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Sports Health 2015Participation in lacrosse has dramatically increased since 2001. Changes in the game rules, sport equipment, and athlete characteristics have all contributed to the... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Participation in lacrosse has dramatically increased since 2001. Changes in the game rules, sport equipment, and athlete characteristics have all contributed to the injury patterns in lacrosse over time.
OBJECTIVE
A summary of lacrosse-related musculoskeletal injuries.
DATA SOURCES
Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for articles relating to the epidemiology and mechanisms of lacrosse injuries in high school and collegiate lacrosse players.
STUDY SELECTION
The search strategy used the following keywords: lacrosse, injury, musculoskeletal, high school, intercollegiate, knee, shoulder, fracture, ankle, foot, concussion, and surveillance. Studies were included if they reported injury risk, injury type, or injury mechanism in high school or collegiate lacrosse players.
STUDY DESIGN
Systematic review.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 4.
DATA EXTRACTION
Injury type, frequency, and mechanism as well as population were extracted.
RESULTS
Thirteen cohort studies and an additional 15 case series and reports were included. For all lacrosse players, ankle, knee, and hand/wrist were key sites for acute injury. Among collegiate players, preseasonal play elicits more injuries than seasonal play. Female players incur more noncontact and overuse injuries than male players. Boys have 3 to 5 times the risk for sustaining a fracture compared with girls in competition and practice. Women experienced fewer concussions but more facial fractures than men. Injuries to the foot/ankle, head, face, and wrist/hand more often required surgery in girls than in boys.
CONCLUSION
Male players incur more injuries than female players. However, because of the collisional nature of play, more shoulder, arm, and upper leg injuries occur in male players. Fractures to the head and hand occur relatively more frequently in female players. Injury risk can be modified with appropriate training regimens and by respecting the game rules.
Topics: Athletic Injuries; Female; Humans; Male; Musculoskeletal System; Prevalence; Racquet Sports; Schools; Sex Distribution; United States
PubMed: 26502422
DOI: 10.1177/1941738114552990 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Jun 2017To identify and prioritise targets for injury prevention efforts, injury incidence studies are widely reported. The accuracy and consistency in calculation and reporting... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
To identify and prioritise targets for injury prevention efforts, injury incidence studies are widely reported. The accuracy and consistency in calculation and reporting of injury incidence is crucial. Many individuals experience more than one injury but multiple injuries are not consistently reported in sport injury incidence studies.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate current practice of how multiple injuries within individuals have been defined and reported in prospective, long-term, injury studies in team ball sports.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic search of three online databases for articles published before 2016.
STUDY SELECTION
Publications were included if (1) they collected prospective data on musculoskeletal injuries in individual participants; (2) the study duration was >1 consecutive calendar year/season; and (3) individuals were the unit of analysis.
DATA EXTRACTION
Key study features were summarised, including definitions of injury, how multiple individual injuries were reported and results relating to multiple injuries.
RESULTS
Of the 71 publications included, half did not specifically indicate multiple individual injuries; those that did were largely limited to reporting recurrent injuries. Eight studies reported the number/proportion of athletes with more than one injury, and 11 studies presented the mean/number of injuries per athlete.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite it being relatively common to collect data on individuals across more than one season, the reporting of multiple injuries within individuals is much more limited. Ultimately, better addressing of multiple injuries will improve the accuracy of injury incidence studies and enable more precise targeting and monitoring of the effectiveness of preventive interventions.
Topics: Athletes; Athletic Injuries; Baseball; Basketball; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Football; Humans; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Musculoskeletal System; Soccer; Sports
PubMed: 27785773
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0637-3 -
Sports Health 2023Does lower baseline cognitive function predispose athletes to ACL injury risk, especially when performing unplanned or dual-task movements? (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Does lower baseline cognitive function predispose athletes to ACL injury risk, especially when performing unplanned or dual-task movements?
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between cognitive function and biomechanics related to ACL injuries during cognitively challenging sports movements.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Scopus, and SciELO databases were searched; additional hand searching was also conducted.
STUDY SELECTION
The following inclusion criteria had to be met: participants completed (1) a neurocognitive test, (2) a cognitively challenging sport-related task involving lower limbs, and (3) a biomechanical analysis. The following criteria determined exclusion from the review: studies involving participants with (1) recent or current musculoskeletal injuries; (2) recent or current concussion; (3) ACL surgical reconstruction, reviews of the literature, commentary or opinion articles, and case studies.
STUDY DESIGN
Systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement and registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 3.
DATA EXTRACTION
Two of authors independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the articles with the Downs and Black and ROBINS-I checklists, to assess methodological quality and risk of bias, respectively.
RESULTS
Six studies with different methodologies and confounding factors were included in this review. Of these 6 studies, 3 were ranked as high-quality, 3 demonstrated a low risk of bias, 2 a moderate risk, and 1 a severe risk. Five studies found a cognitive-motor relationship, with worse cognitive performance associated with increased injury risk, with 1 study reporting the opposite directionality for 1 variable. One study did not identify any interaction between cognitive function and biomechanical outcomes.
