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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... May 2020KAATSU training at greatly reduced intensities has been proven to result in substantial increases in both muscle hypertrophy and strength. Nevertheless, this... (Review)
Review
KAATSU training at greatly reduced intensities has been proven to result in substantial increases in both muscle hypertrophy and strength. Nevertheless, this revolutionary training method (combined with the restriction of venous blood flow from the working muscle) may cause underlying hypoxia and neurotransmitter dysfunction, which are linked to neuromuscular fatigue. Hence, an exploration of KAATSU training-induced hypoxic and neurodegenerative events is of utmost importance before promoting this training mode, although KAATSU has been shown to result in numerous positive training adaptations. Furthermore, based on substantial evidence, L-carnitine supplementation exerts neuroprotective effects by attenuating hypoxic stress and neurotransmitter dysfunction. However, studies directly examining the effects of KAATSU exercise on both hypoxia and neurotransmitter dysfunction, which would aggravate the detrimental effects of neuromuscular fatigue, are lacking. In addition, an expansion of the applications of L-carnitine to a smaller-molecule field for treating KAATSU training-evoked neuromuscular fatigue requires further clarification. Therefore, this review aims to present the current evidence for the effectiveness of exogenous L-carnitine at reducing the amount of hypoxic damage and its neuroprotective effects mediated by increasing cerebral acetylcholine levels. Simply, L-carnitine administration may be an important contributor to the mechanisms curtailing KAATSU training-induced neuromuscular fatigue.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Carnitine; Humans; Muscle Fatigue; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Resistance Training
PubMed: 32006901
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109899 -
Journal of Intellectual Disability... Dec 2022Muscle strength is both a strong predictor for future negative health outcomes and a prerequisite for physical fitness and daily functioning of adults with ID....
BACKGROUND
Muscle strength is both a strong predictor for future negative health outcomes and a prerequisite for physical fitness and daily functioning of adults with ID. Therefore, it is important to be able to monitor the muscle strength of adults with ID over time. The aim of this study is to assess the responsiveness of five field tests that measure muscle strength and endurance (grip strength, hand-held dynamometry of leg extension and arm flexion, 10RM-test of the seated squat and the biceps curl, 30-s chair stand and the 5-times Chair stand) in adults with ID after a 24-week resistance-exercise training (RT) programme.
METHOD
The responsiveness of the five muscle strength and endurance tests was assessed by correlating the change scores of the five tests with the slope of the training progression of specific exercises within the RT-programme, namely, the step up, seated squat, biceps curl and triceps curl.
RESULTS
The 10RM-test of the seated squat was significantly correlated with the step up (R = 0.53, P = 0.02) and the seated squat (R = 0.70 P = 0.00). None of change scores on the other tests was significantly correlated with the training progression of the exercises.
CONCLUSION
The 10RM test of the seated squat could potentially be used to evaluate the effects of an RT-programme in adults with ID. Responsiveness of the grip strength, hand held dynamometry, 10RM-test of the biceps curl, 30-s chair stand and the 5-times chair stand could not yet be confirmed.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Muscle Strength; Resistance Training; Physical Fitness; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 35481620
DOI: 10.1111/jir.12935 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2023Certain cut-off points for sarcopenia screening and diagnosis are arbitrary and based on European populations, with normative references often obtained from healthy...
Certain cut-off points for sarcopenia screening and diagnosis are arbitrary and based on European populations, with normative references often obtained from healthy young adults. Although respiratory skeletal muscle strength tests represent low-cost clinical measures commonly performed in clinical practice by health professionals, a gap remains regarding whether respiratory skeletal muscle strength tests are adequate and sensitive measures for sarcopenia screening. This study aimed to verify the value of handgrip and respiratory muscle strength as possible discriminators to identify sarcopenia and to establish cut-off points for sarcopenia screening in community-dwelling, Brazilian women. In a cross-sectional study, 154 community-dwelling, Brazilian women (65-96 years) were assessed for appendicular skeletal muscle mass, handgrip (HGS), and respiratory muscular strength, including maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP). The data were analyzed using the ROC curve and the Youden Index determined cut-off points. Statistical significance was set at 5%. 88 participants (57%) were sarcopenic. MEP (OR 0.98 [95%CI 0.97, 1.00], p = 0.023) and HGS (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.75, 0.90], p < 0.001) were independent factors for sarcopenia in older. The optimal cut-off points for identifying sarcopenia were ≤ 77 cmHO for MEP (AUC = 0.72), and ≤ 20 kg for HGS (AUC = 0.80). Simple muscular strength tests, including HGS and MEP, may be considered in the identification of sarcopenia in older, community-dwelling, Brazilian women. Future work is still needed to assess external validation of the proposed cut-offs before the clinical application.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Female; Aged; Sarcopenia; Hand Strength; Independent Living; Brazil; Cross-Sectional Studies; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Respiratory Muscles
PubMed: 36707661
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28549-5 -
Anatolian Journal of Cardiology Aug 2022Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, accounting for approximately 32% of all deaths in 2019. There has been increasing interest in... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, accounting for approximately 32% of all deaths in 2019. There has been increasing interest in understanding the role of low muscular strength as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, given its association with other cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. An inverse association between muscle strength, chronic disease, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular-related death has been reported. Recent clinical trials have consistently shown that resistance exercise, which increases strength, and potentially muscle mass, significantly improves the control of known cardiovascular disease risk factors and reduces the risk of all-cause death and cardiovascular mortality. In the present article, we review the growing body of evidence that supports the need for future research to evaluate the potential of handgrip strength as a screening tool for cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in the clinical medical setting, as part of routine care using an affordable handgrip strength device. Moreover, it is crucial to devise largescale interventions driven by governmental health policies to educate the general population and healthcare professionals about the importance of muscular strengthening activities and to promote access to these activities to improve cardiometabolic health and reduce incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Hand Strength; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Muscle Strength; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35924286
DOI: 10.5152/AnatolJCardiol.2022.1586 -
Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.) 2023The study aimed to pool and analyze the effects of different forms of exercise on muscle strength (handgrip strength [HGS]), and physical performance (timed up and go... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
The study aimed to pool and analyze the effects of different forms of exercise on muscle strength (handgrip strength [HGS]), and physical performance (timed up and go test [TUGT], gait speed [GS] and chair stand test [CS]) in older adults with sarcopenia.
