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JAMA Otolaryngology-- Head & Neck... Jan 2021A study of olfactory dysfunction and mortality in a large national cohort will aid in better understanding their association when accounting for multiple relevant...
IMPORTANCE
A study of olfactory dysfunction and mortality in a large national cohort will aid in better understanding their association when accounting for multiple relevant factors and possible underlying mechanisms.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association of olfactory dysfunction with all-cause 5-year mortality in US adults.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This cohort study included participants 40 years or older from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey who had data on olfaction and mortality (n = 3503). Olfaction was assessed by self-report and objective test (8-odor Pocket Smell Test). Mortality was determined by linking with the National Death Index through February 24, 2019. Data were analyzed from July 1 to September 30, 2019.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Olfaction and 5-year mortality. Cox proportional regression models were used to examine the associations between olfaction and mortality while adjusting for demographics and medical comorbidities. Multivariate models were further adjusted for depression and cognitive assessments.
RESULTS
Among the 3503 participants (1831 women [52.3%]; mean [SD] age, 59.0 [12.0] years), the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was 13.5% (95% CI, 11.0%-16.0%) based on results of an objective smell test and 21.6% (95% CI, 18.9%-24.2%) based on self-report. Risk of mortality increased by 18% (95% CI, 7%-29%) per 1-point decrease in smell test score in a multivariate model. The association was significant among adults 65 years or older in association with binary (hazard ratio [HR], 1.95; 95% CI, 1.19-3.21) and linear (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.08-1.31) measures of objective olfactory dysfunction, but not among adults aged 40 to 64 years. There was no association between self-reported olfactory dysfunction and mortality. The association between objective olfactory dysfunction and mortality remained after further adjusting for cognitive assessment battery and depression among older adults (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01-1.37).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
These findings suggest that objective olfactory dysfunction is associated with increased mortality among older adults. In addition to its effect on quality of life, the association of olfactory dysfunction with mortality has implications for physical and cognitive health.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cause of Death; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Olfaction Disorders; United States
PubMed: 33090196
DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.3502 -
NCHS Data Brief Dec 2021This report presents final 2020 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality...
This report presents final 2020 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality patterns in U.S. residents by variables such as sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, and cause of death. Life expectancy estimates, age-adjusted death rates, age-specific death rates, 10 leading causes of death, and 10 leading causes of infant death were analyzed by comparing 2020 and 2019 final data (1).
Topics: Cause of Death; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Life Expectancy; Mortality; Sex Distribution; United States
PubMed: 34978528
DOI: No ID Found -
Bulletin of the World Health... May 2018To provide a comprehensive overview of poisoning mortality patterns in China.
OBJECTIVE
To provide a comprehensive overview of poisoning mortality patterns in China.
METHODS
Using mortality data from the Chinese national disease surveillance points system, we examined trends in poisoning mortality by intent and substance from 2006 to 2016. Differences over time between urban and rural residents among different age groups and across external causes of poisoning were quantified using negative binomial models for males and females separately.
RESULTS
In 2016, there were 4936 poisoning deaths in a sample of 84 060 559 people (5.9 per 100 000 people; 95% confidence interval: 5.6-6.2). Age-adjusted poisoning mortality dropped from 9.2 to 5.4 per 100 000 people between 2006 and 2016. Males, rural residents and older adults consistently had higher poisoning mortality than females, urban residents and children or young adults. Most pesticide-related deaths (34 996 out of 39 813) were suicides among persons older than 15 years, although such suicides decreased between 2006 and 2016 (from 6.1 per 100 000 people to 3.6 for males and from 5.8 to 3.0 for females). In 2016, alcohol caused 29.3% (600/2050) of unintentional poisoning deaths in men aged 25-64 years. During the study period, unintentional fatal drug poisoning by narcotics and psychodysleptics in individuals aged 25-44 years increased from 0.4 per 100 000 people to 0.7 for males and from 0.05 to 0.13 for females.
CONCLUSION
Despite substantial decreases in mortality, poisoning is still a public health threat in China. This warrants further research to explore causative factors and to develop and implement interventions targeting at-risk populations.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cause of Death; Child; China; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Poisoning; Rural Population; Suicide; Young Adult
PubMed: 29875516
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.17.203943 -
Journal of Public Health (Oxford,... Nov 2023Cardiovascular and cancer mortality are the two leading causes of death in the developed world including the USA. However, mortality trends for these diseases are highly...
BACKGROUND
Cardiovascular and cancer mortality are the two leading causes of death in the developed world including the USA. However, mortality trends for these diseases are highly dynamic, and the geographic landscape is in transition. We analyze patterns of mortality improvement at county level during recent decades focusing on mortality decline and geographic diversity.
METHODS
We grouped age-adjusted mortality rates of cardiovascular and cancer diseases from CDC WONDER for 2959 US counties into 3-year time periods to improve reliability. We calculated percent mortality decrease between 1981-83 and 2016-19 for both causes to quantify mortality improvements for counties.
