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Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &... Aug 2019According to the revised European consensus on sarcopenia, muscle strength is the primary parameter of sarcopenia and is associated with adverse outcomes or physical... (Review)
Review
According to the revised European consensus on sarcopenia, muscle strength is the primary parameter of sarcopenia and is associated with adverse outcomes or physical limitation. This literature review aims to clarify how and why to measure and preserve muscle strength in older population. Overall, the relationship between muscle strength and physical function is impacted by level of muscle mass, the degree of obesity (BMI), age and physical activity. Therefore, these factors are to be considered in the evaluation of muscle strength. It is necessary to have objective, reliable and sensitive tools to assess muscle strength, in different populations to detect and quantify weakness, to adapt physical exercises to patients' capacity and to evaluate the effects of treatment. Handgrip strength measurement might be reasonable for clinical practice while the measurement of knee flexors/extensors strength with both 1RM and dynamometers is increasingly important yet restricted by the requirement of special equipment. Physical activity and nutrition are two important behavioral factors to maintain muscle strength. Combined exercise and nutrition interventions improved muscle strength to a more prominent degree than exercise or nutrition alone.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Geriatric Assessment; Humans; Muscle Strength
PubMed: 31176745
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109663 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Mar 2019Muscle strength, the maximal force-generating capacity of a muscle or group of muscles, is regularly assessed in physiological experiments and clinical trials. An... (Review)
Review
Muscle strength, the maximal force-generating capacity of a muscle or group of muscles, is regularly assessed in physiological experiments and clinical trials. An understanding of the expected variation in strength and the factors that contribute to this variation is important when designing experiments, describing methodologies, interpreting results, and attempting to replicate methods of others and reproduce their findings. In this review (Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology), we report on the intra- and inter-rater reliability of tests of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation in humans. Isometric, isokinetic, and isoinertial strength exhibit good intra-rater reliability in most samples (correlation coefficients ≥0.90). However, some tests of isoinertial strength exhibit systematic bias that is not resolved by familiarization. With the exception of grip strength, few attempts have been made to examine inter-rater reliability of tests of muscle strength. The acute factors most likely to affect muscle strength and serve as a source of its variation from trial-to-trial or day-to-day include attentional focus, breathing technique, remote muscle contractions, rest periods, temperature (core, muscle), time of day, visual feedback, body and limb posture, body stabilization, acute caffeine consumption, dehydration, pain, fatigue from preceding exercise, and static stretching >60 s. Voluntary activation, the nervous system's ability to drive a muscle to create its maximal force, exhibits good intra-rater reliability when examined with twitch interpolation (correlation coefficients >0.80). However, inter-rater reliability has not been formally examined. The methodological factors most likely to influence voluntary activation are myograph compliance and sensitivity; stimulation location, intensity, and inadvertent stimulation of antagonists; joint angle (muscle length); and the resting twitch.
Topics: Extremities; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 30496711
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00569.2018 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science Mar 2021Chronic kidney disease is associated with chronic inflammation and progressive loss of peripheral muscle strength and the ability to exercise, and these changes are...
BACKGROUND
Chronic kidney disease is associated with chronic inflammation and progressive loss of peripheral muscle strength and the ability to exercise, and these changes are highly pronounced in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD). We evaluated hand grip strength (HGS) and leg muscle strength (LMS) in patients receiving HD and attempted to identify factors associated with muscle strength.
METHODS
We screened HGS (opposite the fistula side) and LMS (both sides) in HD patients at a single center (n = 112) by using digital hand and leg dynamometers (T.K.K. 5401 and 5710e/5715, Takei Scientific Instruments Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan).
RESULTS
The mean age of patients was 62.6 years, and 73.2% of the patients were male. Diabetes was the cause of kidney failure in 50% of the patients, and the median HD vintage was 34 months. A total of 77.7% of patients reported that they participated in regular home-based exercise, and 29.5% of patients regularly participated in hospital-based resistance exercise. HGS and LMS showed good correlation ( = 0.715, < 0.001). HGS (25.1 vs. 17.0 kg) and LMS (30.1 vs. 20.4 kg) were greater in males ( < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively) than in females. Older patients (≥ 60 years) showed less LMS than younger patients in both males and females ( = 0.012 and = 0.037, respectively), but HGS did not differ according to age. Patients performing regular home- or hospital-based exercise showed higher HGS than those who did not exercise (24.2 vs. 18.6 kg, = 0.011), but LMS was not significantly different (29.3 vs. 23.6 kg, = 0.185). Multiple linear regression analysis proved that male sex, younger age, and any type of exercise were factors associated with improved HGS and LMS. Groups of older age (≥ 60 years), male sex, and shorter duration of HD (< median) benefitted more from exercise.
