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International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Internalisation of appearance ideals moderates the relationship between exposure to media images and body dissatisfaction. To date, the role of thin- and muscular-ideal...
Internalisation of appearance ideals moderates the relationship between exposure to media images and body dissatisfaction. To date, the role of thin- and muscular-ideal internalisation in the context of social media remains under explored, particularly for boys. As such, we aimed to explore how social media use (Instagram and Snapchat) was related to body dissatisfaction, and whether thin- and muscular-ideal internalisation would moderate this relationship in a sample of 1153 adolescent boys and girls (55.42% males; = 13.71, = 1.14). As hypothesised, social media use, and thin- and muscular ideal internalisation were positively correlated with body dissatisfaction in both genders. In moderation analyses, thin-ideal internalisation emerged as the only variable that had a significant effect on body dissatisfaction in both genders. Additionally, the influence of social media use on body dissatisfaction was moderated by muscular-ideal internalisation in boys, whereby for boys with high muscular-ideal internalisation, greater social media use was associated with greater body dissatisfaction. The two-way (muscular x thin-ideal internalisation) and three-way interaction (social media use x thin-ideal internalisation x muscular-ideal internalisation) effects on body dissatisfaction were non-significant. These findings emphasise the importance of considering the sociocultural environment (i.e., new media influences) as frameworks for understanding body dissatisfaction and suggest targeting of internalisation of appearance ideals in body dissatisfaction prevention programs.
Topics: Adolescent; Body Dissatisfaction; Body Image; Defense Mechanisms; Female; Humans; Male; Personal Satisfaction; Social Media
PubMed: 34948830
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413222 -
Social Network Analysis and Mining 2022Social Media has become a vital component of every individual's life in society opening a preferred spectrum of virtual communication which provides an individual with a... (Review)
Review
Social Media has become a vital component of every individual's life in society opening a preferred spectrum of virtual communication which provides an individual with a freedom to express their views and thoughts. While virtual communication through social media platforms is highly desirable and has become an inevitable component, the dark side of social media is observed in form of detrimental/objectionable content. The reported detrimental contents are fake news, rumors, hate speech, aggressive, and cyberbullying which raise up as a major concern in the society. Such detrimental content is affecting person's mental health and also resulted in loss which cannot be always recovered. So, detecting and moderating such content is a prime need of time. All social media platforms including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube have made huge investments and also framed policies to detect and moderate such detrimental content. It is of paramount importance in the first place to detect such content. After successful detection, it should be moderated. With an overflowing increase in detrimental content on social media platforms, the current manual method to identify such content will never be enough. Manual and semi-automated moderation methods have reported limited success. A fully automated detection and moderation is a need of time to come up with the alarming detrimental content on social media. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has reached across all sectors and provided solutions to almost all problems, social media content detection and moderation is not an exception. So, AI-based methods like Natural Language Processing (NLP) with Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and Deep Neural Networks is rigorously deployed for detection and moderation of detrimental content on social media platforms. While detection of such content has been receiving good attention in the research community, moderation has received less attention. This research study spans into three parts wherein the first part emphasizes on the methods to detect the detrimental components using NLP. The second section describes about methods to moderate such content. The third part summarizes all observations to provide identified research gaps, unreported problems and provide research directions.
PubMed: 36090695
DOI: 10.1007/s13278-022-00951-3 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2020We first provide a critical review of the existing findings on bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve from moderator-mediator warranting cause-effect... (Review)
Review
We first provide a critical review of the existing findings on bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve from moderator-mediator warranting cause-effect research conclusions. We next address the question of direct or indirect effects between bilingualism and neurocognitive protective factors influencing the associated age-related mental deficits. The existing findings support bilingualism as a predictor and as a moderator. Third, we propose cognitive reserve models of bilingualism describing analytical approaches that allow testing of these models and hypotheses related to path strength and causal relationships between predictors, moderators, and mediators. Lastly and most importantly, we suggest using large datasets available open repositories. This can aid in the testing of theoretical models, clarifying the roles of moderators and mediators, and assessing the research viability of multi-causal paths that can influence cognitive reserve. Creating collaborative datasets to test these models would greatly advance our field and identify critical variables in the study of the bilingual aging brain.
