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Journal of Food and Drug Analysis Mar 2023Erinacines derived from Hericium erinaceus have been shown to possess various health benefits including neuroprotective effect against neurodegenerative diseases, yet...
Erinacines derived from Hericium erinaceus have been shown to possess various health benefits including neuroprotective effect against neurodegenerative diseases, yet the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we found that erinacine S enhances neurite outgrowth in a cell autonomous fashion. It promotes post-injury axon regeneration of PNS neurons and enhances regeneration on inhibitory substrates of CNS neurons. Using RNA-seq and bioinformatic analyses, erinacine S was found to cause the accumulation of neurosteroids in neurons. ELISA and neurosteroidogenesis inhibitor assays were performed to validate this effect. This research uncovers a previously unknown effect of erinacine S on raising the level of neurosteroids.
Topics: Axons; Nerve Regeneration; Neurosteroids; Mycelium; Neurons
PubMed: 37224554
DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3446 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2022The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, determine and quantify the phenolic compounds and other compounds, and evaluate the cellular...
Biochemical characterization and biological properties of mycelium extracts from Lepista sordida GMA-05 and Trametes hirsuta GMA-01: new mushroom strains isolated in Brazil.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, determine and quantify the phenolic compounds and other compounds, and evaluate the cellular cytotoxicity of mycelium extracts of two new Basidiomycete mushrooms strains isolated in Brazil and identified as Lepista sordida GMA-05 and Trametes hirsuta GMA-01. Higher amounts of proteins, free amino acids, total and reducing carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds as chlorogenic, ferulic, caffeic, and gallic acids were found in extracts of T. hirsuta and L. sordida. Protocatechuic acid was found only in aqueous extracts of L. sordida. The TLC of the extracts showed the predominance of glucose and smaller amounts of xylose. It was observed through UPLC-MS higher amounts of phenolic compounds. The aqueous extract from T. hirsuta had the most noteworthy results in the antioxidant assays, especially the ABTS test. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated using two different cell lineages and showed higher toxicity for L. sordida in macrophages J774-A1. However, in Vero cells, it was 12.6-fold less toxic when compared to T. hirsuta. Thus, both mushrooms show potential as functional foods or additives, presenting phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and low cytotoxic activity in the tested cells.
Topics: Agaricales; Animals; Antioxidants; Brazil; Chlorocebus aethiops; Chromatography, Liquid; Mycelium; Plant Extracts; Polyporaceae; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Trametes; Vero Cells
PubMed: 35076897
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00670-5 -
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... May 2019Filamentous fungi are one of the platforms for producing fermented products. The specific characteristic of their submerged fermentation is the aggregation of mycelia... (Review)
Review
Filamentous fungi are one of the platforms for producing fermented products. The specific characteristic of their submerged fermentation is the aggregation of mycelia that is affected by environmental conditions, leading to significantly different rheology for fermentation broth. Such a rheological change not only affects the transfer of mass, heat and momentum, but also the biosynthesis of target products and the efficiency of their production. In this article, strategies for morphological regulation of filamentous fungi are reviewed, and the impact of calcium signal transduction and chitin biosynthesis on apical growth of hyphae and branching of mycelia for their aggregation are further commented.
Topics: Fermentation; Fungi; Hot Temperature; Mycelium; Rheology
PubMed: 31222993
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.180394 -
International Microbiology : the... Jan 2021Sporothrix schenckii is a thermally dimorphic fungus. In a saprotrophic environment or culturing at 25 °C, it grows as mycelia, whereas in host tissues or culturing at...
PURPOSE
Sporothrix schenckii is a thermally dimorphic fungus. In a saprotrophic environment or culturing at 25 °C, it grows as mycelia, whereas in host tissues or culturing at 37 °C, it undergoes dimorphic transition and division into pathogenic yeast cells. S. schenckii can cause serious disseminated sporotrichosis in immunocompromised hosts and presents an emerging global health problem. The mycelium-to-yeast transition was a consequence of the adaptive process to different environment. Some studies showed that the transition was significantly related to the virulence and pathogenesis of dimorphic fungi. However the genetic mechanisms of this complicated biological process are poorly understood.
METHOD
Our study presented a comparative transcriptomic analysis perspective on temperature stress in a visceral isolates of S. schenckii, obtaining more genetic information related to dimorphic transition.
RESULTS
The 9.38 Gbp dataset was generated and assembled into 14,423 unigenes. Compared with gene and protein databases, 9561 unigenes were annotated. Comparative analysis identified 1259 genes expressed differentially in mycelium and yeast phase, and were categorized into a number of important biological processes, such as synthesis and metabolism, transmembrane transport, biocatalysis, oxidation reduction, and cellular signal transduction.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggested that temperature-dependent transition was tightly associated with stress adaptation, growth and development, signal regulation, adhesion, and colonization, which was predicted to be related with virulence and pathogenesis. Collection of these data should offer fine-scale insights into the mechanisms of dimorphism and pathogenesis of S. schenckii, and meanwhile facilitate the evolutionary and function studies of other dimorphic fungi.
