-
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Aug 2022Older adults experience considerable muscle and bone loss that are closely interconnected. The efficacy of progressive resistance training programs to concurrently... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Older adults experience considerable muscle and bone loss that are closely interconnected. The efficacy of progressive resistance training programs to concurrently reverse/slow the age-related decline in muscle strength and bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults remains unclear.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to quantify concomitant changes in lower-body muscle strength and BMD in older adults following a progressive resistance training program and to determine how these changes are influenced by mode (resistance only vs. combined resistance and weight-bearing exercises), frequency, volume, load, and program length.
METHODS
MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase databases were searched for articles published in English before 1 June, 2021. Randomized controlled trials reporting changes in leg press or knee extension one repetition maximum and femur/hip or lumbar spine BMD following progressive resistance training in men and/or women ≥ 65 years of age were included. A random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression determined the effects of resistance training and the individual training characteristics on the percent change (∆%) in muscle strength (standardized mean difference) and BMD (mean difference). The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (version 2.0) and Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria.
RESULTS
Seven hundred and eighty studies were identified and 14 were included. Progressive resistance training increased muscle strength (∆ standardized mean difference = 1.1%; 95% confidence interval 0.73, 1.47; p ≤ 0.001) and femur/hip BMD (∆ mean difference = 2.77%; 95% confidence interval 0.44, 5.10; p = 0.02), but not BMD of the lumbar spine (∆ mean difference = 1.60%; 95% confidence interval - 1.44, 4.63; p = 0.30). The certainty for improvement was greater for muscle strength compared with BMD, evidenced by less heterogeneity (I = 78.1% vs 98.6%) and a higher overall quality of evidence. No training characteristic significantly affected both outcomes (p > 0.05), although concomitant increases in strength and BMD were favored by higher training frequencies, increases in strength were favored by resistance only and higher volumes, and increases in BMD were favored by combined resistance plus weight-bearing exercises, lower volumes, and higher loads.
CONCLUSIONS
Progressive resistance training programs concomitantly increase lower-limb muscle strength and femur/hip bone mineral density in older adults, with greater certainty for strength improvement. Thus, to maximize the efficacy of progressive resistance training programs to concurrently prevent muscle and bone loss in older adults, it is recommended to incorporate training characteristics more likely to improve BMD.
Topics: Aged; Bone Density; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Muscle Strength; Resistance Training; Weight Lifting
PubMed: 35608815
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01675-2 -
Medicine Jun 2018Controversy exists regarding whether the kinesiology tape application direction affects muscle strength. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Controversy exists regarding whether the kinesiology tape application direction affects muscle strength.
METHODS
Eighteen healthy volunteers (12 men, 6 women) participated. Kinesiology tape was randomly applied to the quadriceps muscles either from origin to insertion or from insertion to origin. A Biodex isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure the peak torque of the quadriceps pre-and post-taping.
RESULTS
There was a significant difference in muscle strength after taping, regardless of the kinesiology tape application direction. There were no significant differences in the peak torque of the quadriceps between the 2 kinesiology tape application directions.
CONCLUSIONS
The application of kinesiology tape application to the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis of the quadriceps increased the muscle torque, regardless of the tape application direction. Therefore, to enhance quadriceps strength, we recommend the application of kinesiology tape to 3 of the muscles of the quadriceps (specifically, the rectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis), irrespective of the tape application direction.
Topics: Adult; Athletic Tape; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Kinesiology, Applied; Male; Muscle Strength; Muscle Strength Dynamometer; Quadriceps Muscle; Torque
PubMed: 29901599
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011038 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022Resistance exercise effectively improves bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle quality (e.g., muscle mass and muscle strength). The present study aimed to examine the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of Twenty-Four Weeks of Resistance Exercise Training on Body Composition, Bone Mineral Density, Functional Fitness and Isokinetic Muscle Strength in Obese Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Resistance exercise effectively improves bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle quality (e.g., muscle mass and muscle strength). The present study aimed to examine the effect of a 24-week resistance exercise training (RT) program on body composition, BMD, functional fitness, and isokinetic muscle strength in obese older women. Forty obese older women were initially enrolled. Among them, 30 participants (age: 80.55 ± 4.94 years; body fat percentage: 36.25 ± 3.44%) completed the study. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups: the RT group (n = 15) and the control (CON) group (n = 15). The RT group participated in the exercise for 60 min per session and two sessions per week for 24 weeks. Pre-test and post-test body composition, BMD, functional fitness, and isokinetic muscle strength were evaluated. The RT group increased significantly in functional fitness (hand grip strength: 1.70 kg, < 0.01, and lower body strength: 3.87 n, < 0.001), and isokinetic muscle strength (non-dominant leg extensor peak torque %BW at 60°/s: 13.20%, < 0.05, dominant leg (DL) flexor peak torque at 60°/s: 3.87 Nm, < 0.05, and DL flexor peak torque %BW at 60°/s: 7.60%, < 0.05). However, the CON group showed negative changes in body composition (fat mass: 1.15 kg, < 0.001, body fat percentage: 1.59%, < 0.001, and fat-free mass: -0.58 kg, < 0.05), BMD (whole-body: -0.01 g/cm, < 0.001 and forearm: -0.01 g/cm, < 0.05), functional fitness (lower body flexibility: -3.23 cm, < 0.01, upper body strength: -2.06 n, < 0.01, and agility and dynamic balance: 0.54 s, < 0.01), and isokinetic muscle strength at 60°/s and 180°/s (all peak torque % body weight variables: -7.31--1.50, < 0.05). Our findings show that the CON group negatively affects body composition, BMD, functional fitness, and isokinetic muscle strength in obese older women for 24 weeks.