CONCLUSION
Sex, age, and exercise were the most important determinants of muscle strength in HD patients. We need to encourage patients to engage in regular home or group exercise from the beginning of dialysis and introduce new feasible forms of exercise for HD patients.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hand; Hand Strength; Humans; Leg; Linear Models; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Strength; Renal Dialysis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Young Adult
PubMed: 33754509
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e76 -
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation Nov 2022Muscle strength decreases with age, causing a decline in physical and oro-facial function. However, the impact of physiological and pathophysiological factors on tongue... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
Muscle strength decreases with age, causing a decline in physical and oro-facial function. However, the impact of physiological and pathophysiological factors on tongue pressure (TP) has not been clarified. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare and analyse TP and handgrip strength (HGS) between individuals aged <60 and ≥60 years, gender and need for care (independent older adults (IC) and older adults receiving nursing care (NC)). Furthermore, the effect of HGS in physical function on TP was examined.
METHODS
Human clinical studies reporting HGS and TP were searched systematically using PubMed and Ichushi-Web published from 1969 to Nov 2021. Random-effects meta-regressions were performed to compare between subgroups and to examine the association between HGS and TP (α < .05).
RESULTS
Forty-four studies with a total of 10 343 subjects were included. TP and HGS values were significantly higher in people aged <60 years relative to ≥60 years and in IC relative to NC (all p < .001). Regarding gender, there was no significant difference in TP (p = .370). However, a significant gender-dependent difference in TP was observed in people aged <60 years (p < .001), but not in aged ≥60 years in IC group (p = .118) and aged ≥60 years in NC group (p = .895). There was a significant positive correlation of HGS and TP (p < .001).
CONCLUSIONS
Similar to decrease in HGS, age-related sarcopaenia seems to have an effect on oro-facial muscles like the tongue. Research on rehabilitation measures for oro-facial muscle strength, similar to HGS might be beneficial to improve the personally acquired oro-facial potential.
Topics: Aged; Hand Strength; Humans; Muscle Strength; Pressure; Sex Factors; Tongue
PubMed: 35972300
DOI: 10.1111/joor.13362 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2023Sarcopenia is defined as decreasing in muscle strength and mass, and dynapenia is defined as decreasing in muscle strength and maintained muscle mass. This study...
Sarcopenia is defined as decreasing in muscle strength and mass, and dynapenia is defined as decreasing in muscle strength and maintained muscle mass. This study elucidated the prevalence and characteristics of sarcopenia and dynapenia and evaluate in elderly spinal disorders patients. 1039 spinal disorders patients aged ≥ 65 years were included. We measured age, grip strength, muscle mass, spinal sagittal alignment parameters, low back pain (LBP) scores and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) scores. Based on the previous reports, patients were categorised into normal group: NG, pre-sarcopenia group: PG, dynapenia group: DG, and sarcopenia group: SG. Pre-sarcopenia, dynapenia, and sarcopenia were found in 101 (9.7%), 249 (19.2%), and 91 (8.8%) patients, respectively. The spinal sagittal alignment parameters, trunk muscle mass, LBP, and HR-QoL scores were significantly worse in DG and SG compared with those in PG and NG. Spinal alignment, trunk muscle mass, and clinical outcomes, including LBP and HR-QoL scores, were maintained in the PG and poor in the DG and SG. Thus, intervention for muscle strength may be a treatment option for changes of spinal sagittal alignment and low back pain.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Sarcopenia; Low Back Pain; Quality of Life; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Hand Strength; Spinal Diseases
PubMed: 37336997
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37125-w -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Apr 2022
Topics: Breathing Exercises; Exercise Tolerance; Heart Failure; Humans; Lung; Muscle Strength; Prognosis; Respiratory Muscles
PubMed: 35508045
DOI: 10.36660/abc.20211060 -
Nutrients Dec 2019Much has been achieved by recent research to increase understanding of the links between nutrition and muscle health. Focusing on muscle strength as the key component of... (Review)
Review
Much has been achieved by recent research to increase understanding of the links between nutrition and muscle health. Focusing on muscle strength as the key component of sarcopenia, the aim of this overview was to evaluate its links to nutrition, both to variation in habitual diets in older populations, as well as considering supplementation effects in trials. A main message from the reviewed studies is that while many provide suggestive evidence of benefits of higher nutrient intakes and diets of higher quality, findings are inconsistent, and data on muscle strength are often lacking. To assess the potential of optimising diets as a strategy to promote and maintain muscle strength, gaps in current evidence need to be addressed. These include the need for (i) better understanding of individual differences in responsiveness to dietary change, and the need for targeted nutritional support; (ii) clearer distinction between protective and therapeutic actions of diet; and (iii) definition of the role of dietary patterns and their influence on muscle strength, to allow effects of changes in food consumption to be evaluated-particularly when combined with physical activity. Development of this evidence is needed to enable translation into appropriate dietary recommendations for older populations.
