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Current Opinion in Genetics &... Aug 2018During embryogenesis, tissues and organs are progressively shaped into their functional morphologies. While the information about tissue and organ shape is encoded... (Review)
Review
During embryogenesis, tissues and organs are progressively shaped into their functional morphologies. While the information about tissue and organ shape is encoded genetically, the sculpting of embryonic structures in the 3D space is ultimately a physical process. The control of physical quantities involved in tissue morphogenesis originates at cellular and subcellular scales, but it is their emergent behavior at supracellular scales that guides morphogenetic events. In this review, we highlight the physical quantities that can be spatiotemporally tuned at supracellular scales to sculpt tissues and organs during embryonic development of animal species, and connect them to the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling them.
Topics: Animals; Embryonic Development; Epithelium; Models, Biological; Morphogenesis; Physical Phenomena
PubMed: 30390520
DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.09.002 -
Current Topics in Developmental Biology 2019Jaw bones and teeth originate from the first pharyngeal arch and develop in closely related ways. Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are required for the... (Review)
Review
Jaw bones and teeth originate from the first pharyngeal arch and develop in closely related ways. Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are required for the early patterning and morphogenesis of both tissues. Here we review the cellular contribution during the development of the jaw bones and teeth. We also highlight signaling networks as well as transcription factors mediating tissue-tissue interactions that are essential for jaw bone and tooth development. Finally, we discuss the potential for stem cell mediated regenerative therapies to mitigate disorders and injuries that affect these organs.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Branchial Region; Humans; Jaw; Odontogenesis; Osteogenesis; Regenerative Medicine
PubMed: 30902260
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.013 -
Genes Aug 2023In China, the sale of freshly slaughtered chickens is becoming increasingly popular in comparison with that of live chickens, and due to this emerging trend, the skin... (Review)
Review
In China, the sale of freshly slaughtered chickens is becoming increasingly popular in comparison with that of live chickens, and due to this emerging trend, the skin and feather follicle traits of yellow-feathered broilers have attracted a great deal of research attention. The feather follicle originates from the interaction between the epidermis and dermis in the early embryonic stage. Feather follicle morphogenesis is regulated by the Wnt, ectodysplasin (Eda), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), sonic hedgehog (Shh), Notch, and other signaling pathways that exist in epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The Wnt pathway is essential for feather follicle and feather morphogenesis. Eda interacts with Wnt to induce FGF expression, which attracts mesenchymal cell movement and aggregates to form feather follicle primordia. BMP acts as an inhibitor of the above signaling pathways to limit the size of the feather tract and distance between neighboring feather primordia in a dose-dependent manner. The Notch/Delta pathway can interact with the FGF pathway to promote feather bud formation. While not a part of the early morphogenesis of feather follicles, Shh and BMP signaling are involved in late feather branching. This review summarizes the roles of miRNAs/lncRNA in the regulation of feather follicle and feather growth and development and suggests topics that need to be solved in a future study. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms involved in feather follicle morphogenesis and analyzes the impact of SNP sites on feather follicle traits in poultry. This work may help us to understand the molecular regulatory networks influencing feather follicle growth and provide basic data for poultry carcass quality.
Topics: Animals; Hedgehog Proteins; Feathers; Chickens; Morphogenesis; Embryonic Development; Ectodysplasins; Fibroblast Growth Factors
PubMed: 37628697
DOI: 10.3390/genes14081646 -
Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) Dec 2016Cadherin-based adherens junctions are critical for connecting cells in tissues. Regulated cadherin trafficking also makes these complexes amazingly dynamic, with... (Review)
Review
Cadherin-based adherens junctions are critical for connecting cells in tissues. Regulated cadherin trafficking also makes these complexes amazingly dynamic, with permissive and instructive consequences on multicellular development. Here, we review how cadherin trafficking affects various forms of tissue morphogenesis from Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans to zebrafish, Xenopus and mouse. We describe how core trafficking machinery (such as clathrin, dynamin, Rab small G proteins and the exocyst complex) integrates with other molecular systems (transcriptional factors, signaling pathways, microtubules, actin networks, apico-basal polarity proteins and planar cell polarity proteins) to control cadherin endocytosis, exocytosis and recycling. This control can occur at all cell-cell contacts or specific junctions for distinct effects on tissue morphogenesis during animal development.
Topics: Adherens Junctions; Animals; Cadherins; Cell Polarity; Embryonic Development; Endocytosis; Exocytosis; Humans; Morphogenesis; Organogenesis; Protein Transport
PubMed: 27105637
DOI: 10.1111/tra.12407 -
Tissue Barriers Oct 2017The claudin family of tetraspan transmembrane proteins is essential for tight junction formation and regulation of paracellular transport between epithelial cells.... (Review)
Review
The claudin family of tetraspan transmembrane proteins is essential for tight junction formation and regulation of paracellular transport between epithelial cells. Claudins also play a role in apical-basal cell polarity, cell adhesion and link the tight junction to the actin cytoskeleton to exert effects on cell shape. The function of claudins in paracellular transport has been extensively studied through loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies in cell lines and in animal models, however, their role in morphogenesis has been less appreciated. In this review, we will highlight the importance of claudins during morphogenesis by specifically focusing on their critical functions in generating epithelial tubes, lumens, and tubular networks during organ formation.
