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North Carolina Medical Journal 2022Differences in life expectancy between racial and other subgroups of the population indicate inequities in the community. There are both societal and physical...
Differences in life expectancy between racial and other subgroups of the population indicate inequities in the community. There are both societal and physical factors-including racism, poverty, and access to care-that must be resolved to increase and equalize life expectancy and decrease the infant mortality rate.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Infant Mortality; Life Expectancy; Poverty; Mortality
PubMed: 37158545
DOI: 10.18043/ncm.83.5.318 -
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Aug 2023In Denmark, rural-provincial Lolland-Falster currently has the highest mortality, caused mainly by the high mortality of in-migrating people. To identify possible...
AIM
In Denmark, rural-provincial Lolland-Falster currently has the highest mortality, caused mainly by the high mortality of in-migrating people. To identify possible preventive measures to combat this excess mortality insight into the underlying diseases is needed.
METHODS
We used data from Danish registers to calculate cause-specific mortality for 1970-1979, 1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-2009 and 2010-2018 divided into cancer, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, external causes and other causes (all remaining causes). We calculated age-standardised mortality rates for Lolland-Falster and the rest of Denmark: mortality rate ratios and excess number of deaths per 100,000 person-years for Lolland-Falster distinguishing between long-term residents (10+ years) and in-migrants.
RESULTS
In 1970-1979, the age-standardised mortality rates for Lolland-Falster resembled those for rest of Denmark. Over time, age-standardised mortality rates for cardiovascular diseases decreased but more so for the rest of Denmark than for Lolland-Falster. Age-standardised mortality rates for other diseases increased but more so for Lolland-Falster than for the rest of Denmark. The excess mortality in Lolland-Falster derived in particular from in-migrants: in 2010-2018 the mortality rate ratios for this population reached 2.29 (95% confidence interval 1.96-2.69) for external causes and 2.12 (95% confidence interval 1.97-2.29) for other diseases. In-migrants had in total 411 excess deaths per 100,000 person-years. Of these 27% came from tobacco smoking-related causes of death. However, another 25% came from ill-defined, unspecified and a broad range of other, minor causes of deaths.
CONCLUSIONS
Topics: Humans; Cause of Death; Cardiovascular Diseases; Rural Population; Neoplasms; Denmark; Mortality
PubMed: 35139716
DOI: 10.1177/14034948221075023 -
Journal of Research in Health Sciences Mar 2023This study was conducted to determine the mortality rate and years of life lost (YLL) due to homicide in Fars province.
BACKGROUND
This study was conducted to determine the mortality rate and years of life lost (YLL) due to homicide in Fars province.
STUDY DESIGN
This was a cross-sectional study.
METHODS
All data related to deaths due to homicide in Fars province were obtained from the Populationbased Electronic Death Registration System. Crude and age-standardized mortality rate, YLL, and YLL rate data were calculated and joinpoint regression was used to examine the trend.
RESULTS
During 2004-2019, 2148 deaths due to homicide occurred in Fars province, and (1782 cases (83.0%) were men. The crude mortality rate in men decreased by 44.0% from 2004 to 2019, but a stable trend was observed in women. The total YLL due to homicide during these 16 years was 43230 (1.37 per 1000 people) in men and 8931 (0.29 per 1000 people) in women. According to the joinpoint regression analysis, the 16-year trend of the YLL rate due to premature mortality in men was decreasing, and the annual percent change (APC) was -4.00% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -6.60 to -1.20, =0.008). However, women demonstrated stable trends in this respect, and APC was -0.50% (95% CI: -3.10 to 2.20, =0.704).
CONCLUSION
The crude and standardized mortality rates and the number of YLL due to homicide in the study period had a significant decreasing trend in men but a stable trend in women. To control this issue, officials and policymakers should identify the areas of homicide and control its risk factors such as economic and social issues, drug addiction, and the state of violence.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Homicide; Cause of Death; Iran; Cross-Sectional Studies; Mortality, Premature; Mortality
PubMed: 37571944
DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2023.108 -
Preventive Medicine Oct 2019The aim was to investigate sex- and age-specific associations between cardiorespiratory fitness, all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD)...
The aim was to investigate sex- and age-specific associations between cardiorespiratory fitness, all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity. 266.109 participants (47% women, 18-74 years) free from CVD, participating in occupational health service screenings in 1995-2015 were included. CRF was assessed as estimated maximal oxygen consumption (estVOmax) using a submaximal cycle test. Incident cases of first-time CVD event and death from any cause were ascertained through national registers. There were 4244 CVD events and 2750 cases of all-cause mortality during mean 7.6 years follow-up. Male gender, higher age and lower estVOmax were associated with higher all-cause mortality and CVD morbidity incidence rates. Risk reductions with increasing estVOmax were present in all age-groups of men and women. No obvious levelling off in risk was identified in the total cohort. However, women and older age-groups showed no further reduction in higher aggregated estVOmax levels. CVD specific mortality was more associated with estVOmax compared to tumor specific mortality. The risk for all-cause mortality and CVD morbidity decreased by 2.3% and 2.6% per increase in 1 ml·min·kg with no significant sex-differences but more pronounced in the three lower estVOmax categories for all-cause mortality (9.1%, 3.8% and 3.3%, respectively). High compared to lower levels of estVOmax was not related to a significantly elevated mortality or morbidity. In this large cohort study, CVD morbidity and all-cause mortality were inversely related to estVOmax in both men and women of all age-groups. Increasing cardiorespiratory fitness is a clear public health priority.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Exercise; Female; Humans; Incidence; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Oxygen Consumption; Risk Reduction Behavior; Sex Factors
PubMed: 31454664
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105799 -
Aging Aug 2021Children are known to be better protected from COVID-19 than adults, but their susceptibility patterns and the risk relative to other diseases are insufficiently...