Topics: Humans; Female; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Resistance Training; Bone Density; Hand Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Strength; Body Composition; Obesity
PubMed: 36361434
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114554 -
European Review For Medical and... Mar 2022The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a 3-month, trampoline-based stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercises on muscle strength and postural control in... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Distinct effects of trampoline-based stretch-shortening cycle exercises on muscle strength and postural control in children with Down syndrome: a randomized controlled study.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a 3-month, trampoline-based stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercises on muscle strength and postural control in children with Down's syndrome (DS).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Thirty-two children with DS aged between 7-9 years were enrolled and randomly assigned into the control group (n = 16); received standard physical therapy (sPT) or SSC group (n = 16); received sPT in addition to a 15-minute, trampoline-based SSC training program twice per week for 12 successive weeks. Lower limb muscle strength and postural stability [anterior/posterior stability index (A/P-SI), medial/lateral stability index (M/L-SI)], and overall stability index (O-SI) were assessed pre- and post-treatment.
RESULTS
Strength of hip extensor (p=0.034) and adductor (p=0.015), knee extensor (p=0.028) and flexor (p=0.01), and ankle dorsi (p=0.033) and plantar flexor (p=0.007) muscles increased significantly in the SSC group when compared with the control group. Also, the A/P-SI (p=0.019), M/L-SI (p=0.002), and O-SI (p=0.021) decreased significantly in the SSC group when compared with the control group, suggesting better postural control.
CONCLUSIONS
Twelve weeks of trampoline-based SSC exercises are likely effective for enhancing muscle strength and postural control in children with DS and should consequently be included in the rehabilitation programs for these children.
Topics: Child; Down Syndrome; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Muscle Strength; Plyometric Exercise; Postural Balance
PubMed: 35363345
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202203_28343 -
Nutrients Aug 2021Cannabidiol supplements (CBD) are increasingly consumed by athletes to improve regeneration. However, the evidence for the pro-regenerative effects of CBD in sports is... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Cannabidiol supplements (CBD) are increasingly consumed by athletes to improve regeneration. However, the evidence for the pro-regenerative effects of CBD in sports is quite limited. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effects of a single CBD supplementation in a six-arm placebo-controlled crossover study after resistance training on performance and muscle damage. Before and after the resistance training, one-repetition maximum in the back squat (1RM BS), countermovement jump (CMJ), and blood serum concentrations of creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Myo) were measured in healthy, well-trained participants. 16 out of 21 participants completed the study and were included in the analysis. In 1RM BS, a significant decrease was observed after 24 h ( < 0.01) but not after 48 and 72 h. A significant group difference was detected after 72 h ( < 0.05; = 0.371). In CMJ, no significant changes were observed. The CK and Myo concentrations increased significantly after 24 h (CK: < 0.001; Myo: < 0.01), 48 h (CK: < 0.001; Myo: < 0.01) and 72 h (CK: < 0.001; Myo: < 0.001). After 72 h, significant group differences were observed for both muscle damage biomarkers (CK: < 0.05 = 0.24; Myo: < 0.05; = 0.21). The results show small but significant effects on muscle damage and recovery of squat performance after 72 h. However, more data are required for clearer statements concerning potential pro-regenerative effects of CBD supplementation after resistance training.
Topics: Adult; Cannabidiol; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Germany; Humans; Male; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Reference Values; Resistance Training; Young Adult
PubMed: 34578906
DOI: 10.3390/nu13093028 -
Experimental Gerontology Jun 2022The muscle disease sarcopenia, which is characterised by a loss of muscle strength, muscle quantity, and physical performance, restricts mobility and independence in an... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The muscle disease sarcopenia, which is characterised by a loss of muscle strength, muscle quantity, and physical performance, restricts mobility and independence in an ageing society. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to analyse the effects that long-term progressive resistance training interventions performed on weight machines have on sarcopenia (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People) and how the interventions are composed. In total, 779 articles published between 2000 and 2020 were scanned (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL) and 14 randomised controlled trials were included within the review. Populations, interventions, control groups and outcomes were analysed. Subsequent meta-analysis (10 studies, 902 participants) revealed that the time needed in a chair-stand-test, as an indicator for leg strength, was predominantly reduced, whereas grip strength remained unchanged after the interventions. Data concerning the effects of machine-based progressive resistance training on muscle quantity were insufficient for meta-analysis. Physical performance measured by undergoing the Timed-Up-and-Go-test, gait speed test, Short Physical Performance Battery and 6 min-walk-test improved significantly as well. The quality of evidence (GRADE) in the analysed studies was low or moderate. In summary, machine-based progressive resistance training has the potential to reverse sarcopenia in the oldest old, as reflected by enhanced muscle strength and physical performance. The systematic review revealed promising initial results for muscle quantity.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Hand Strength; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Resistance Training; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 35318104
DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111767 -
The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports... Feb 2024: Restoring quadriceps strength is essential for successful rehabilitation of knee injuries, but many athletes return to their previous activity with persisting muscle...