RESULTS
Using standard deviation as an index of disparities, place-based cancer mortalities were 68% larger than cardiovascular disparities. Significantly, 566 US counties had same or higher rates of cancer mortality in 2019 as in 1981. The geographic distribution of mortality improvement in either cause tends to favor largely populated areas along coasts. Less-populated, rural places in the interior and southeastern regions were experiencing less improvement.
CONCLUSIONS
At the county level, large place-based disparities exist for both causes of death with the magnitude of disparities being substantially larger for the reduction in cancer deaths. Put differently, place matters, more for cancer than cardiovascular mortality.
Topics: Humans; Mortality; Neoplasms; Reproducibility of Results; United States; Cardiovascular Diseases; Geography
PubMed: 37395175
DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad089 -
European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery... May 2016Bone density insufficiency is the main cause for significant musculoskeletal trauma in the elderly population following low-energy falls. Hip fractures, in particular,... (Review)
Review
Bone density insufficiency is the main cause for significant musculoskeletal trauma in the elderly population following low-energy falls. Hip fractures, in particular, represent an important public health concern taking into account the complicated needs of the patients due to their medical comorbidities as well as their rehabilitation and social demands. The annual cost for the care of these patients is estimated at around 2 billion pounds (£) in the UK and is ever growing. An increased early and late mortality rate is also recognised in these injuries together with significant adversities for the patients. Lately, in order to improve the outcomes of this special cohort of patients, fast-track care pathways and government initiatives have been implemented. It appears that these measures have contributed in a steady year-by-year reduction of the 30-day mortality rates. Whether we have currently reached a plateau or whether an ongoing reduction in mortality rates will continue to be observed is yet to be seen.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Critical Pathways; Hip Fractures; Humans; Mortality
PubMed: 26943870
DOI: 10.1007/s00590-016-1744-4 -
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Jun 2024The aim of this study was to investigate associations between having visited the theatre/cinema and an arts exhibition during the past year and all-cause, cardiovascular...
AIMS
The aim of this study was to investigate associations between having visited the theatre/cinema and an arts exhibition during the past year and all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer and other-cause mortality.
METHODS
The 2008 public health postal survey in Scania, Sweden, was distributed to a stratified random sample of the adult population (18-80 years old). The participation rate was 54.1%, and 25,420 participants were included in the present study. The baseline 2008 survey data were linked to cause-of-death register data to create a prospective cohort with 8.3-year follow-up. Associations between visit to the theatre/cinema, visit to an arts exhibition and mortality were investigated in survival (Cox) regression models.
RESULTS
Just over a quarter (26.5%) had visited both the theatre/cinema and an arts exhibition during the past year, 36.6% only the theatre/cinema, 4.9% only an arts exhibition and 32% neither of the two. Not visiting the theatre/cinema during the past year was associated with higher all-cause and CVD mortality. Not visiting an arts exhibition was associated with higher all-cause and other-cause mortality. The combination of having visited neither the theatre/cinema nor an arts exhibition during the past year was associated with higher all-cause, CVD and other-cause mortality.
CONCLUSIONS
Topics: Humans; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Sweden; Male; Female; Prospective Studies; Young Adult; Adolescent; Aged, 80 and over; Mortality; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Art; Neoplasms; Culture
PubMed: 37086102
DOI: 10.1177/14034948231165853 -
Journal of Global Health Oct 2022China accounts for 13% of the world's 5-19-year-olds population. We estimated levels and trends of mortality by sex-age-cause among 5-19-year-olds at national and...
National and sub-national levels and causes of mortality among 5-19-year-olds in China in 2004-2019: A systematic analysis of evidence from the Disease Surveillance Points System.
BACKGROUND
China accounts for 13% of the world's 5-19-year-olds population. We estimated levels and trends of mortality by sex-age-cause among 5-19-year-olds at national and subnational levels in China annually from 2004 to 2019, to inform strategies for reducing child and adolescent mortality in China and other countries.
METHODS
We used adjusted empirical data on levels and causes of deaths from the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Disease Surveillance Point (DSP) system. We considered underreporting and surveillance sampling design, applied smoothing techniques to produce reliable time trends, and fitted age-specific deaths and population to national estimates produced by international agencies to allow for cross-national comparisons.
RESULTS
The top leading causes for 54 594 deaths among 5-19-year-olds were neoplasms, road traffic injuries, and drowning. All-cause mortality in 5-19-year-olds has been declining steadily between 2004-2019, with evident yet narrowing geographical and gender disparities. Injury mortalities were one of the fastest declining causes, but widespread disparities were observed across subpopulations. Falling injuries and rising non-communicable diseases had the most pronounced epidemiological transition in the eastern region. Decrease in drowning fractions stalled for 15-19-year-olds in central/western rural areas. Suicide shares sustained or increased for 15-19-year-olds except among females in eastern rural areas.