Children are known to be better protected from COVID-19 than adults, but their susceptibility patterns and the risk relative to other diseases are insufficiently defined. Here, we found that the COVID-19 mortality rate is U-shaped in childhood: it initially decreases, reaching the minimum at the ages 3-10 years, and then increases throughout life. All-cause mortality and mortality from other diseases, such as pneumonia and influenza, show a similar pattern; however, childhood mortality rates from COVID-19 are considerably lower than from other diseases, with the best relative protection achieved at the youngest ages. Consistent with this, the fraction of COVID-19 deaths among all deaths increases as a function of age throughout childhood and the entire life. We discuss implications of the elevated postnatal COVID-19 risk and lower childhood COVID-19 mortality compared to other diseases.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; COVID-19; Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Middle Aged; Survival Rate; Young Adult
PubMed: 34411000
DOI: 10.18632/aging.203442 -
Journal of Perinatal Medicine Feb 2023Maternal mortality represents a major issue for every health system, especially in developed countries that aim on creating protocols to retain a declining pattern. With... (Review)
Review
Maternal mortality represents a major issue for every health system, especially in developed countries that aim on creating protocols to retain a declining pattern. With the appropriate medical supplies and training, some of these countries have made a remarkable progress in preventing maternal morbidity and mortality. On the contrary, developing countries have still made little or even no progress. Identifying determinants and designing strategies is of great importance in order to overcome such difficulties. The aim of this study is to identify the main causes of maternal mortality in the different societies.
Topics: Humans; Maternal Mortality; Developing Countries; Mortality; Female
PubMed: 36318719
DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0408 -
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences Sep 2014The major causes of maternal and perinatal deaths are mostly pregnancy related. However, there are several predisposing factors for the increased risk of pregnancy... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The major causes of maternal and perinatal deaths are mostly pregnancy related. However, there are several predisposing factors for the increased risk of pregnancy related complications and deaths in developing countries. The objective of this review was to grossly estimate the effect of selected socioeconomic and cultural factors on maternal mortality, stillbirths and neonatal mortality in Ethiopia.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on the effect of total fertility rate (TFR), modern contraceptive use, harmful traditional practice, adult literacy rate and level of income on maternal and perinatal mortalities. For the majority of the data, regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were used as a proxy indicator for the association of variables with maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality.
RESULTS
Although there were variations in the methods for estimation, the TFR of women in Ethiopia declined from 5.9 to 4.8 in the last fifteen years, which was in the middle as compared with that of other African countries. The preference of injectable contraceptive method has increased by 7-fold, but the unmet contraceptive need was among the highest in Africa. About 50% reduction in female genital cutting (FGC) was reported although some women's attitude was positive towards the practice of FGC. The regression analysis demonstrated increased risk of stillbirths, neonatal and maternal mortality with increased TFR. The increased adult literacy rate was associated with increased antenatal care and skilled person attended delivery. Low adult literacy was also found to have a negative association with stillbirths and neonatal and maternal mortality. A similar trend was also observed with income.
CONCLUSION
Maternal mortality ratio, stillbirth rate and neonatal mortality rate had inverse relations with income and adult education. In Ethiopia, the high total fertility rate, low utilization of contraceptive methods, low adult literacy rate, low income and prevalent harmful traditional practices have probably contributed to the high maternal mortality ratio, stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates.
Topics: Birth Rate; Circumcision, Female; Culture; Ethiopia; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Maternal Death; Maternal Mortality; Perinatal Death; Perinatal Mortality; Pregnancy; Socioeconomic Factors; Stillbirth
PubMed: 25489187
DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v24i0.11s -
Sex differences in cause-specific mortality: regional trends in seven European countries, 1996-2019.European Journal of Public Health Dec 2023Male excess mortality is mostly related to non-biological factors, and is thus of high social- and health-policy concern. Previous research has mainly focused on...
BACKGROUND
Male excess mortality is mostly related to non-biological factors, and is thus of high social- and health-policy concern. Previous research has mainly focused on national patterns, while subnational disparities have been less in the focus. This study takes a spatial perspective on subnational patterns, covering seven European countries at the crossroad between Eastern and Western Europe.
METHODS
We analyze a newly gathered spatially detailed data resource comprising 228 regions with well-established demographic methods to assess the contribution of specific causes of death to the evolution of sex mortality differentials (SMDs) since the mid-1990s.