Topics: Animals; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Humans; Mycelium; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis; Stress, Physiological; Temperature; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 32691258
DOI: 10.1007/s10123-020-00136-y -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023Gradient porous structures (GPS) are characterized by structural variations along a specific direction, leading to enhanced mechanical and functional properties compared...
Gradient porous structures (GPS) are characterized by structural variations along a specific direction, leading to enhanced mechanical and functional properties compared to homogeneous structures. This study explores the potential of mycelium, the root part of a fungus, as a biomaterial for generating GPS. During the intentional growth of mycelium, the filamentous network undergoes structural changes as the hyphae grow away from the feed substrate. Through microstructural analysis of sections obtained from the mycelium tissue, systematic variations in fiber characteristics (such as fiber radii distribution, crosslink density, network density, segment length) and pore characteristics (including pore size, number, porosity) are observed. Furthermore, the mesoscale mechanical moduli of the mycelium networks exhibit a gradual variation in local elastic modulus, with a significant change of approximately 50% across a 30 mm thick mycelium tissue. The structure-property analysis reveals a direct correlation between the local mechanical moduli and the network crosslink density of the mycelium. This study presents the potential of controlling growth conditions to generate mycelium-based GPS with desired functional properties. This approach, which is both sustainable and economically viable, expands the applications of mycelium-based GPS to include filtration membranes, bio-scaffolds, tissue regeneration platforms, and more.
Topics: Tissue Scaffolds; Porosity; Biocompatible Materials; Elastic Modulus; Mycelium
PubMed: 37935723
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45842-5 -
Scientific Reports May 2024The ecological and economic benefits of mycelium composites offer a promising opportunity for supporting sustainable development in Africa. This study focuses on...
The ecological and economic benefits of mycelium composites offer a promising opportunity for supporting sustainable development in Africa. This study focuses on assessing the environmental impact of mycelium composites for building and construction (MCBs) by conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA) in the context of Africa. It is demonstrated that the potential environmental impact of MCBs is substantially influenced by the use and source of electrical power for autoclaves, incubators, and ovens, making the culturing and post-processing phases the major environmental hotspots. The impact of MCB production is also relative to the energy mix of specific countries, being higher in countries that rely on fossil fuel energy (e.g., South Africa) and lower in those that rely more on renewable sources (e.g., Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC). Furthermore, the impact of MCB production is found to be sensitive to travel distance, suggesting that situating production facilities closer to agricultural, agro-industrial, and/or forestry waste sources could be more beneficial than interregional sourcing, for example. It is also demonstrated that MCBs have the potential to be a more ecologically sustainable alternative to some conventional construction materials (e.g., concrete) over an entire life cycle. Based on the insights obtained from this LCA, some recommendations have been proposed to address potential environmental repercussions pre-emptively and proactively: this is particularly important for nations, mainly in the Global South, that exhibit low resilience to climate change due to limited economic resources. Furthermore, with the rapid expansion of mycelium composite technology, there is a need to increase awareness about its potential environmental impact and, ultimately, to mitigate its potential contribution to pressing environmental concerns (e.g., global warming and climate change). Consequently, this study also adds to the existing body of literature on LCA studies, delineating key factors for consideration in future LCA studies and providing guidance for the sustainable establishment and expansion of this technology.
Topics: Mycelium; Africa; Construction Materials; Environment; Sustainable Development
PubMed: 38789584
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62561-7 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2019Novel hybrid panel composites based on wood, fungal mycelium, and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were developed and investigated in the present study. In one set of...
Novel hybrid panel composites based on wood, fungal mycelium, and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were developed and investigated in the present study. In one set of experiments, mycelium was grown on softwood particles to produce mycelium-modified wood which was then hybridized with various levels of CNF as binder. The other set of experiments were conducted on unmodified wood particles mixed with CNF and pure mycelium tissue. It was found that the composites made of mycelium-modified wood and CNF resulted in enhanced physical and mechanical properties compared to the ones made by physically mixing wood, mycelium, and CNF. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that mycelium modification covered wood particles with a network of fungal hyphae whereas CNF formed a uniform mycelial film over wood particles. Mycelium modification had a significant effect on reducing water absorption and thickness swelling of the hybrid composites and CNF increased the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, optimally at 2.5% addition. We also present results and analysis pertaining to the development of unique lightweight composite systems with physical and mechanical properties optimized at 5% CNF addition with potential to be used in packaging and furniture applications.
Topics: Cellulose; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Mycelium; Nanofibers; Particle Size; Tensile Strength; Wood
PubMed: 30842558
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40442-8 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2022Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common, chronic, and relapsing skin disease. The roles of spp. in the pathogenesis of SD are still not clear due to the lack of direct...
