-
Veterinary World May 2021Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; conjunctivitis) is a widespread eye disease in cattle. In 1960, the Gram-negative bacillus was discovered as one of IBK's...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; conjunctivitis) is a widespread eye disease in cattle. In 1960, the Gram-negative bacillus was discovered as one of IBK's etiological causal agents. This study aimed to clarify the epidemiological (epizootic) situation of cattle moraxellosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study also maps the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the epidemiological (epizootic) process to develop more effective antiepizootic measures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We clinically examined both imported and local cattle species based on existing epidemiological (epizootological) units of economic entities in Kazakhstan. Then, we selected biomaterials for laboratory tests to screen for moraxellosis.
RESULTS
We clarified the epizootic situation for moraxellosis of cattle in Kazakhstan using data from the Meat Union of Kazakhstan, veterinary reports from the Veterinary Control and Surveillance Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Kazakhstan, and our results, obtained during visits to farms in the various regions of the republic.
CONCLUSION
Based on the data of the conducted studies, we developed epizootic visualization maps with quantitative indicators of the cattle moraxellosis epizootic-transfer processes within various regions of Kazakhstan for 2019. The data obtained from studies of the properties of the isolated cultures compared with the characteristics of reference strains gave grounds to classify them as belonging to the genus.
PubMed: 34220144
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1380-1388 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Dec 2021In this opinion, the antimicrobial resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to the health of cattle have been assessed. The...
In this opinion, the antimicrobial resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to the health of cattle have been assessed. The assessment has been performed following a methodology based on information collected by an extensive literature review and expert judgement. Details of the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. A global state of play on antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of (non-VTEC) and is provided. Among those bacteria, EFSA identified and with ≥ 66% certainty as being the most relevant antimicrobial resistant bacteria in cattle in the EU based on the available evidence. The animal health impact of these most relevant bacteria, as well as their eligibility for being listed and categorised within the animal health law framework will be assessed in separate scientific opinions.
PubMed: 34938371
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6955 -
Metabolites Nov 2018: Tear film fluid serves as a dynamic barrier that both lubricates the eye and protects against allergens and infectious agents. However, a detailed analysis of a...
: Tear film fluid serves as a dynamic barrier that both lubricates the eye and protects against allergens and infectious agents. However, a detailed analysis of a bacteria-induced immune response on the tear film lipidome has not been undertaken. : We undertook a high-resolution mass spectrometry lipidomics analysis of endogenous anti-inflammatory and structural tear film lipids in bovine pink eye. : Bovine pink eye resulted in dramatic elevations in tear fluid levels of the anti-inflammatory lipids resolvin E2, cyclic phosphatidic acid 16:0, and cyclic phosphatidic acid 18:0. In addition, there were elevated levels of the structural lipids (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy-fatty acids, cholesterol sulfate, ethanolamine plasmalogens, and sphingomyelins. Lipid peroxidation also was augmented in pink eye as evidenced by the hydroperoxy derivatives of ethanolamine plasmalogens. : Ocular infections with result in the induction of a number of endogenous anti-inflammatory lipids and augmentation of the levels of structural glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. Increased levels of hydroperoxy glycerophospholipids also indicate that this bacterial infection results in lipid peroxidation.
PubMed: 30469369
DOI: 10.3390/metabo8040081 -
Vaccine: X Dec 2023Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; pinkeye) is generally considered to be caused by corneal infections with . Previous studies demonstrated that...
BACKGROUND
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; pinkeye) is generally considered to be caused by corneal infections with . Previous studies demonstrated that cytotoxin-specific mucosal immune responses in the bovine eye can be stimulated by intranasal vaccination with a recombinant cytotoxin subunit adjuvanted with polyacrylic acid.
METHODS
A randomized controlled field trial (two-arm parallel design with blinding) was conducted in beef steers in Northern California to determine if this vaccine could prevent naturally occurring IBK and/or reduce morbidity rates associated with this disease. Beef steers were vaccinated intranasally on days 0 and 21 with either a recombinant cytotoxin subunit adjuvanted with polyacrylic acid (Vaccine group) or adjuvant alone (Control group). Eye examinations were performed on all steers every 7 days for 16 weeks to document the occurrence of IBK and to determine sizes of corneal ulcers. Serum and tear samples were collected on days 0, 42, and 112 from a subset of animals to measure changes in systemic and ocular immune responses to cytotoxin.
RESULTS
The cumulative proportion of steers that developed IBK after 16 weeks did not differ between groups. Variables related to disease severity were numerically lower in steers that received the experimental vaccine. IBK-affected Vaccine group steers had a significantly lower number of observation weeks with severe ulcers versus Control group steers. Cytotoxin-specific tear IgA was significantly higher in Vaccine group compared to Control group steers on day 112. Although the proportion of animals that developed corneal ulcers associated with IBK did not differ between groups, the lowered metrics of disease severity in vaccinated steers suggests that intranasal vaccination with recombinant cytotoxin can reduce the severity of IBK in cattle.