METHODS
The effect sizes of all studies retrieved and included by the four databases were analyzed using the network meta-analysis and expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI).
RESULTS
Twenty studies were included in this study with 1347 older adults with sarcopenia. Compared with control and other intervention groups, resistance training (RT) improved HGS [SMD=3.8, 95% CI (1.3, 6.0), p<0.05] and TUGT [SMD = -1.99, 95% CI (-2.82, -1.16), p<0.05] significantly. comprehensive training (CT) [SMD = -2.04, 95% CI (-3.05, -1.06), Pp<0.05] and Comprehensive training under self-management (CT_SM) [SMD = -2.01, 95% CI (-3.24, -0.78), p<0.05] improved TUGT significantly.
CONCLUSION
In older adults with sarcopenia, RT could improve HGS and TUGT, CT and CT_SM could improve TUGT. There were no significant changes in CS and GS with any of the exercise training modes.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Sarcopenia; Hand Strength; Network Meta-Analysis; Postural Balance; Time and Motion Studies; Muscle Strength; Exercise
PubMed: 37400288
DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.06.005 -
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine Jul 2022Most studies of knee osteoarthritis use isokinetic peak strength as a measure of muscle strength. However, estimated one-repetition maximum (1-RM) may have a stronger... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
Most studies of knee osteoarthritis use isokinetic peak strength as a measure of muscle strength. However, estimated one-repetition maximum (1-RM) may have a stronger relationship than isokinetic peak strength with daily activities. The aim of this study was to test the following hypotheses: first, the estimated 1-RM is more strongly associated than isokinetic peak strength with daily activities; and secondly, the estimated 1-RM is most strongly associated with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), followed by the Get Up and Go test (GUG test) and the stair-climb test.
METHODS
Data were used for 177 patients with knee osteoarthritis from a randomized controlled trial on improving muscle strength. The patients had a mean age of 67.6 ± 5.8 years. Isokinetic peak strength was measured using a dynamometer, 1-RM was estimated with the 10-RM test, and physical performance was measured with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), get-up and go test (GUG) test and stair-climb test, at the start and end of 12 weeks of resistance training. Linear regression analyses provided standardized betas (β) that were comparable between the different associations between measures of muscle strength and daily activities.
RESULTS
Compared with the estimated 1-RM, isokinetic peak strength was more strongly associated with all performance-based measures. The associations between the estimated 1-RM and performance-based tests were not ranked in the order hypothesized (6MWT, GUG test, stair-climb test).
CONCLUSION
Contrary to the first hypothesis, isokinetic peak strength showed stronger associations with all daily activities than did estimated 1-RM. In addition, the second hypothesis regarding the activity-specific pattern for the 1-RM with regards walking, chair rising and stair climbing measurements was not confirmed.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Middle Aged; Muscle Strength; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Walking
PubMed: 35775838
DOI: 10.2340/jrm.v54.2942 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2022The double poling (DP) technique in cross-country sit-skiing is primarily considered as an upper-body exercise. The upper limb muscle strength and motion economy are...
The double poling (DP) technique in cross-country sit-skiing is primarily considered as an upper-body exercise. The upper limb muscle strength and motion economy are important factors accounting for DP performance in cross-country sit-skiing. The present study investigates how upper limb muscle strength predicts DP performance in cross-country sit-skiing. A total of 19 female non-disabled college students (age 23.2 ± 0.8 years, BMI 20.4 ± 2.2) performed 30-s and 3-min DP performance tests using a sit-skiing ergometer. Isokinetic muscle strength of the shoulder and elbow extensor were measured at the angular velocity of 30°/s, 60°/s, and 120°/s with an ISOMED2000 isokinetic system. A medium correlation was found between DP output power and isokinetic upper limb muscle strength (shoulder strength at all speeds, r = 0.39-0.74, p ≤ 0.1). Multiple regression analyses which were employed to predict power production in the 30-s and 3-min tests showed that shoulder extension strength at 60°/s accounted for 34% of the variation in the 30-s test, and 40% of the variance in the 3-min test. Muscle strength and biomechanical analysis of DP process indicated that upper limb extensor muscle strength and muscle coordination were important factors for the power output generation in sit-skiing DP. These results may use to guide special physical fitness training for paralympic cross-country sit-skiing.
