacy of the drug was investigated, using a guinea pig model, experimentally infected with Microtiter assays confirmed the high sensitivity of dermatophytes to olorofim (MIC = 0.015-0.06 mg/liter). Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that DHODH is highly conserved among dermatophytes. The critical residues, in dermatophytes, involved in olorofim binding were similar to their counterparts in A. fumigatus DHODH, which explains their susceptibility to olorofim. Typical skin lesions of dermatophyte infection were observed in the guinea pig model at 7 days postinoculation. Following 1 week of daily topical administration of olorofim, similar to the clotrimazole group, the skin lesions were resolved and normal hair growth patterns appeared. In light of the and activity of olorofim against dermatophytes, this novel agent may be considered as a treatment of choice against dermatophytosis.
Topics: Acetamides; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Guinea Pigs; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Piperazines; Pyrimidines; Pyrroles
PubMed: 34570652
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01386-21