PubMed: 33101142
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572555 -
International Journal of Clinical and... 2023Depression is often present concurrently with coronary artery disease (CAD), a disease with which it shares many risk factors. However, the manner in which depression...
Dissecting the mediating and moderating effects of depression on the associations between traits and coronary artery disease: A two-step Mendelian randomization and phenome-wide interaction study.
BACKGROUND
Depression is often present concurrently with coronary artery disease (CAD), a disease with which it shares many risk factors. However, the manner in which depression mediates and moderates the association between traits (including biomarkers, anthropometric indicators, lifestyle behaviors, etc.) and CAD is largely unknown.
METHODS
In our causal mediation analyses using two-step Mendelian randomization (MR), univariable MR was first used to investigate the causal effects of 108 traits on liability to depression and CAD. The traits with significant causal effects on both depression and CAD, but not causally modulated by depression, were selected for the second-step analyses. Multivariable MR was used to estimate the direct effects (independent of liability to depression) of these traits on CAD, and the indirect effects (mediated via liability to depression) were calculated. To investigate the moderating effect of depression on the association between 364 traits and CAD, a cross-sectional phenome-wide interaction study (PheWIS) was conducted in a study population from UK Biobank (UKBB) (N=275,257). Additionally, if the relationship between traits and CAD was moderated by both phenotypic and genetically predicted depression at a suggestive level of significance (≤0.05) in the PheWIS, the results were further verified by a cohort study using Cox proportional hazards regression.
RESULTS
Univariable MR indicated that 10 of 108 traits under investigation were significantly associated with both depression and CAD, which showed a similar direct effect compared to the total effect for most traits. However, the traits "drive faster than speed limit" and "past tobacco smoking" were both exceptions, with the proportions mediated by depression at 24.6% and 7.2%, respectively. In the moderation analyses, suggestive evidence of several traits was found for moderating effects of phenotypic depression or susceptibility to depression, as estimated by polygenic risk score, including chest pain when hurrying, reason of smoking quitting and weight change. Consistent results were observed in survival analyses and Cox regression.
CONCLUSION
The independent role of traits in CAD pathogenesis regardless of depression was highlighted in our mediation analyses, and the moderating effects of depression observed in our study may be helpful for CAD risk stratification and optimized allocation of scarce medical resources.
PubMed: 37701760
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100394 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022(1) Background: This study investigated the relationships between forgiveness, self-compassion, and flourishing, and examined the mediating and moderating role of...
(1) Background: This study investigated the relationships between forgiveness, self-compassion, and flourishing, and examined the mediating and moderating role of self-compassion (self-warmth and self-cold) in the relationship between forgiveness and flourishing. (2) Methods: A sample of 300 Polish participants aged 18-57 ( = 23.53 years, = 5.82) completed the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Flourishing Scale; we used Spearman's rho correlations to assess the associations between the main analyzed variables and used PROCESS software to calculate moderation and mediation. (3) Results: The obtained data showed that forgiveness and self-compassion were positively related to flourishing. Self-warmth (positive dimension of self-compassion) mediated and moderated the link between forgiveness and flourishing. In contrast, self-coldness (negative dimension of self-compassion) did not mediate or moderate the association between forgiveness and flourishing. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that positive resources relate to and support one another. Compassionate self-responding is associated with positive resources; in contrast, uncompassionate self-responding is not significant for positive variables.
Topics: Humans; Forgiveness; Self-Compassion; Self Concept; Empathy
PubMed: 36612983
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010666 -
Nutrients Jul 2023Physical activity (PA) is of benefit and particularly important for cardiovascular disease risk factors as being sedentary becomes a lifestyle habit. Research into... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
The Mediation and Moderation Effect Association among Physical Activity, Body-Fat Percentage, Blood Pressure, and Serum Lipids among Chinese Adults: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Surveys in 2015.
