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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... May 2023Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer and is characterized by high metastatic potential. Despite improvements in early diagnosis and treatment, the...
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer and is characterized by high metastatic potential. Despite improvements in early diagnosis and treatment, the mortality rate among metastatic melanoma patients continues to represent a significant clinical challenge. Therefore, it is imperative that we search for new forms of treatment. Trametes versicolor is a mushroom commonly used in Chinese traditional medicine due to its numerous beneficial properties. In the present work, we demonstrate T. versicolor fruiting body and mycelium ethanol extracts exhibit potent cytotoxic activity towards A375 (IC = 663.3 and 114.5 µg/mL respectively) and SK-MEL-5 (IC = 358.4 and 88.6 µg/mL respectively) human melanoma cell lines. Further studies revealed that T. versicolor mycelium extract induced apoptotic cell death and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, upregulated the expression of autophagy-associated marker LC3-II, increased the presentation of major histocompatibility complex II and expression of programmed death-ligand receptor, and inhibited cell migration in SK-MEL-5 cells. Therefore, our present findings highlight the therapeutic potential of T. versicolor mycelium extract for the treatment of melanoma and merit further study.
Topics: Humans; Trametes; Polyporaceae; Antineoplastic Agents; Mycelium
PubMed: 36827712
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114424 -
Journal of Biosciences 2023When a conidium (vegetative spore) or ascospore (sexually produced spore) of the filamentous fungus germinates, it produces a long narrow filamentous multinucleate cell...
When a conidium (vegetative spore) or ascospore (sexually produced spore) of the filamentous fungus germinates, it produces a long narrow filamentous multinucleate cell called a hypha. Hyphae grow by elongation, they can branch, and the tips of branches can also rejoin by fusion. Growth, branching, and fusion create an interconnected web, called a mycelium, within which cytoplasmic continuity is maintained. Some researchers have focused their studies on hyphal elongation and branching, others on formation of conidia and ascospores, and still others, prominently Andre Fleißner, Nick Read, Louise Glass, and colleagues, on tip fusion. Each of these fundamental processes contributes to the development of species-characteristic mycelial morphology. Using the fluorescently tagged proteins MAK-2 and SO, they made the startling discovery that when tips of freshly germinated and genetically identical conidia (germlings) came within 15 μm of each other, each tip took turns to send and receive a molecular signal in an oscillatory back-and-forth manner.
Topics: Spores, Fungal; Mycelium; Cell Communication; Cytoplasm; Neurospora crassa
PubMed: 36721877
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023MYB transcription factors (TFs) have been extensively studied in plant abiotic stress responses and growth and development. However, the role of MYB TFs in the heat...
MYB transcription factors (TFs) have been extensively studied in plant abiotic stress responses and growth and development. However, the role of MYB TFs in the heat stress response and growth and development of remains unclear. To investigate the function of , , and TFs in , mutant strains of , , and were generated using RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression (OE) techniques. The results indicated that the mycelia of OE-, OE-, and RNAi- mutant strains exhibited positive effects under heat stress at 32 °C, 36 °C, and 40 °C. Compared to wild-type strains, the OE-, OE-, and RNAi- mutant strains promoted the growth and development of . These mutant strains also facilitated the recovery of growth and development of after 24 h of 36 °C heat stress. In conclusion, the expression of and supports the mycelium's response to heat stress and enhances the growth and development of , whereas produces the opposite effect.
Topics: Pleurotus; Heat-Shock Response; Mycelium; RNA Interference; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 37686365
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713559 -
Toxins Jun 2023, known as the major ochratoxin A (OTA) producer, usually occurs on agricultural crops, fruits, and dry-cured meats. Microorganisms produce OTA to adapt to the high...
, known as the major ochratoxin A (OTA) producer, usually occurs on agricultural crops, fruits, and dry-cured meats. Microorganisms produce OTA to adapt to the high osmotic pressure environment that is generated during food processing and storage. To investigate the relationship between OTA biosynthesis and the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, the transcription factor gene in was functionally characterised by means of a loss-of-function mutant. Our findings demonstrated that the growth and OTA production of a mutant lacking decreased significantly and was more sensitive to high osmotic media. The mutant displayed a lower growth rate and a 73.16% reduction in OTA production in the wheat medium compared to the wild type. After three days of culture, the growth rate of the mutant in medium with 60 g/L NaCl and 150 g/L glucose was slowed down 19.57% and 13.21%, respectively. Additionally, the expression of OTA biosynthesis genes was significantly reduced by the deletion of the gene. The infection ability of the mutant was decreased, and the scab diameter of the pear was 6% smaller than that of the wild type. These data revealed that transcription factor AwHog1 plays a key role in the osmotic response, growth, OTA production, and pathogenicity in .
Topics: Transcription Factors; Osmoregulation; Virulence; Ochratoxins; Mycelium
PubMed: 37505700
DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070432 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2021(Tiger's Milk mushroom) is a novel mushroom with sclerotium belonging to the family and has been reported widely to possess anti-cancer, anti-cough, antioxidant,...