CONCLUSION
Worse cognitive performance is associated with an increased injury risk profile during cognitively challenging movements.
Topics: Humans; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Athletic Injuries; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cognition
PubMed: 36680310
DOI: 10.1177/19417381221146557 -
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related... Apr 2019
Topics: Humans; Military Medicine; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Orthopedic Procedures; Prognosis; Warfare; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 30839316
DOI: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000000695 -
Journal of Vascular Surgery Aug 2019Sport-related vascular trauma is an important consequence of increased physical activity. Repetitive, high-intensity movements predispose athletes to vascular disease,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE
Sport-related vascular trauma is an important consequence of increased physical activity. Repetitive, high-intensity movements predispose athletes to vascular disease, including arterial pathology, by exerting increased pressure on neurovascular structures. This is an important source of morbidity in an otherwise young and healthy population. Arterial pathology associated with repetitive trauma is often misdiagnosed as musculoskeletal injury. This article increases awareness of sport-related arterial disease by reviewing the symptomatology, investigation, and treatment modalities of this pathology. In addition, prognostic outcomes specific to the athlete are discussed.
RESULTS
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome and vascular quadrilateral space syndrome are associated with athletes involved in overhead throwing exercises. Sport-related arterial pathology of the lower limb include external iliac artery endofibrosis (EIAE), popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES), and adductor canal syndrome. Vascular stress and kinking secondary to vessel tethering are important contributors to pathology in EIAE. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome must also be considered, presenting with clinical features similar to PAES. In addition, athletes are predisposed to blunt mechanical trauma. Hypothenar hammer syndrome is one such example, contributing to a high burden of morbidity in this population.
CONCLUSIONS
In arterial thoracic outlet syndrome and vascular quadrilateral space syndrome, surgery is advocated in symptomatic individuals, with postoperative outcomes favorable for the athlete. Acute limb ischemia may occur as a result of secondary thrombosis or embolization, often without preceding claudication. PAES and adductor canal syndrome are associated with functional entrapment in the athlete, secondary to muscular hypertrophy. Surgical exploration may be indicated. Poorer outcomes are noted when this process is associated with vascular reconstruction. Surgical treatment of EIAE follows failure of conservative management, with limited data available on postoperative prognosis. Investigations for all these conditions should be targeted based on clinical suspicion. A delay in diagnosis can have severe consequences on return to competition in these high-functioning individuals.
Topics: Arteries; Athletes; Athletic Injuries; Humans; Recovery of Function; Return to Sport; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome; Vascular System Injuries
PubMed: 31113722
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2019.02.002 -
International Journal of Occupational... Jan 2020Police officers run a risk of injury that is higher than in most other occupations. This study aims to quantify injury prevalence and identify common musculoskeletal...
OBJECTIVES
Police officers run a risk of injury that is higher than in most other occupations. This study aims to quantify injury prevalence and identify common musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) among police officers, using injury data from a municipal police service in Alberta, Canada.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This is a descriptive study based on a secondary data analysis of the MSIs reported to the police service over a 41-month period; January 1, 2013 - June 2, 2016. Data from 1325 active police officers were examined, and injury prevalence was reported according to sex, injury diagnosis, the body part injured, and the work area.
RESULTS
The prevalence of strains and sprains was very high, at 89.2%. The back and shoulder were most frequently affected. Overall, injury proportions did not differ significantly across work areas. The injury risk was age-related but no significant differences in injuries between sexes were identified.
CONCLUSIONS
Minor injuries such as strains and sprains occur frequently in the police occupation. Future research should focus on specific risk factors for MSIs in police officers in order to aid prevention. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(1):59-66.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Alberta; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Musculoskeletal System; Occupational Injuries; Police; Prevalence; Sprains and Strains; Workplace
PubMed: 31691680
DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01454 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2020Despite advances in treatment and care, burn trauma remains the fourth most common type of traumatic injury. Burn-induced cardiac failure is a key factor for patient... (Review)
Review
Despite advances in treatment and care, burn trauma remains the fourth most common type of traumatic injury. Burn-induced cardiac failure is a key factor for patient mortality, especially during the initial post-burn period (the first 24 to 48 h). Mitochondria, among the most important subcellular organelles in cardiomyocytes, are a central player in determining the severity of myocardial damage. Defects in mitochondrial function and structure are involved in pathogenesis of numerous myocardial injuries and cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we comprehensively review the current findings on cardiac mitochondrial pathological changes and summarize burn-impaired mitochondrial respiration capacity and energy supply, induced mitochondrial oxidative stress, and increased cell death. The molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations are discussed, along with the possible influence of other biological variables. We hope this review will provide useful information to explore potential therapeutic approaches that target mitochondria for cardiac protection following burn injury.