PubMed: 37693844
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100378 -
F1000Research 2015Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common corneal disease of calves that adversely affects animal welfare by causing pain and weight loss. Identifying...
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common corneal disease of calves that adversely affects animal welfare by causing pain and weight loss. Identifying behavioral indicators of pain and sickness in calves with IBK is necessary for designing studies that aim to identify effective means of pain mitigation. Consistent with principles of the 3Rs for animal use in research, data from a randomized blinded challenge study was used to identify and describe variation of behaviors that could serve as reliable indicators of pain and sickness in calves with corneal injuries. Behavioral observations were collected from 29 Holstein calves 8 to 12 weeks of age randomly allocated to one of three treatments: (1) corneal scarification only, (2) corneal scarification with inoculation with Moraxella bovoculi and (3) corneal scarification with inoculation with Moraxella bovis. Behavior was continuously observed between time 1230 - 1730 h on day -1 (baseline time period) and day 0 (scarification time period). Corneal scarification and inoculation occurred between 0800 - 1000 h on day 0. Frequency of head-directed behaviors (head shaking, head rubbing, head scratching) and durations of head rubbing, feeding, standing with head lifted, lying with head lifted and sleeping were compared between study days and groups. Following scarification, the frequency of head-directed behavior significantly increased (p = 0.0001), as did duration of head rubbing (p=0.02). There was no significant effect of trial, trial day, treatment or treatment-day interaction on other behaviors studied. Our study demonstrated that head-directed behavior, such as head shaking, rubbing and scratching, was associated with scarification of eyes using an IBK challenge model, but sickness behavior was not observed.
PubMed: 26949517
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6649.1 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jul 2023Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), commonly known as pinkeye, has a marked negative impact on the economy of the cattle industry. Moraxella species, including...
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), commonly known as pinkeye, has a marked negative impact on the economy of the cattle industry. Moraxella species, including Mor. bovis and Mor. bovoculi, which have been associated with this disease, colonize clinically healthy eyes as well, suggesting that there are intrinsic changes that may occur to the ocular microbiota or the involvement of additional unrecognized organisms that contribute to IBK. To evaluate this, 104 ocular swabs collected from eyes with IBK or clinically healthy eyes from 16 different cattle herds were subjected to 16 S rRNA gene PCR and next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. Organisms detected were similar across the herds and there was no difference in the total number of bacterial groups detected among IBK cases and controls. However, the percentages of the different organisms detected varied between the two groups, including Moraxella spp., with more Moraxella spp. in eyes with IBK than controls. Further, using culture and whole genome NGS, a new species of Moraxella (suggested name Mor. oculobovii) was detected from the eyes of cattle from two farms. This strain is non-hemolytic on blood agar, is missing the RTX operon, and is likely a non-pathogenic strain of the bovine ocular microbiome. Alteration of the ocular microbiota composition may have a predisposing role, enhancing bacterial infection and the occurrence of clinical IBK. Future studies are required to evaluate if these changes are permanent or if there is a shift in the microbiome following recovery from the infection and how antibiotics might affect the microbiome.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious; Keratoconjunctivitis; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial; Moraxella; Mycoplasma Infections; Moraxellaceae Infections; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37104939
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109752 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Sep 2018We describe the clinicopathologic findings, relative prevalence, and pathogens associated with infectious keratoconjunctivitis in mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) in...
We describe the clinicopathologic findings, relative prevalence, and pathogens associated with infectious keratoconjunctivitis in mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) in Wyoming. Seventeen cases with ocular lesions were identified among 1,036 mule deer postmortem submissions (1.6%) in an ~16 y period. Sixteen cases were observed in winter and most were in male (15 cases) and juvenile (13 cases) deer. Blindness was the most commonly reported clinical sign (10 cases). A herpesvirus was detected only in the 4 cases of bilateral necrotizing bulbar conjunctivitis. Phylogenetic analysis of glycoprotein amino acid sequences consistently identified this virus as a novel alphaherpesvirus. In 2 of these herpesvirus-positive cases, Actinomyces sp. and Moraxella ovis were also identified. Trueperella pyogenes was identified in 4 cases of unilateral ulcerative keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and panophthalmitis. M. ovis was cultured from 3 cases of bilateral conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis. In the remaining cases, isolates included Moraxella bovis (1 case), Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. (2), Flavobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas sp. (2), Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp. (1), and bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (1). No pathogens were identified in 2 cases. The relative prevalence of keratoconjunctivitis in mule deer in Wyoming appears to be low, and this disease is most commonly associated with infection by a novel alphaherpesvirus, T. pyogenes, and M. ovis.