Topics: Adult; Biomechanical Phenomena; Elbow; Ergometry; Female; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxygen Consumption; Skiing; Upper Extremity; Young Adult
PubMed: 35414091
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10103-4 -
Kidney & Blood Pressure Research 2020Identification of the risk factors and treatment of the decrease in muscle mass or strength are important to improve the prognosis of patients undergoing hemodialysis...
INTRODUCTION
Identification of the risk factors and treatment of the decrease in muscle mass or strength are important to improve the prognosis of patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Previous studies have investigated the association between vitamin D level and muscle mass or strength in patients undergoing HD. However, there are conflicting results regarding this association.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between vitamin D level and muscle mass indices, strength, or physical performance in patients undergoing HD.
METHODS
This study was performed in a tertiary medical center. We included patients undergoing HD aged ≥20 years. A total of 84 patients were enrolled. The patients were divided into tertiles based on the 25-hydroxy (25-OH) vitamin D level as follows: lowest tertile (Lowest T, n = 28), middle tertile (Middle T, n = 28), and highest tertile (Highest T, n = 28). We evaluated the association between the tertiles and clinical outcomes including nutritional status, muscle mass, muscle function, handgrip strength (HGS), physical performance, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scales.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences in the muscle mass indices and nutritional markers according to tertiles of 25-OH vitamin D level. However, 25-OH vitamin D level as a continuous variable or the tertile of 25-OH vitamin D level as a categorical variable was positively associated with HGS. Logistic and linear regression analyses showed a consistent superiority of the Highest T in HGS compared with the Lowest or Middle T. Although the statistical significance was weak, the scores of various physical performance tests and the HRQoL scales were highest in the Highest T among the 3 tertiles.
CONCLUSION
The present study demonstrated that serum vitamin D level is associated with HGS in patients undergoing HD regardless of muscle mass indices or nutritional status.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Strength; Renal Dialysis; Vitamin D
PubMed: 32268325
DOI: 10.1159/000506986 -
Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia 2016Water-based exercises are recommended for people with osteoarthritis (OA), due to the beneficial effects on physical function, quality of life and symptom reduction.... (Review)
Review
Water-based exercises are recommended for people with osteoarthritis (OA), due to the beneficial effects on physical function, quality of life and symptom reduction. However, the effects on muscle strength are still controversial. The aim of this review was to assess and compare the effects of aquatic exercise programs on muscle strength and physical function in people with OA. A systematic search was performed at Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Clinical trials with interventions involving aquatic exercises for individuals with OA were included. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the PEDro scale. 296 studies were found and twelve were selected: six studies comparing water-based exercises with land-based exercise, and six comparing water-based exercise groups with the control group. Exercise programs included muscle strengthening, aerobic, balance, flexibility and stretching exercises. Duration of the program, weekly frequency, intensity and progression varied between studies. Beneficial effects of aquatic exercise were found on physical function. However, only two of five studies that assessed muscle strength observed positive effect of aquatic exercise. Although it is difficult to compare studies and establish guidelines for the standardized protocol formulation, it was observed that water-based exercises can be effective on improving physical function and increasing muscle strength, since they are well-structured, with exercise intensity and overload controlled.
Topics: Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Muscle Strength; Osteoarthritis; Quality of Life
PubMed: 27914601
DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.09.003 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2022Aging-related muscle atrophy is associated with decreased muscle mass (MM), muscle strength (MS), and muscle function (MF) and may cause motor control, balance, and gait...
Aging-related muscle atrophy is associated with decreased muscle mass (MM), muscle strength (MS), and muscle function (MF) and may cause motor control, balance, and gait pattern impairments. This study determined associations of three speed-based gait variables with loss of MM, MS, and MF in older women. Overall, 432 older women aged ≥65 performed appendicular skeletal muscle, handgrip strength, and five times sit-to-stand test to evaluate MM, MS, and MF. A gait test was performed at three speeds by modifying the preferred walking speed (PWS; slower walking speed (SWS); faster-walking speed (FWS)) on a straight 19 m walkway. Stride length (SL) at PWS was significantly associated with MM. FWS and coefficient of variance (CV) of double support phase (DSP) and DSP at PWS showed significant associations with MS. CV of step time and stride time at SWS, FWS, and single support phase (SSP) at PWS showed significant associations with MF. SL at PWS, DSP at FWS, CV of DSP at PWS, stride time at SWS, and CV of SSP at PWS showed significant associations with composite MM, MS, and MF variables. Our study indicated that gait tasks under continuous and various speed conditions are useful for evaluating MM, MS, and MF.
Topics: Aged; Female; Gait; Hand Strength; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscles; Walking; Walking Speed
PubMed: 36011529
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169901