RESULTS
Our results show that declines in SMDs were mostly driven by a reduction of male excess mortality from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms (about 50-60% and 20-30%, respectively). In Western Europe, trends in deaths from neoplasms contributed more to the reduction of SMDs, while among regions located in Eastern-Central Europe narrowing SMDs were mostly driven by changes in cardiovascular disease-related deaths. Moreover, men show up to three times higher mortality levels from external causes as compared to women in several analyzed regions. But in absolute terms, external deaths play only a minor role in explaining SMDs due to their small contribution to overall mortality.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that examining the regional development of SMDs is useful for introducing targeted social and health policies in order to reduce and prevent mortality inequalities between women and men.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Cause of Death; Sex Characteristics; Cardiovascular Diseases; Neoplasms; Europe; Mortality
PubMed: 37507140
DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckad111 -
Journal of Dairy Science Mar 2024Abortions and perinatal mortalities (APM) substantially affect cattle industry efficiency. Various infectious and noninfectious factors have been associated with bovine...
Abortions and perinatal mortalities (APM) substantially affect cattle industry efficiency. Various infectious and noninfectious factors have been associated with bovine APM worldwide. Infections are often considered pivotal due to their abortifacient potential, leading laboratories to primarily investigate relevant infectious agents for APM cases. Some infectious causes, such as Brucella abortus, have also a zoonotic impact, necessitating monitoring for both animal and human health. However, underreporting of bovine APM is a global issue, affecting early detection of infectious and zoonotic causes. Previous studies identified factors influencing case submission, but regional characteristics may affect results. In Belgium, farmers are obliged to report cases of APM within the context of a national brucellosis monitoring program. The inclusion criteria for this monitoring program cover abortions (gestation length of 42-260 d) and perinatal mortalities of (pre)mature calves following a gestation length of more than 260 d, which were stillborn or died within 48 h after birth. The objective of the present study was to describe the evolution in submission of APM cases within a mandatory abortion monitoring program in relation to subsidized initiatives in the northern part of Belgium. Based on the proportion of APM submissions versus the proportion of bovine reproductive females, an APM proportion (APM) was calculated, and factors at both animal and herd level that may influence this APM were explored by using linear models. This evaluation revealed that the APM increased with the introduction of an extensive analytical panel of abortifacient agents and a free on-farm sample collection from 0.44% to 0.94%. Additionally, an increase of the APM was associated with an outbreak of an emerging abortifacient pathogen (Schmallenberg virus; 1.23%), and the introduction of a mandatory eradication program for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDv; 1.20%). The APM was higher in beef compared with dairy cattle, and it was higher in winter compared with fall, spring, and summer. Smaller herds categorized in the first quartile had a higher APM compared with larger herds. Herds that submitted an APM in the previous year had a higher APM in the next year compared with herds without an APM submission. Finally, herds for which there was evidence of the presence of BVDv had a higher APM compared with herds without evidence of the presence of BVDv. In conclusion, the number of APM submissions increased after the introduction of a free on-farm sample collection and an extensive pathogen screening panel. Production type (beef), season (winter), smaller herd size, previous APM, and presence of BVDv seemed to have a positive effect on APM. However, even under mandatory circumstances, APM still seems to be underreported, since the APM was lower than the expected minimal rate of 2%. Therefore, further research is necessary to identify the drivers that convince farmers to submit APM cases to improve submission rates and ensure an efficient monitoring program for APM and eventually associated zoonotic pathogens.
Topics: Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Animals; Cattle; Learning; Abortifacient Agents; Stillbirth; Perinatal Mortality; Belgium
PubMed: 37806630
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23823 -
Journal of Global Health Sep 2022Eight databases, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Popline, and Maternity and Infant Care, were searched, covering the period of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
METHODS
Eight databases, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Popline, and Maternity and Infant Care, were searched, covering the period of January 2000 to January 2022. Studies that had examined the association between SBI and any form of child mortality were included. The findings of the included studies were summarized through fixed-effects or random-effects meta-analysis and the model was selected based on the heterogeneity index.
RESULTS
A total of 51 studies were included. Of them, 19 were conducted in Ethiopia, 10 in Nigeria and 7 in Bangladesh. Significant higher likelihoods of stillbirth (odds ratio (OR) = 2.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32-3.38), early neonatal mortality (OR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.04-2.41), perinatal mortality (OR = 1.71; 95% CI = 1.32-2.21), neonatal mortality (OR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.68-2.04), post-neonatal mortality (OR = 3.01; 95% CI = 1.43-6.33), infant mortality (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.77-2.07), child mortality (OR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.27-2.19) and under-five mortality (OR = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.56-2.44) were found among babies born in short birth intervals than those who born in normal intervals.
CONCLUSIONS
SBI significantly increases the risk of child mortality in LMICs. Programmes to reduce pregnancies in short intervals need to be expanded and strengthened. Reproductive health interventions aimed at reducing child mortality should include proper counselling on family planning, distribution of appropriate contraceptives and increased awareness of the adverse effects of SBI on maternal and child health.
Topics: Birth Intervals; Child; Child Mortality; Developing Countries; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Perinatal Mortality; Pregnancy
PubMed: 36057919
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04070