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Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2016Dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum gypseum is rare, especially in infants, with few published cases. Diagnosis in this age group is frequently delayed. We review the... (Review)
Review
Dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum gypseum is rare, especially in infants, with few published cases. Diagnosis in this age group is frequently delayed. We review the literature and report 4 new cases of tinea of glabrous skin caused by M. gypseum mimicking eczema in infants. Considering new and previously reported cases, half of patients were exposed to sand, emphasizing the importance of this transmission vehicle in this age group. In conclusion, although rare, dermatophytosis by M. gypseum should be part of the differential diagnosis of inflammatory dermatosis in infants. A clinical suspicion and the availability of culture are keys to the diagnosis.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Microsporum; Skin; Time Factors; Tinea; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28099610
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20165044 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023The ability of dermatophytes to develop biofilms is possibly involved in therapeutic failure because biofilms impair drug effectiveness in the infected tissues. Research...
The ability of dermatophytes to develop biofilms is possibly involved in therapeutic failure because biofilms impair drug effectiveness in the infected tissues. Research to find new drugs with antibiofilm activity against dermatophytes is crucial. In this way, riparins, a class of alkaloids that contain an amide group, are promising antifungal compounds. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of riparin III (RIP3) against , and strains. We used ciclopirox (CPX) as a positive control. The effects of RIP3 on fungal growth were evaluated by the microdilution technique. The quantification of the biofilm biomass in vitro was assessed by crystal violet, and the biofilm viability was assessed by quantifying the CFU number. The ex vivo model was performed on human nail fragments, which were evaluated by visualization under light microscopy and by quantifying the CFU number (viability). Finally, we evaluated whether RIP3 inhibits sulfite production in . RIP3 inhibited the growth of and from 128 mg/L and from 256 mg/L. The results showed that RIP3 is a fungicide. Regarding antibiofilm activity, RIP3 inhibited biofilm formation and viability in vitro and ex vivo. Moreover, RIP3 inhibited the secretion of sulfite significantly and was more potent than CPX. In conclusion, the results indicate that RIP3 is a promising antifungal agent against biofilms of dermatophytes and might inhibit sulfite secretion, one relevant virulence factor.
PubMed: 36836345
DOI: 10.3390/jof9020231 -
Veterinary World May 2023Fungal zoonoses are an economic and public health concern because they can cause various degrees of morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. To combat this issue,...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Fungal zoonoses are an economic and public health concern because they can cause various degrees of morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. To combat this issue, alternative natural antifungals, such as products derived from rice protein hydrolysates or rice antifungal protein/peptide are being considered because they are highly bioactive and exhibit various functional properties. Thailand is a leading rice producer and exporter. Among the various cultivated rice varieties, Sangyod rice ( L.) is exclusively indigenous to Thailand's Phatthalung province; it has a Thai geographical indication tag. Here, we investigated whether the Phatthalung Sangyod rice seeds have bioactive antifungal peptides.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Antifungal activity in four Sangyod rice seed extracts (SYPs) - namely, (1) the crude lysate, SYP1; (2) the heat-treated lysate, SYP2; (3) the heat- and pepsin digested lysate, SYP3; and (4) the heat- and proteinase K-digested lysate, SYP4 - was analyzed. Protein concentrations in these SYPs were determined using the Bradford assay. The total phenolic compound content was determined using the modified Folin-Ciocalteu method in a 96-well microplate. Then, the SYP protein pattern was determined using the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Subsequently, using the agar well diffusion method, the antifungal properties of these SYPs were tested against ten medically important pathogenic fungi. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration values were determined for the active SYPs - SYP2-4. Finally, the clinical safety of SYP4 was determined using a hemolytic assay (using canine red blood cells [RBCs]).
RESULTS
The crude lysate SYP1 did not show antifungal activity against any of the ten tested pathogenic fungi. Surprisingly, hydrolysates SYP2, SYP3, and SYP4 displayed antifungal properties against the ten tested pathogenic fungi. Thus, heat and enzymatic hydrolysis seem to transform the bioactivity of the crude protein extract - SYP1. Further, SYP4 shows the most effective antifungal activity. It completely inhibited s, yeast phase, s, and m. A partial inhibitory action on s and was possessed while showing the least activity to s. SYP4 was nontoxic to canine RBCs. Hemolysis of canine RBCs was undetectable at 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC concentrations; therefore, it can be safely used in further applications.