Topics: Animals; Claudins; Epithelium; Humans; Morphogenesis
PubMed: 28837393
DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1361899 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... 2015Mammalian salivary glands synthesize and secrete saliva via a vast interconnected network of epithelial tubes attached to secretory end units. The extensive... (Review)
Review
Mammalian salivary glands synthesize and secrete saliva via a vast interconnected network of epithelial tubes attached to secretory end units. The extensive morphogenesis required to establish this organ is dependent on interactions between multiple cell types (epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and neuronal) and the engagement of a wide range of signaling pathways. Here we describe critical regulators of salivary gland development and discuss how mutations in these impact human organogenesis. In particular, we explore the genetic contribution of growth factor pathways, nerve-derived factors and extracellular matrix molecules to salivary gland formation in mice and humans.
Topics: Animals; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Morphogenesis; Organogenesis; Salivary Glands; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 25970268
DOI: 10.1002/wdev.194 -
PLoS Genetics Nov 2022Bone and muscle are coupled through developmental, mechanical, paracrine, and autocrine signals. Genetic variants at the CPED1-WNT16 locus are dually associated with...
Bone and muscle are coupled through developmental, mechanical, paracrine, and autocrine signals. Genetic variants at the CPED1-WNT16 locus are dually associated with bone- and muscle-related traits. While Wnt16 is necessary for bone mass and strength, this fails to explain pleiotropy at this locus. Here, we show wnt16 is required for spine and muscle morphogenesis in zebrafish. In embryos, wnt16 is expressed in dermomyotome and developing notochord, and contributes to larval myotome morphology and notochord elongation. Later, wnt16 is expressed at the ventral midline of the notochord sheath, and contributes to spine mineralization and osteoblast recruitment. Morphological changes in wnt16 mutant larvae are mirrored in adults, indicating that wnt16 impacts bone and muscle morphology throughout the lifespan. Finally, we show that wnt16 is a gene of major effect on lean mass at the CPED1-WNT16 locus. Our findings indicate that Wnt16 is secreted in structures adjacent to developing bone (notochord) and muscle (dermomyotome) where it affects the morphogenesis of each tissue, thereby rendering wnt16 expression into dual effects on bone and muscle morphology. This work expands our understanding of wnt16 in musculoskeletal development and supports the potential for variants to act through WNT16 to influence bone and muscle via parallel morphogenetic processes.
Topics: Animals; Notochord; Zebrafish; Spine; Muscles; Morphogenesis; Larva; Zebrafish Proteins; Wnt Proteins
PubMed: 36346812
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010496 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Mar 2016During normal morphogenesis the extracellular matrix (ECM) influences cell motility, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Tissue engineers have attempted to... (Review)
Review
During normal morphogenesis the extracellular matrix (ECM) influences cell motility, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Tissue engineers have attempted to harness the cell signaling potential of ECM to promote the functional reconstruction, if not regeneration, of injured or missing adult tissues that otherwise heal by the formation of scar tissue. ECM bioscaffolds, derived from decellularized tissues, have been used to promote the formation of site appropriate, functional tissues in many clinical applications including skeletal muscle, fibrocartilage, lower urinary tract, and esophageal reconstruction, among others. These scaffolds function by the release or exposure of growth factors and cryptic peptides, modulation of the immune response, and recruitment of progenitor cells. Herein, we describe this process of ECM induced constructive remodeling and examine similarities to normal tissue morphogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Extracellular Matrix; Fibrocartilage; Humans; Morphogenesis; Muscle, Skeletal; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 26699796
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24379 -
Developmental Cell Oct 2019In this issue of Developmental Cell, Gibson and colleagues (Ramanathan et al., 2019) investigate the relationship between size and shape in epithelial cells. They find...
In this issue of Developmental Cell, Gibson and colleagues (Ramanathan et al., 2019) investigate the relationship between size and shape in epithelial cells. They find that cell size impacts cell shape, with unexpected consequences for epithelial growth and morphogenesis, particularly the clonal dynamics of epithelial cells.
Topics: Cell Shape; Cell Size; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Morphogenesis
PubMed: 31593650
DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.09.015 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology May 2023Morphogenesis of the nervous system involves a highly complex spatio-temporal pattern of physical forces (mainly tension and pressure) acting on cells and tissues that... (Review)
Review
Morphogenesis of the nervous system involves a highly complex spatio-temporal pattern of physical forces (mainly tension and pressure) acting on cells and tissues that are pliable but have an intricately organized cytoskeletal infrastructure. This review begins by covering basic principles of biomechanics and the core cytoskeletal toolkit used to regulate the shapes of cells and tissues during embryogenesis and neural development. It illustrates how the principle of 'tensegrity' provides a useful conceptual framework for understanding how cells dynamically respond to forces that are generated internally or applied externally. The latter part of the review builds on this foundation in considering the development of mammalian cerebral cortex. The main focus is on cortical expansion and folding - processes that take place over an extended period of prenatal and postnatal development. Cortical expansion and folding are likely to involve many complementary mechanisms, some related to regulating cell proliferation and migration and others related to specific types and patterns of mechanical tension and pressure. Three distinct multi-mechanism models are evaluated in relation to a set of 18 key experimental observations and findings. The Composite Tension Plus (CT+) model is introduced as an updated version of a previous multi-component Differential Expansion Sandwich Plus (DES+) model (Van Essen, 2020); the new CT+ model includes 10 distinct mechanisms and has the greatest explanatory power among published models to date. Much needs to be done in order to validate specific mechanistic components and to assess their relative importance in different species, and important directions for future research are suggested.
Topics: Animals; Female; Pregnancy; Morphogenesis; Biomechanical Phenomena; Embryonic Development; Stress, Mechanical; Cerebral Cortex; Mammals
PubMed: 35840524
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.007