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Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2022Cells have evolved mechanisms that allow them to respond to DNA damage to preserve genomic integrity and maintain tissue homeostasis. These responses include the... (Review)
Review
Cells have evolved mechanisms that allow them to respond to DNA damage to preserve genomic integrity and maintain tissue homeostasis. These responses include the activation of the cell cycle checkpoints and the repair mechanisms or the induction of apoptosis that eventually will eliminate damaged cells. These "life" vs. "death" decisions differ depending on the cell type, stages of development, and the proliferation status of the cell. The apoptotic response after DNA damage is of special interest as defects in its induction could contribute to tumorigenesis or the resistance of cancer cells to therapeutic agents such as radiotherapy. Multiples studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms that mediate the activation of the DNA damage response pathway (DDR) and specifically the role of p53. However, much less is known about how the different cellular responses such as cell proliferation control and apoptosis are coordinated to maintain tissue homeostasis. Another interesting question is how the differential apoptotic response to DNA damage is regulated in distinct cell types. The use of as a model organism has been fundamental to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms triggered by genotoxic stress. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the cellular responses to ionizing radiation as the cause of DNA damage with special attention to apoptosis in : how these responses are regulated and coordinated in different cellular contexts and in different tissues. The existence of intrinsic mechanisms that might attenuate the apoptotic pathway in response to this sort of DNA damage may well be informative for the differences in the clinical responsiveness of tumor cells after radiation therapy.
PubMed: 36147740
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.993257 -
ABIOTECH Mar 2022Wheat production requires at least ~ 2.4% increase per year rate by 2050 globally to meet food demands. However, heat stress results in serious yield loss of wheat... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Wheat production requires at least ~ 2.4% increase per year rate by 2050 globally to meet food demands. However, heat stress results in serious yield loss of wheat worldwide. Correspondingly, wheat has evolved genetic basis and molecular mechanisms to protect themselves from heat-induced damage. Thus, it is very urgent to understand the underlying genetic basis and molecular mechanisms responsive to elevated temperatures to provide important strategies for heat-tolerant varieties breeding. In this review, we focused on the impact of heat stress on morphology variation at adult stage in wheat breeding programs. We also summarize the recent studies of genetic and molecular factors regulating heat tolerance, including identification of heat stress tolerance related QTLs/genes, and the regulation pathway in response to heat stress. In addition, we discuss the potential ways to improve heat tolerance by developing new technologies such as genome editing. This review of wheat responses to heat stress may shed light on the understanding heat-responsive mechanisms, although the regulatory network of heat tolerance is still ambiguous in wheat.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-021-00064-z.
PubMed: 36304198
DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00064-z -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2016The tunable mechanical and structural properties of protein-based hydrogels make them excellent scaffolds for tissue engineering and repair. Moreover, using... (Review)
Review
The tunable mechanical and structural properties of protein-based hydrogels make them excellent scaffolds for tissue engineering and repair. Moreover, using protein-based components provides the option to insert sequences associated with promoting both cellular adhesion to the substrate and overall cell growth. Protein-based hydrogel components are appealing for their structural designability, specific biological functionality, and stimuli-responsiveness. Here we present highlights in the field of protein-based hydrogels for tissue engineering applications including design requirements, components, and gel types.
Topics: Hydrogels; Proteins; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 27677513
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39196-0_8 -
Cell Reports. Medicine Aug 2023Immune checkpoint immunotherapy (ICI) can re-activate immune reactions against neoantigens, leading to remarkable remission in cancer patients. Nevertheless, only a...