CONCLUSION
These results indicate that heat and proteinase K hydrolyzed SYP is a very potent antifungal preparation against animal and human fungal pathogens and it can be used in future pharmaceuticals and functional foods.
PubMed: 37576760
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1018-1028 -
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic... Feb 2017Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi causing superficial cutaneous infections that account 20-25% of the global population. As per literature search, there is a dearth...
INTRODUCTION
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi causing superficial cutaneous infections that account 20-25% of the global population. As per literature search, there is a dearth in the study on virulence factors of dermatophytes from the Indian sub-continent and moreover the association of the virulence factors and the host tissue in vitro helps in understanding the host-pathogen interaction.
AIM
To analyse the enzymatic and non-enzymatic virulence activities of dermatophytes on solid media.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 11 isolates, three standard American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains- - 28188, - 9533, - 28942, one CBS KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre strain- - 243.66 five clinical isolates- , , var. , , , and two laboratory isolates - and were screened for the production of virulence enzymes such as phospholipase, lipase, protease, gelatinase and non-enzyme virulence factors (haemolytic activity) of dermatophytes. The clinical isolates were identified from a tertiary care hospital, Chennai. These dermatophytes were tested upon specific substrates on solid media such as egg yolk, tween 80, bovine serum albumin, gelatin powder and sheep blood respectively.
RESULTS
The virulence activity of phospholipase, lipase, protease and gelatinase was observed from all the dermatophyte species. , ATCC strain, var. , , ATCC strain, and CBS strain produced complete haemolysis, whereas other dermatophytes showed no haemolytic activity.
CONCLUSION
Phospholipase, lipase, protease and gelatinase act as enzymatic virulence marker and the complex, complex and showed complete haemolysis and hence they may also act as a non-enzymatic virulence marker for dermatophytes.
PubMed: 28384862
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/23147.9410 -
Annals of Dermatology Aug 2018has been isolated from South Korea since 1966. However, the incidence of infection is very low.
BACKGROUND
has been isolated from South Korea since 1966. However, the incidence of infection is very low.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to add massive data on to the literature and to provide useful information on clinical and mycological characteristics of .
METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed data of 198 cases infected with from 1979 to 2016. The identification of was done with mycological examination using 15% KOH preparation and potato corn meal tween 80 agar culture media.
RESULTS
The incidence of infection was very low in South Korea, showing a tendency to decrease. Out of 198 cases, men were 94 cases (47.5%) and women were 104 cases (52.5%). Mean age of all patients was 29.83 years old: 24.97 years old in men and 34.22 years old in women. infection occurred most frequently in September (16.7%) and August (16.2%). The most common clinical type of infection was tinea corporis (38.4%).
CONCLUSION
infection shows very low incidence but still remains around us until recent years. We should keep in mind the characteristics of .
PubMed: 30065582
DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.4.427 -
Archives of Razi Institute Jul 2021The keratinolytic activities of dermatophyte species are accompanied by the secretion of enzymes, such as serine proteases, which are coded by the Subtilisin (SUB)...
Subtilisin Gene Activity in Dermatophytes: A study on the Presence of the Subtilisin Gene in Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum gypseum in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples in Tehran, Iran.
The keratinolytic activities of dermatophyte species are accompanied by the secretion of enzymes, such as serine proteases, which are coded by the Subtilisin (SUB) genes. This study aimed to determine the presence of the SUB genes in the clinical and nonclinical samples of Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum gypseum. Isolation was carried out by direct and laboratory examination. Following that, for the determination of the presence of the SUB gene, polymerase chain reaction with specific primers was conducted. The frequencies of the SUB gene were observed in almost 66% of the isolates. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the presence of the SUB gene and the samples collected from human, animals, and soil (p ˂0.005). The current investigation has been the first study of the presence/absence of the SUB gene in the clinical and nonclinical isolates of T. verrucosum and M. gypseum in Iran which may be a new step to perform further studies.
Topics: Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Humans; Iran; Subtilisin
PubMed: 34223724
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2019.126417.1343 -
Journal of Analytical Science and... 2021Fungal infections are among the most difficult diseases to manage in humans. Eukaryotic fungal pathogens share many similarities with their host cells, which impairs the...