: Restoring quadriceps strength is essential for successful rehabilitation of knee injuries, but many athletes return to their previous activity with persisting muscle weakness. Strong evidence supports using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to improve quadriceps strength; however, there is a lack of widespread clinical implementation. We believe there is a critical need to provide clinical approaches that promote using NMES to improve patients' quadriceps strength and ensuring clinicians provide high-value rehabilitation care. : What is best practice when using NMES to facilitate strength after injury, what are barriers to its use, and how can they be addressed? : We discuss the low clinical implementation of NMES, perceived barriers to using NMES, and provide recommendations for setup and dosage parameters for effective use of NMES. : We aim for this commentary, with accompanying videos, to serve as a resource for clinicians who are using commercially available NMES units in clinical practice. .
Topics: Humans; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Knee Joint; Knee; Quadriceps Muscle; Electric Stimulation; Muscle Strength
PubMed: 37904496
DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2023.12028 -
Nature Communications Jun 2023Muscle strength is highly heritable and predictive for multiple adverse health outcomes including mortality. Here, we present a rare protein-coding variant association...
Muscle strength is highly heritable and predictive for multiple adverse health outcomes including mortality. Here, we present a rare protein-coding variant association study in 340,319 individuals for hand grip strength, a proxy measure of muscle strength. We show that the exome-wide burden of rare protein-truncating and damaging missense variants is associated with a reduction in hand grip strength. We identify six significant hand grip strength genes, KDM5B, OBSCN, GIGYF1, TTN, RB1CC1, and EIF3J. In the example of the titin (TTN) locus we demonstrate a convergence of rare with common variant association signals and uncover genetic relationships between reduced hand grip strength and disease. Finally, we identify shared mechanisms between brain and muscle function and uncover additive effects between rare and common genetic variation on muscle strength.
Topics: Humans; Hand Strength; Muscle Strength; Muscular Diseases; Mutation, Missense; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Carrier Proteins
PubMed: 37301943
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39247-1 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is defined as obesity with low skeletal muscle function and mass. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of sarcopenic obesity according to...
INTRODUCTION
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is defined as obesity with low skeletal muscle function and mass. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of sarcopenic obesity according to different diagnostic criteria and assess the elements of sarcopenia in children and adolescents with obesity.
METHODS
A total of 95 children and adolescents with obesity (diagnosed with the use of International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria) with a mean age of 12.7( ± 3) years participated in the study. Body composition was assessed with the use of bioelectrical impedance-BIA (Tanita BC480MA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-DXA (Hologic). Fat mass (FM) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (SMMa) were expressed as kilograms (kg) and percentage (%). Muscle-to-fat ratio (MFR) was defined as SMMa divided by FM. A dynamometer was used in order to measure grip strength. Six-minute walk test (6MWT) and a timed up-and-go test (TUG) were used to assess physical performance.
RESULTS
The presence of SO ranged from 6.32% to 97.89%, depending on the criteria used to define sarcopenia. Children with sarcopenia, defined as a co- occurrence of low skeletal muscle mass % (SMM%) measured by DXA (≤9th centile) according to McCarthy et al. and weak handgrip strength (≤10th centile) according to Dodds et al., had significantly lower SMMa measured by both DXA and BIA, lower maximal handgrip strength, and lower physical performance. Maximal handgrip was positively correlated with SMMa (kg) and SMMa% derived from both DXA and BIA and BIA-MFR. Maximal handgrip was negatively correlated with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). The distance of 6MWT correlated positively with BIA-measured SMMa% and BIA-MFR. 6MWT distance correlated negatively with BIA-FM% and body mass index (BMI) z-score. TUG was positively correlated with BIA-FM%, BMI z-score, WHtR, and IOTF categories and negatively correlated with BIA-SMMa% and BIA-MFR.
DISCUSSION
The presence of sarcopenia in our study varied depending on the diagnostic criteria used. This is one of the first studies evaluating muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in children and adolescents with obesity. The study highlighted the need for the implementation of a consensus statement regarding SO diagnostic criteria in children and adolescents.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Child; Sarcopenia; Pediatric Obesity; Hand Strength; Absorptiometry, Photon; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 37859982
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1252853 -
Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2021
Topics: Hand Strength; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscle Strength Dynamometer; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 33077344
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.09.003