Immune checkpoint immunotherapy (ICI) can re-activate immune reactions against neoantigens, leading to remarkable remission in cancer patients. Nevertheless, only a minority of patients are responsive to ICI, and approaches for prediction of responsiveness are needed to improve the success of cancer treatments. While the tumor mutational burden (TMB) correlates positively with responsiveness and survival of patients undergoing ICI, the influence of the subcellular localizations of the neoantigens remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate in both a mouse melanoma model and human clinical datasets of 1,722 ICI-treated patients that a high proportion of membrane-localized neoantigens, particularly at the plasma membrane, correlate with responsiveness to ICI therapy and improved overall survival across multiple cancer types. We further show that combining membrane localization and TMB analyses can enhance the predictability of cancer patient response to ICI. Our results may have important implications for establishing future clinical guidelines to direct the choice of treatment toward ICI.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Biomarkers, Tumor; Immunotherapy; Melanoma
PubMed: 37552990
DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101145 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Macronutrient elements including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) are required in relatively large and steady... (Review)
Review
Macronutrient elements including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) are required in relatively large and steady amounts for plant growth and development. Deficient or excessive supply of macronutrients from external environments may trigger a series of plant responses at phenotypic and molecular levels during the entire life cycle. Among the intertwined molecular networks underlying plant responses to macronutrient stress, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly microRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), may serve as pivotal regulators for the coordination between nutrient supply and plant demand, while the responsive ncRNA-target module and the interactive mechanism vary among elements and species. Towards a comprehensive identification and functional characterization of nutrient-responsive ncRNAs and their downstream molecules, high-throughput sequencing has produced massive omics data for comparative expression profiling as a first step. In this review, we highlight the recent findings of ncRNA-mediated regulation in response to macronutrient stress, with special emphasis on the large-scale sequencing efforts for screening out candidate nutrient-responsive ncRNAs in plants, and discuss potential improvements in theoretical study to provide better guidance for crop breeding practices.
Topics: Calcium; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Magnesium; MicroRNAs; Phosphorus; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plants; Potassium; RNA, Plant; RNA, Untranslated; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 34681864
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011205 -
Plant Physiology Sep 2015Ethylene is essential for many developmental processes and a key mediator of biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. The ethylene signaling and response pathway... (Review)
Review
Ethylene is essential for many developmental processes and a key mediator of biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. The ethylene signaling and response pathway includes Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs), which belong to the transcription factor family APETALA2/ERF. It is well known that ERFs regulate molecular response to pathogen attack by binding to sequences containing AGCCGCC motifs (the GCC box), a cis-acting element. However, recent studies suggest that several ERFs also bind to dehydration-responsive elements and act as a key regulatory hub in plant responses to abiotic stresses. Here, we review some of the recent advances in our understanding of the ethylene signaling and response pathway, with emphasis on ERFs and their role in hormone cross talk and redox signaling under abiotic stresses. We conclude that ERFs act as a key regulatory hub, integrating ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonate, and redox signaling in the plant response to a number of abiotic stresses.
Topics: Abscisic Acid; Cyclopentanes; Ethylenes; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxylipins; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Plants; Signal Transduction; Stress, Physiological; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 26103991
DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00677 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022Salt stress is an unfavorable outcome of global climate change, adversely affecting crop growth and yield. It is the second-biggest abiotic factor damaging the... (Review)
Review
Salt stress is an unfavorable outcome of global climate change, adversely affecting crop growth and yield. It is the second-biggest abiotic factor damaging the morphological, physio-biochemical, and molecular processes during seed germination and plant development. Salt responses include modulation of hormonal biosynthesis, ionic homeostasis, the antioxidant defense system, and osmoprotectants to mitigate salt stress. Plants trigger salt-responsive genes, proteins, and metabolites to cope with the damaging effects of a high salt concentration. Enhancing salt tolerance among crop plants is direly needed for sustainable global agriculture. Novel protein markers, which are used for crop improvement against salt stress, are identified using proteomic techniques. As compared to single-technique approaches, the integration of genomic tools and exogenously applied chemicals offers great potential in addressing salt-stress-induced challenges. The interplay of salt-responsive proteins and genes is the missing key of salt tolerance. The development of salt-tolerant crop varieties can be achieved by integrated approaches encompassing proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, and genome-editing tools. In this review, the current information about the morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms of salt response/tolerance in crops is summarized. The significance of proteomic approaches to improve salt tolerance in various crops is highlighted, and an integrated omics approach to achieve global food security is discussed. Novel proteins that respond to salt stress are potential candidates for future breeding of salt tolerance.