Fungal infections are among the most difficult diseases to manage in humans. Eukaryotic fungal pathogens share many similarities with their host cells, which impairs the development of antifungal compounds. Therefore, it is desirable to harness the pharmaceutical potential of medicinal plants for antifungal drug discovery. In this study, the antifungal activity of sixteen plant extracts was investigated against selected dermatophytic fungi. Of the sixteen plants, the cladode (leaf) of and seed extract of showed antifungal activity against , , and . The plant antifungal compounds were located by direct bioassay against IR and NMR spectrometry analyses of these compounds identified the presence of saponin (in ) and hydroxy anthraquinone (in ) in these antifungal compounds. The antidermatophytic activity of plant anthraquinone and saponins with reports of little or no hemolytic activity, makes these compounds ideal for alternative antifungal therapy and warrants further in-depth investigation in vivo.
PubMed: 34745684
DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00304-3 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2021Novel biodegradable and biocompatible formulations of "old" but "gold" drugs such as nystatin (Nys) and amphotericin B (AmB) were made using a biopolymer as a matrix....
Novel biodegradable and biocompatible formulations of "old" but "gold" drugs such as nystatin (Nys) and amphotericin B (AmB) were made using a biopolymer as a matrix. Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) were used to formulate both polyenes (Nys and AmB) in the form of films (~50 µm). Thermal properties and stability of the materials were not significantly altered by the incorporation of polyenes in mcl-PHA, but polyene containing materials were more hydrophobic. These formulations were tested in vitro against a panel of pathogenic fungi and for antibiofilm properties. The films containing 0.1 to 2 weight % polyenes showed good activity and sustained polyene release for up to 4 days. A PHA monomer, namely 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (C10-OH), was added to the films to achieve an enhanced synergistic effect with polyenes against fungal growth. Mcl-PHA based polyene formulations showed excellent growth inhibitory activity against both yeasts ( ATCC 1023, SC5314 (ATCC MYA-2876), ATCC 22019) and filamentous fungi ( ATCC 13073; ATCC 9533, ATCC 24102). All antifungal PHA film preparations prevented the formation of a biofilm, while they were not efficient in eradication of mature biofilms, rendering them suitable for the transdermal application or as coatings of implants.
PubMed: 34207011
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060737 -
Veterinary World Mar 2024Catnip essential oils have antimicrobial effects against bacteria, yeast, and fungi; however, there is limited information regarding their antimicrobial activity against...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Catnip essential oils have antimicrobial effects against bacteria, yeast, and fungi; however, there is limited information regarding their antimicrobial activity against pathogens that cause canine skin infections. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical constituents of catnip essential oil and assay its antimicrobial activity against , , , , , and .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Catnip essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and its chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). antimicrobial activity was investigated using broth microdilution and time-kill tests. To evaluate the effect of catnip essential oil on microbial morphology and cell membrane integrity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and leakage studies were conducted.
RESULTS
GC-MS analysis revealed that the principal components of catnip essential oil were - and -nepetalactone (57.09% of peak area), --nepetalactone (39.69% of peak area), -caryophyllene (1.88% of peak area), and caryophyllene oxide (1.34% of peak area). The minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration values determined by broth microdilution ranged from 0.0625 mg/mL to 4.0 mg/mL. Time-kill testing showed that the germicidal effects of catnip essential oil were time and concentration-dependent, respectively. Environmental SEM and cell leakage analysis indicated that catnip essential oil disrupted the integrity of cell membranes in the tested microorganisms.
CONCLUSION
Catnip essential oil has potential as an alternative antimicrobial against a wide range of canine skin infection pathogens, including , and .
PubMed: 38680153
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.585-592 -
Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria Jun 2022Microsporum gypseum is a geophilic fungus that can cause inflammatory skin lesions in heathy people. More extensive lesions have been described in immunocompromised...
Microsporum gypseum is a geophilic fungus that can cause inflammatory skin lesions in heathy people. More extensive lesions have been described in immunocompromised patients. We present a patient with extensive dermatophytosis, which mycological examination led the identification of Candida sp, Epidermophyton Floccosum and Trichophyton tonsurans and showed poor response to treatment with griseofulvina and itraconazol at usual doses. When skin biopsy was performed, it had positive culture for M. gypseum. Due to the extension and poor response to treatment, immunological assessment was performed and it showed a defect of STAT1 with gain of function (STAT 1-GOF). Patients with primary immunodeficiency are susceptible to fungal infections, especially Candida but also virus and bacteria, although to a lesser extent. The patient received long-term treatment with systemic imidazole antifungal recovering for the lesions.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Child; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Microsporum; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 35533125
DOI: 10.5546/aap.2022.e128