Topics: Animals; Burns; Humans; Mitochondria, Heart; Myocardium; Myocytes, Cardiac; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 32932869
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186655 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020Single trauma injuries or isolated fractures are often manageable and generally heal without complications. In contrast, high-energy trauma results in multi/poly-trauma... (Review)
Review
Single trauma injuries or isolated fractures are often manageable and generally heal without complications. In contrast, high-energy trauma results in multi/poly-trauma injury patterns presenting imbalanced pro- and anti- inflammatory responses often leading to immune dysfunction. These injuries often exhibit delayed healing, leading to fibrosis of injury sites and delayed healing of fractures depending on the intensity of the compounding traumas. Immune dysfunction is accompanied by a temporal shift in the innate and adaptive immune cells distribution, triggered by the overwhelming release of an arsenal of inflammatory mediators such as complements, cytokines and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from necrotic cells. Recent studies have implicated this dysregulated inflammation in the poor prognosis of polytraumatic injuries, however, interventions focusing on immunomodulating inflammatory cellular composition and activation, if administered incorrectly, can result in immune suppression and unintended outcomes. Immunomodulation therapy is promising but should be conducted with consideration for the spatial and temporal distribution of the immune cells during impaired healing. This review describes the current state of knowledge in the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of immune cells at various stages during musculoskeletal wound healing, with a focus on recent advances in the field of Osteoimmunology, a study of the interface between the immune and skeletal systems, in long bone fractures. The goals of this review are to (1) discuss wound and fracture healing processes of normal and delayed healing in skeletal muscles and long bones; (2) provide a balanced perspective on temporal distributions of immune cells and skeletal cells during healing; and (3) highlight recent therapeutic interventions used to improve fracture healing. This review is intended to promote an understanding of the importance of inflammation during normal and delayed wound and fracture healing. Knowledge gained will be instrumental in developing novel immunomodulatory approaches for impaired healing.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Bony Callus; Fracture Healing; Hematoma; Humans; Immunomodulation; Inflammation; Multiple Trauma; Muscle, Skeletal; Musculoskeletal System; Regeneration; Time Factors; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32582170
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01056 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Research :... Jun 2022Brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) results in shoulder and elbow paralysis with shoulder internal rotation and elbow flexion contracture as frequent sequelae. The...
Brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) results in shoulder and elbow paralysis with shoulder internal rotation and elbow flexion contracture as frequent sequelae. The purpose of this study was to develop a technique for measuring functional movement and examine the effect of brachial plexus injury location (preganglionic and postganglionic) on functional movement outcomes in a rat model of BPBI, which we achieved through integration of gait analysis with musculoskeletal modeling and simulation. Eight weeks following unilateral brachial plexus injury, sagittal plane shoulder and elbow angles were extracted from gait recordings of young rats (n = 18), after which rats were sacrificed for bilateral muscle architecture measurements. Musculoskeletal models reflecting animal-specific muscle architecture parameters were used to simulate gait and extract muscle fiber lengths. The preganglionic neurectomy group spent significantly less (p = 0.00116) time in stance and walked with significantly less (p < 0.05) elbow flexion and shoulder protraction in the affected limb than postganglionic neurectomy or control groups. Linear regression revealed no significant linear relationship between passive shoulder external rotation and functional shoulder protraction range of motion. Despite significant restriction in longitudinal muscle growth, normalized functional fiber excursions did not differ significantly between groups. In fact, when superimposed on a normalized force-length curve, neurectomy-impaired muscle fibers (except subscapularis) accessed regions of the curve that overlapped with the control group. Our results suggest the presence of compensatory motor control strategies during locomotion following BPBI. The clinical implications of our findings support emphasis on functional movement analysis in treatment of BPBI, as functional and passive outcomes may differ substantially.
Topics: Animals; Birth Injuries; Brachial Plexus; Brachial Plexus Neuropathies; Range of Motion, Articular; Rats; Rotator Cuff; Shoulder Joint
PubMed: 34432311
DOI: 10.1002/jor.25173 -
Reviews on Environmental Health Jun 2016Musculoskeletal injury exerts a significant burden on US industry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and characteristics of musculoskeletal...
INTRODUCTION
Musculoskeletal injury exerts a significant burden on US industry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and characteristics of musculoskeletal injuries in the California (CA) film and motion picture (FMP) industry which may result in unforeseen morbidity and mortality.
METHODS
We reviewed the workers' compensation (WC) claims database of the Workers' Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California (WCIRB) and employment statistics through the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). We analyzed the frequency, type, body part affected, and cause of musculoskeletal injuries.
RESULTS
From 2003 to 2009, there were 3505 WC claims of which 94.4% were musculoskeletal. In the CA FMP industry, the most common injuries were strains (38.4%), sprains (12.2%), and fractures (11.7%). The most common sites of isolated injury were the knee (18.9%), lower back (15.0%), and ankle (8.6%). Isolated musculoskeletal spine injuries represented 19.3% of all injuries. The most common causes of injury were work-directed activity (36.0%) and falls (25.5%).
CONCLUSION
We present the first report on the unique profile of musculoskeletal injury claims in the FMP industry. This data provides direction for improvement of workplace safety.
Topics: California; Databases, Factual; Humans; Industry; Motion Pictures; Musculoskeletal System; Occupational Injuries; Risk; Workers' Compensation
PubMed: 26812757
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0023