Topics: Proteomics; Plant Breeding; Crops, Agricultural; Genomics; Salt Tolerance; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 36613963
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010518 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2018In plants, environmental conditions such as temperature affect survival, growth, and fitness, particularly during key stages such as seedling growth and reproduction. To... (Review)
Review
In plants, environmental conditions such as temperature affect survival, growth, and fitness, particularly during key stages such as seedling growth and reproduction. To survive and thrive in changing conditions, plants have evolved adaptive responses that tightly regulate developmental processes such as hypocotyl elongation and flowering time in response to environmental temperature changes. Increases in temperature, coupled with increasing fluctuations in local climate and weather, severely affect our agricultural systems; therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which plants perceive and respond to temperature is critical for agricultural sustainability. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of ambient temperature perception as well as possible temperature sensing components in plants. Based on recent publications, we highlight several temperature response mechanisms, including the deposition and eviction of histone variants, DNA methylation, alternative splicing, protein degradation, and protein localization. We discuss roles of each proposed temperature-sensing mechanism that affects plant development, with an emphasis on flowering time. Studies of plant ambient temperature responses are advancing rapidly, and this review provides insights for future research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of temperature perception and responses in plants.
Topics: Circadian Clocks; DNA Methylation; Flowers; Proteolysis; Temperature; Time Factors
PubMed: 30332820
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103196 -
Current Neurology and Neuroscience... Jul 2014Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) has a classic presentation of childhood or adolescent-onset dystonia, mild parkinsonism, marked diurnal fluctuations, improvement with... (Review)
Review
Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) has a classic presentation of childhood or adolescent-onset dystonia, mild parkinsonism, marked diurnal fluctuations, improvement with sleep or rest, and a dramatic and sustained response to low doses of L-dopa without motor fluctuations or dyskinesias. However, there have been many papers on patients with a wide range of features, which report them as DRD mainly because they had dystonic syndromes with L-dopa responsiveness. Many mutations in the dopaminergic system have been found as molecular genetic defects. Therefore, the clinical and genetic spectra of DRD are unclear, which lead to difficulties in diagnostic work-ups and planning treatments. We propose the concept of DRD and DRD-plus to clarify the confusion in this area and to help understand the pathophysiology and clinical features, which will help in guiding diagnostic investigations and planning treatments. We critically reviewed the literature on atypical cases and discussed the limitations of the gene study.
Topics: Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Diagnosis, Differential; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Dystonic Disorders; GTP Cyclohydrolase; Humans; Mutation; Parkinsonian Disorders; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins
PubMed: 24844652
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0461-9 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2016Human exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) disrupts normal metabolic processes in cells and organs by inducing complex biological responses that interfere with gene and... (Review)
Review
Human exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) disrupts normal metabolic processes in cells and organs by inducing complex biological responses that interfere with gene and protein expression. Conventional dosimetry, monitoring of prodromal symptoms, and peripheral lymphocyte counts are of limited value as organ- and tissue-specific biomarkers for personnel exposed to radiation, particularly, weeks or months after exposure. Analysis of metabolites generated in known stress-responsive pathways by molecular profiling helps to predict the physiological status of an individual in response to environmental or genetic perturbations. Thus, a multi-metabolite profile obtained from a high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics platform offers potential for identification of robust biomarkers to predict radiation toxicity of organs and tissues resulting from exposures to therapeutic or non-therapeutic IR. Here, we review the status of radiation metabolomics and explore applications as a standalone technology, as well as its integration in systems biology, to facilitate a better understanding of the molecular basis of radiation response. Finally, we draw attention to the identification of specific pathways that can be targeted for the development of therapeutics to alleviate or mitigate harmful effects of radiation exposure.
PubMed: 26870697
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00020