CONCLUSIONS
China made significant improvements in child and adolescent survival since 2004. However, constant targeted investments are needed to maintain and accelerate progress. A sustainable sample registration system like the DSP is likely essential for supporting such a process.
Topics: Adolescent; Cause of Death; Child; China; Drowning; Female; Global Health; Humans; Infant; Noncommunicable Diseases
PubMed: 36181508
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.11008 -
Demography Oct 2018This study illuminates the association between cigarette smoking and adult mortality in the contemporary United States. Recent studies have estimated...
This study illuminates the association between cigarette smoking and adult mortality in the contemporary United States. Recent studies have estimated smoking-attributable mortality using indirect approaches or with sample data that are not nationally representative and that lack key confounders. We use the 1990-2011 National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality Files to estimate relative risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for current and former smokers compared with never smokers. We examine causes of death established as attributable to smoking as well as additional causes that appear to be linked to smoking but have not yet been declared by the U.S. Surgeon General to be caused by smoking. Mortality risk is substantially elevated among smokers for established causes and moderately elevated for additional causes. We also decompose the mortality disadvantage among smokers by cause of death and estimate the number of smoking-attributable deaths for the U.S. adult population ages 35+, net of sociodemographic and behavioral confounders. The elevated risks translate to 481,887 excess deaths per year among current and former smokers compared with never smokers, 14 % to 15 % of which are due to the additional causes. The additional causes of death contribute to the health burden of smoking and should be considered in future studies of smoking-attributable mortality. This study demonstrates that smoking-attributable mortality must remain a top population health priority in the United States and makes several contributions to further underscore the human costs of this tragedy that has ravaged American society for more than a century.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cause of Death; Cigarette Smoking; Female; Health Behavior; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Racial Groups; Residence Characteristics; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States
PubMed: 30232778
DOI: 10.1007/s13524-018-0707-2 -
Journal of Medical Primatology Jun 2017We present the spontaneous causes of mortality for 137 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) over a 35-year period. A record review of the pathology database was performed and a... (Review)
Review
We present the spontaneous causes of mortality for 137 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) over a 35-year period. A record review of the pathology database was performed and a primary cause of mortality was determined for each chimpanzee. The most common causes of mortality were as follows: cardiomyopathy (40% of all mortalities), stillbirth/abortion, acute myocardial necrosis, chimpanzee-induced trauma, amyloidosis, and pneumonia. Five morphologic diagnoses accounted for 61% of mortalities: cardiomyopathy, hemorrhage, acute myocardial necrosis, amyloidosis, and pneumonia. The most common etiologies were degenerative, undetermined, bacterial, traumatic, and neoplastic. The cardiovascular system was most frequently involved, followed by the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and multisystemic diseases. Degenerative diseases were the primary etiological cause of mortality of the adult captive chimpanzee population. Chimpanzee-induced trauma was the major etiological cause of mortality among the perinatal and infant population. This information should be a useful resource for veterinarians and researchers working with chimpanzees.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Ape Diseases; Cause of Death; Male; Pan troglodytes; Texas
PubMed: 28418090
DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12267 -
Archives of Iranian Medicine Dec 2022During the past three decades, neonate, infant, and child mortality declined in North Africa and Middle East. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in mortality...
BACKGROUND
During the past three decades, neonate, infant, and child mortality declined in North Africa and Middle East. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in mortality rates across countries.
METHODS
This study is part of the Global Burden of Diseases study (GBD) 2019. We report the number as well as mortality rates for neonates, infants, and children by cause across 21 countries in the region since 1990.
RESULTS
Between 1990 and 2019, the neonate mortality rate in the region declined from 31.9 (29.8, 34.0) to 12.2 (11.1, 13.3) per 1000 live births. Respective figures for under 5 mortality rates (U5MRs) were 79.1 (75.7, 82.7) in 1990 and 24.4 (22.3, 26.7) per 1000 live births in 2019. The majority of deaths among children under 5 years were due to under 1 year deaths: 75.9% in 1990 and 81.8% in 2019. Mortality rates in males were higher than females. The mortality rate among neonates ranged from 2.4 (2.1, 2.6) per 1000 live births in Bahrain to 25.0 (21.6, 28.4) in Afghanistan in 2019. Similarly, in 2019, the U5MR ranged from 5.0 (4.2-6.0) per 1000 live births in United Arab Emirates to 55.3 (47.9-63.5) in Afghanistan. Neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and lower respiratory infections were the three main causes of neonate, infant, and child mortality in almost all countries in the region.
CONCLUSION
In 2019, most countries in this region have achieved the SDG targets for neonate and child mortality. However, there is still substantial heterogeneity across countries.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Child; Male; Female; Infant; Humans; Child, Preschool; Child Mortality; Global Burden of Disease; Cause of Death; Infant Mortality; Middle East; Africa, Northern; Infant, Newborn, Diseases
PubMed: 37543904
DOI: 10.34172/aim.2022.122