Topics: Actinomycetaceae; Actinomycetales Infections; Age Factors; Alphaherpesvirinae; Animals; Deer; Female; Herpesviridae Infections; Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious; Male; Moraxella; Moraxellaceae Infections; Phylogeny; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; Wyoming
PubMed: 30032722
DOI: 10.1177/1040638718787862 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Dec 2016OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in systemic and ocular antibody responses of steers following intranasal vaccination with precipitated or partially solubilized recombinant... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Systemic and ocular immune responses in cattle following intranasal vaccination with precipitated or partially solubilized recombinant Moraxella bovis cytotoxin adjuvanted with polyacrylic acid.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in systemic and ocular antibody responses of steers following intranasal vaccination with precipitated or partially solubilized recombinant Moraxella bovis cytotoxin (MbxA). ANIMALS 13 Angus steers with ages ranging from 318 to 389 days and weights ranging from 352 to 437 kg. PROCEDURES Steers were assigned to receive 500 μg of a precipitated (MbxA-P; n = 5) or partially solubilized (MbxA-S; 5) recombinant MbxA subunit adjuvanted with polyacrylic acid. A control group (n = 3) received the adjuvant alone. Each steer received the assigned treatment (1 mL/nostril) on days 0 and 28. Serum and tear samples were collected on days 0 (before vaccination), 14, 28, 42, and 55. Changes in MbxA-neutralizing antibody titers and MbxA-specific IgG concentrations in serum and tears and changes in MbxA-specific IgA concentrations in tears were measured. RESULTS Mean fold changes in MbxA-specific IgG concentration in serum and tears and MbxA-neutralizing antibody titer in tears for the MbxA-P group were significantly greater than those for the MbxA-S and control groups. Mean serum MbxA-neutralizing antibody titer did not differ among the 3 groups. Although the mean fold change in tear MbxA-specific IgA concentration differed significantly among the groups in the overall analysis, post hoc comparisons failed to identify any significant pairwise differences. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Systemic and ocular immune responses induced by intranasal administration of the MbxA-P vaccine were superior to those induced by the MbxA-S vaccine. Additional research is necessary to determine whether the MbxA-P vaccine can prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.
Topics: Acrylic Resins; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious; Moraxella bovis; Vaccination; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 27901388
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.12.1411 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Feb 2021is frequently isolated from the eyes of cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; pinkeye). As with which has been causally linked to IBK, expresses...
is frequently isolated from the eyes of cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; pinkeye). As with which has been causally linked to IBK, expresses an RTX (repeats in the structural toxin) cytotoxin that is related to cytotoxin. Pilin, another pathogenic factor in , is required for corneal attachment. Seven antigenically distinct pilin serogroups have been described in . Multiple different serogroups exist amongst type IV pilin encoded by , however, it is not known whether exhibits a similar degree of diversity in type IV pilin that it encodes. This study was done to characterize a structural pilin (PilA) encoded by isolated from cases of IBK to determine if diversity exists amongst PilA sequences. Ninety-four isolates of collected between 2002 and 2017 from 23 counties throughout California and from five counties in four other Western states were evaluated. DNA sequencing and determination of deduced amino acid sequences revealed ten (designated groups A through J) unique PilA sequences that were ~96.1-99.3 % identical. Pilin groups A and C matched previously reported putative PilA sequences from isolated from IBK-affected cattle in the USA (Virginia, Nebraska, and Kansas) and Asia (Kazakhstan). The ten pilin sequences identified were only ~74-76 % identical to deduced amino acid sequences of putative pilin proteins identified from the previously reported whole-genome sequences of derived from deep nasopharyngeal swabs of IBK-asymptomatic cattle. Compared to the diversity reported between structural pilin proteins amongst different serogroups of , PilA from geographically diverse isolates derived from IBK-affected cattle are more conserved.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Fimbriae Proteins; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Keratoconjunctivitis; Moraxella; Moraxellaceae Infections
PubMed: 33404383
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001293 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jan 2020Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) caused by is commonly seen in the summer months spread by face flies. This trial investigated the difference in incidence...
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) caused by is commonly seen in the summer months spread by face flies. This trial investigated the difference in incidence of IBK cases from natural exposure between two groups of animals, one treated with Cypermethrin pour-on preparation (PON, n = 98) and one with Cypermethrin impregnated ear tags (TAG, n = 99). Daily Live Weight Gain (DLWG) difference was investigated between animals with cases and those without and between treatment groups. A randomised positive control study, enrolled 197 animals split into two treatment groups. Cases of IBK and DLWG were recorded over the grazing season (April-November 2018). Fifty-four cases of IBK were recorded. There was no association between the two treatment groups (p = 0.362) and case status. Breed and under 12 months old were significant factors for having a case; (OR 2.3, = 0.014 and OR 3.5, < 0.001 respectively). There was no difference in DLWG between animals that had a case and animals that had not (p = 0.739) or between the two treatment groups (p = 0.215). Based on our results, there is no significant difference between PON or TAG preparations in the prevention of IBK. Younger animals and white-faced breeds are significantly more likely to suffer with IBK.
PubMed: 31978947
DOI: 10.3390/ani10020184