Physical activity (PA) is of benefit and particularly important for cardiovascular disease risk factors as being sedentary becomes a lifestyle habit. Research into Chinese complex association among physical activity, body-fat percentage (BF%), blood pressure, and serum lipids is limited. The present study is based on an observational study among adults (>18 years old) residing in fifteen provinces in China. Data of 10,148 adult participants in the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were analyzed. The simple mediation effect models with covariates were utilized to assess the association among PA and blood pressure or serum lipids, and BF% was played as a mediator. The serial multiple-mediator models with covariates were constructed to the further analysis of the relationship between PA and blood pressure, and BF% was the mediator 1 and blood lipids were the mediator 2. Based on the above hypothesis, the moderated mediation models with covariates were used to analyze the association among PA, BF%, and blood pressure; in addition, BF% was used as the mediator and blood lipids played as the moderator. In the simple mediation models, the model with a dependent variable was high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); BF% was played as the partly mediation effect and the proportion of contribution was 0.23 and 0.25, respectively. In the serial multiple-mediator models, blood lipids, as the second mediator, played the mediation effect; however, the effect was smaller than the BF%. In the moderated mediation model, blood lipids had the moderation effect as the moderator variable. HDL-C played a moderating role in the latter pathway of the "PA→BF%→SBP/DBP" mediation model, and LDL-C/TC played a moderating role in the direct effect of the "PA→BF%→DBP". In conclusion, BF% played a mediating role in the relationship between PA and blood pressure. HDL-C, LDL-C, and TC were more likely to act as moderating variables in the mediation model "PA→BF%→SBP/DBP". PA could directly and indirectly benefit to control the CVD risk factors simultaneously.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; East Asian People; Exercise; Lipids; Nutrition Surveys; Triglycerides; Adiposity
PubMed: 37513531
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143113 -
BMC Psychology Aug 2023Attachment theory proposes that attachment security facilitates personal growth. However, attachment security origins in relationship history, and thus, how people treat...
BACKGROUND
Attachment theory proposes that attachment security facilitates personal growth. However, attachment security origins in relationship history, and thus, how people treat their experiences may influence the outcomes of attachment security. People differ in the degree in believing that human beings have free will, and belief in free will may influence the relationship between experiences and outcomes. The present cross-sectional study investigated the relationships between attachment security, belief in free will, and personal growth initiative.
METHODS
We used the cross-sectional data of 346 Chinese college students for data analysis, including correlational analyses, regression, and moderation analyses. The nine-item Chinese version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Scale, the sixteen-item Chinese version of the Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II, and the seven-item Free Will subscale of the Chinese version of the Free Will and Determinism Plus Scale were utilized.
RESULTS
Results showed attachment avoidance and belief in free will, not attachment anxiety, was associated with personal growth initiative. Belief in free will moderated the association between attachment avoidance and personal growth initiative. When the centered score of belief in free will was higher than 0.64, attachment avoidance was no longer associated with personal growth initiative. 85.84% of our data were below this Johnson-Neyman significance region, and 14.16% were above. In other words, only those who scored higher than 0.64 on free will beliefs were able to pursue personal growth despite their high attachment avoidance.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that when believing in free will, avoidantly attached people may believe in their ability to pursue personal growth and think their future has more possibilities, not influenced by other factors like social support, which they think they lack.
Topics: Humans; Anxiety; Asian People; Cross-Sectional Studies; Personal Autonomy; Object Attachment; Avoidance Learning; Human Development; Self Efficacy; Students; Universities; Social Support
PubMed: 37620912
DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01289-x -
Frontiers in Psychology 2022Digital literacy is becoming more important because of the skillset of functioning in online is becoming a necessary skill set in daily life. The purpose of this study...
Digital literacy is becoming more important because of the skillset of functioning in online is becoming a necessary skill set in daily life. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between loneliness and digital literacy and the mediation effect of motivation in that association. Also, this study examined the moderating effect of mindset in the meditation effect of motivation in the association between loneliness and digital literacy. 287 respondents were recruited from online survey in United States. To investigate the direct effect of loneliness on digital literacy, the mediating effect of motivation, and the moderating of mindset on the mediating effect, this research employed a mediated moderation model. The findings of this research suggest that prevention-focused motivation mediated the effect of loneliness on digital literacy and the effect was moderated by a fixed mindset (as opposed to a growth mindset). The result of the study contributes to the literature by examining how loneliness could impede acquiring digital literacy through prevention-focused motivation and fixed mindset.