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common, chronic, and relapsing skin disease. The roles of spp. in the pathogenesis of SD are still not clear due to the lack of direct evidence for the existence of hyphae within affected skin tissues. We set out to elucidate if mycelium contributes to the onset and development of SD and if mycelium is correlated with the clinical severity of SD patients. We detected hyphae in patients with SD using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and calcofluor white (CFW) staining. Fluorescent microscopy was performed for the analysis of fungal cell wall and morphological characteristics of under CFW staining. Culture growth in modified Dixon agar was used for DNA extraction and sequencing, and species were confirmed by a sequencing data BLAST search against the NCBI database. We demonstrated that hyphae were positively correlated with the clinical severity of SD patients (= 3.1738 × 10). All the patients responded well to antifungal treatment. There is no significant difference for species dominance across the variant groups. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of how spp. affect SD need to be further explored. The results show that spp. in the hyphal stage are restricted to SD patients compared with healthy controls, suggesting that the presence of hyphae contributes to the pathogenesis of SD. The results highlight the importance of the antifungal therapy for the future treatment of SD patients. Our results support the proposal that the hyphal form of could be one of the pathogenic factors that contribute to SD, which has been previously less well studied. This clinical observation paves the way for further investigations of the molecular mechanisms of hyphal pathogenicity in SD.
Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Dermatomycoses; Female; Humans; Hyphae; Malassezia; Male; Middle Aged; Skin
PubMed: 35019692
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01169-21 -
Microbiology Spectrum Sep 2021Aspergillus oryzae is a safe filamentous fungus widely used in the food, medicine, and feed industries, but there is currently not enough research on the light response...
Aspergillus oryzae is a safe filamentous fungus widely used in the food, medicine, and feed industries, but there is currently not enough research on the light response of A. oryzae. In this study, 12 different light conditions were set and A. oryzae GDMCC 3.31 was continuously irradiated for 72 h to investigate the effect of light on mycelial growth and conidium production. Specifically, each light condition was the combination of one light wavelength (475, 520, or 630 nm) and one light intensity (20, 40, 60, or 80 μmol photon m s). The results show that mycelium growth was inhibited significantly by green light (wavelength of 520 nm and intensities of 20 and 60 μmol photon m s) and blue light (wavelength of 475 nm and intensity of 80 μmol photon m s). The production of conidia was suppressed only by blue light (wavelength of 475 nm and intensities of 40, 60, and 80 μmol photon m s), and those levels of inhibition increased when the intensity of blue light increased. When the strain was irradiated by blue light (80 μmol photon m s), the number of conidia was 57.4% less than that of the darkness group. However, within our set range of light intensities, A. oryzae GDMCC 3.31 was insensitive to red light (wavelength of 630 nm) in terms of mycelium growth and conidium production. Moreover, interaction effects between light wavelength and intensity were found to exist in terms of colony diameter and the number of conidia. This research investigated the light response of A. oryzae, which may provide a new method to regulate mixed strains in fermented foods by light. Studies on the monochromatic light response of Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa have gone deep into the molecular mechanism. However, research methods for the light response of A. oryzae remain in the use of white light sources. In this study, we first demonstrated that A. oryzae GDMCC 3.31 was sensitive to light wavelength and intensity. We have observed that blue light inhibited its growth and sporulation and the inhibitory effect increased with intensity. This research not only adds new content to the study of the photoreaction of Aspergillus but also brings new possibilities for the use of light to regulate mixed strains and ultimately improve the flavor quality of fermented foods.
Topics: Aspergillus oryzae; Light; Mycelium; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 34346745
DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.00213-21 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018species are the major cause of health concern worldwide in immunocompromised individuals. Opportunistic cause invasive to allergic aspergillosis, whereas... (Review)
Review
species are the major cause of health concern worldwide in immunocompromised individuals. Opportunistic cause invasive to allergic aspergillosis, whereas non-infectious have contributed to understand the biology of eukaryotic organisms and serve as a model organism. Morphotypes of such as conidia or mycelia/hyphae helped them to survive in favorable or unfavorable environmental conditions. These morphotypes contribute to virulence, pathogenicity and invasion into hosts by excreting proteins, enzymes or toxins. Morphological transition of species has been a critical step to infect host or to colonize on food products. Thus, we reviewed proteins from to understand the biological processes, biochemical, and cellular pathways that are involved in transition and morphogenesis. We majorly analyzed proteomic studies on , and to gain insight into mechanisms involved in the transition from conidia to mycelia along with the role of secondary metabolites. Proteome analysis of morphotypes of provided information on key biological pathways required to exit conidial dormancy, consortia of virulent factors and mycotoxins during the transition. The application of proteomic approaches has uncovered the biological processes during development as well as intermediates of secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathway. We listed key proteins/ enzymes or toxins at different morphological types of that could be applicable in discovery of novel therapeutic targets or metabolite based diagnostic markers.
Topics: Aspergillosis; Aspergillus; Fungal Proteins; Humans; Hyphae; Mycelium; Mycotoxins; Proteome; Proteomics; Secondary Metabolism; Spores, Fungal; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 29896454
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00180