Topics: Aging; Diet; Exercise; Humans; Muscle Strength; Nutritional Status; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 31817048
DOI: 10.3390/nu11122942 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2023Maintaining sufficient muscle strength is fundamental to prevent a decline in basic physical functions such as gait, and is therefore a prerequisite for a healthy...
Maintaining sufficient muscle strength is fundamental to prevent a decline in basic physical functions such as gait, and is therefore a prerequisite for a healthy independent life in older people. However, the relationship between gait parameters and the strength of single muscle groups is reported with inconclusive results. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship of strength of nine single muscle groups of lower and upper leg muscles as well as handgrip strength for gait parameters in older adults. Sixty-nine independently living older adults participated in the study. Maximum ankle plantar- and dorsiflexion, knee flexion and extension, as well as hip abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension strength, were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Additionally, hand grip strength measured via a hand dynamometer was obtained. Walking gait parameters were recorded with a 3D motion capture system on an instrumented treadmill. The relationships between multiple strength and gait variables were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Linear regression analyses were performed to identify the predictive ability of muscle strength (normalized to body weight) for gait speed, stride time, stance time, stride length and step width. Multiple significant weak to moderate positive ([r = 0.343, = 0.047]-[r = 0.538, = 0.002]) and negative ([r = -0.340, = 0.046]-[r = 0.593, = 0.001]) correlations that were unequally distributed between both sexes were detected. Significant regression models explained ([r = 16.6%, = 0.015]-[r = 44.3 %, = 0.003]) and ([r = 21.8%, = 0.022]-[r = 36.1%, = 0.044]) of the gait parameter variations for men and women, respectively. The results suggest a sex-specific relevance of single muscle groups for all gait parameters. This may be attributed to anatomical differences and it is important to prevent strength-related changes in gait parameters.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Aged; Hand Strength; Gait; Walking; Leg; Muscle Strength
PubMed: 37047976
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075362 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels, causing serious damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal and... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels, causing serious damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal and other systems. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was 6.28% in 2017, considering all age groups worldwide (prevalence rate of 6,059 cases per 100,000), and its global prevalence is projected to increase to 7,079 cases per 100,000 by 2030. Furthermore, these individuals are often affected by diabetic myopathy, which is the failure to preserve muscle mass and function in the course of DM. This happens in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and T2DM. As skeletal muscle plays a key role in locomotion and glucose homeostasis, diabetic myopathy may contribute to additional complications of the disease. In addition, chronic hyperglycemia is associated with lung functional changes seen in patients with DM, such as reduced lung volumes and compliance, inspiratory muscle strength, and lung elastic recoil. Thus, the weakness of the inspiratory muscles, a consequence of diabetic myopathy, can influence exercise tolerance. Thus, moderate strength training in T2DM can contribute to the gain of peripheral muscle strength. Although the literature is robust on the loss of mass and consequent muscle weakness in diabetic myopathy, triggering pathophysiological factors, the impact on functional capacity, as well as the prescription of physical exercise for this condition deserves to be further explored. This review aims to explore the consequences of diabetic myopathy and its implication in rehabilitation from prescription to safety in the practice of physical exercises for these individuals.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise Tolerance; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscular Diseases
PubMed: 35498435
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.869921 -
Nutrients Feb 2022Sarcopenia refers to common age-related changes characterised by loss of muscle mass, strength, and physical performance that results in physical disability, poorer... (Review)
Review
Sarcopenia refers to common age-related changes characterised by loss of muscle mass, strength, and physical performance that results in physical disability, poorer health status, and higher mortality in older adults. Diet quality is indicated as a potentially modifiable risk factor for sarcopenia. However, the association between diet quality and sarcopenia in developing economies appears to be conflicting. Hence, we conducted a systematic review of the literature from developing economies examining the relationship between diet quality and at least one of the three components of sarcopenia, including muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance, and the overall risk of sarcopenia. No restrictions on age and study design were employed. We identified 15 studies that met review inclusion criteria. There was heterogeneity among the studies in the diet quality metric used and sarcopenia-related outcomes evaluated. Longitudinal evidence and studies relating diet quality to a holistic definition of sarcopenia were lacking. Although limited and predominantly cross-sectional, the evidence consistently showed that diet quality defined by diversity and nutrient adequacy was positively associated with sarcopenia components, such as muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance.
Topics: Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 35215518
DOI: 10.3390/nu14040868