PubMed: 35602704
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.701856 -
The International Journal of Behavioral... Aug 2022Many children do not engage in sufficient physical activity, and schools provide a unique venue for children to reach their recommended 60 daily minutes of...
BACKGROUND
Many children do not engage in sufficient physical activity, and schools provide a unique venue for children to reach their recommended 60 daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Prior research examining effects of MVPA on academic achievement is inconclusive, and few studies have investigated potential moderators of this relationship. This study examined whether student-level characteristics (gender, race/ethnicity, free/reduced-price lunch status) and school-level characteristics (proportion of students qualifying for free/reduced-price lunch, physical activity environment and opportunities) moderate the relationship between MVPA and academic achievement.
METHODS
In a large, diverse metropolitan public school district in Georgia, 4,936 students in Grade 4 were recruited from 40 elementary schools. Students wore accelerometers to measure school-day MVPA for a total of 15 days across three semesters (fall 2018, spring 2019, fall 2019). Academic achievement data, including course marks (grades) for math, reading, spelling, and standardized test scores in writing, math, reading, and Lexile (reading assessment), were collected at baseline (Grade 3, ages 8-9) and at follow-up in Grade 4 (ages 9-10). Standardized test scores were not measured in Grade 5 (ages 10-11) due to COVID-19-related disruptions. Multilevel modeling assessed whether student-level and/or school-level characteristics were moderators in the cross-sectional and longitudinal MVPA-academic achievement relationship.
RESULTS
Cross sectional analyses indicated that the MVPA and AA relationship was moderated only by student Hispanic ethnicity for Grade 4 fall spelling marks (β = -0.159 p < 0.001). The relationship for Grade 4 fall spelling marks was also moderated by school physical activity opportunities (β = -0.128 (p < 0.001). Longitudinally, there was no significant moderation of the MVPA-academic achievement. A relationship by student gender, free/reduced-price lunch status, race/ethnicity; nor for school-level factors including proportion of students qualifying for free/reduced-price lunch, physical activity environment, and physical activity opportunities.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, our results did not suggest that student- or school-level characteristics moderate the MVPA-academic achievement relationship. While statistically significant results were observed for certain outcomes, practical differences were negligible. In this population, school-based MVPA does not appear to differently affect academic performance based on student gender, race/ethnicity, free/reduced-price lunch, nor school characteristics.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
This study was registered with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ClinicalTrials.gov system, with ID NCT03765047 . Registered 05 December 2018-Retrospectively registered.
Topics: Academic Success; COVID-19; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Exercise; Humans; Students
PubMed: 36042515
DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01348-3 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2021As past studies of self-control and Internet addiction showed mixed results, this meta-analysis of 83 primary studies with 80,681 participants determined whether (a)...
As past studies of self-control and Internet addiction showed mixed results, this meta-analysis of 83 primary studies with 80,681 participants determined whether (a) these students with less self-control had greater Internet addiction, and (b) age, culture, gender, Internet addiction measures, or year moderated these relations. We used a random-effects meta-analysis of Pearson product-moment coefficients with Fisher's -transformation and tested for moderation with the homogeneity tests. The results showed a positive link between impulsivity and Internet addiction ( = 0.371, 95% CI = [0.311, 0.427]) and a negative link between restraint and Internet addiction ( = -0.362, 95% CI = [-0.414, -0.307]). The moderation analysis indicated that the correlation between impulsivity indicators and greater Internet addiction was stronger among undergraduates (18-22 years old) than among adolescents (10-17 years old). Furthermore, the negative link between a restraint indicator and Internet addiction was greater (a) among students in East Asia than those in Western Europe/North America, (b) among males than females and (c) when using the Internet addiction measures GPIUS or IAT rather than CIAS. Hence, these results indicate a negative link between self-control and Internet addiction, and this link is moderated by age, culture, gender, and Internet addiction measure.
PubMed: 34899477
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.735755