(Tiger's Milk mushroom) is a novel mushroom with sclerotium belonging to the family and has been reported widely to possess anti-cancer, anti-cough, antioxidant, gastro-protective, immuno-modulating, and neurite-stimulating properties. As numerous studies have proven the tremendous medicinal values of , it is necessary to understand its nutrition as well as its safety for the recipient. Previous research on has mainly focused on the naturally occurring sclerotium and may have overlooked mushroom mycelia from submerged liquid fermentation, which ensures a high uniform quantitative biomass production as well as a high biological value. Hence, this is the first report on the evaluation of nutrition and 13-week repeated oral toxicity of mycelium (LRM). The LRM powder contained 9.0 ± 4.2% moisture, 1.9 ± 1.3% ash, 1.6 ± 2.2% crude lipid, 8.4 ± 5.3% crude protein, 79.3 ± 4.6% carbohydrate, and 364 kcal/100 g energy. The total free amino acid ranged from 349 to 5636 mg/100 g and the umami index of freeze-dried LRM powder was 0.37. For safety assessment, ninety-six rats were divided into four groups, each consisting of twelve male and twelve female rats. Test articles were administered by oral gavage to rats at 850, 1700, and 3400 mg/kg body weight/day for 13 weeks and reverse osmosis water was used as the control. All animals survived to the end of the study. During the experiment period, no abnormal changes were observed in clinical signs, body weight, or ophthalmological examinations. No adverse or test article-related differences were found in urinalysis, hematology, or serum biochemistry parameters between the treatment and control groups. Necropsy and histopathological examination indicated no treatment-related changes. According to the above results, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of was identified to be greater than 3400 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Female; Male; Mycelium; Polyporaceae; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Toxicity Tests, Subchronic
PubMed: 33572641
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031271 -
The New Phytologist Jan 2023Ectomycorrhizal exploration types are commonly assumed to denote spatial foraging patterns and resource-related niches of extraradical mycelia. However, empirical...
Ectomycorrhizal exploration types are commonly assumed to denote spatial foraging patterns and resource-related niches of extraradical mycelia. However, empirical evidence of the consistency of foraging strategies within exploration types is lacking. Here, we analysed ectomycorrhizal foraging patterns by incubating root-excluding ingrowth mesh bags filled with six different substrates in mature Picea abies forests. High-throughput sequencing was used to characterise ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the mesh bags and on adjacent fine roots after one growing season. Contrary to expectations, many ectomycorrhizal genera of exploration types that are thought to produce little extraradical mycelium colonised ingrowth bags extensively, whereas genera commonly associated with ample mycelial production occurred sparsely in ingrowth bags relative to their abundance on roots. Previous assumptions about soil foraging patterns of exploration types do not seem to hold. Instead, we propose that variation in the proliferation of extraradical mycelium is related to intergeneric differences in mycelial longevity and the mobility of targeted resources.
Topics: Mycorrhizae; Forests; Mycelium; Soil Microbiology; Soil; Plant Roots; Trees
PubMed: 36271619
DOI: 10.1111/nph.18566 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jun 2019Viroids are pathogenic agents that have a small, circular noncoding RNA genome. They have been found only in plant species; therefore, their infectivity and...
Viroids are pathogenic agents that have a small, circular noncoding RNA genome. They have been found only in plant species; therefore, their infectivity and pathogenicity in other organisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate whether plant viroids can replicate and induce symptoms in filamentous fungi. Seven plant viroids representing viroid groups that replicate in either the nucleus or chloroplast of plant cells were inoculated to three plant pathogenic fungi, , , and By transfection of fungal spheroplasts with viroid RNA transcripts, each of the three, hop stunt viroid (HSVd), iresine 1 viroid, and avocado sunblotch viroid, can stably replicate in at least one of those fungi. The viroids are horizontally transmitted through hyphal anastomosis and vertically through conidia. HSVd infection severely debilitates the growth of but not that of the other two fungi, while in and , with deletion of dicer-like genes, the primary components of the RNA-silencing pathway, HSVd accumulation increases. We further demonstrate that HSVd can be bidirectionally transferred between and plants during infection. The viroids also efficiently infect fungi and induce disease symptoms when the viroid RNAs are exogenously applied to the fungal mycelia. These findings enhance our understanding of viroid replication, host range, and pathogenicity, and of their potential spread to other organisms in nature.
Topics: Disease Transmission, Infectious; Fungi; Mycelium; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; RNA, Viral; Viroids; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31182602
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900762116 -
The ISME Journal Apr 2020Filamentous fungi play a key role as decomposers in Earth's nutrient cycles. In soils, substrates are heterogeneously distributed in microenvironments. Hence, individual...
Filamentous fungi play a key role as decomposers in Earth's nutrient cycles. In soils, substrates are heterogeneously distributed in microenvironments. Hence, individual hyphae of a mycelium may experience very different environmental conditions simultaneously. In the current work, we investigated how fungi cope with local environmental variations at single-cell level. We developed a method based on infrared spectroscopy that allows the direct, in-situ chemical imaging of the decomposition activity of individual hyphal tips. Colonies of the ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete Paxillus involutus were grown on liquid media, while parts of colonies were allowed to colonize lignin patches. Oxidative decomposition of lignin by individual hyphae growing under different conditions was followed for a period of seven days. We identified two sub-populations of hyphal tips: one with low decomposition activity and one with much higher activity. Active cells secreted more extracellular polymeric substances and oxidized lignin more strongly. The ratio of active to inactive hyphae strongly depended on the environmental conditions in lignin patches, but was further mediated by the decomposition activity of entire mycelia. Phenotypic heterogeneity occurring between genetically identical hyphal tips may be an important strategy for filamentous fungi to cope with heterogeneous and constantly changing soil environments.
Topics: Agaricales; Basidiomycota; Environmental Microbiology; Fungi; Hyphae; Mycelium; Mycorrhizae; Nutrients; Soil
PubMed: 31896790
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0583-9 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Dec 2022Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known signaling molecule in various organisms. undergoes complex morphological differentiation, similar to that of fungi. A recent study...
Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known signaling molecule in various organisms. undergoes complex morphological differentiation, similar to that of fungi. A recent study revealed a nitrogen oxide metabolic cycle that forms NO in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) M145. Further, endogenously produced NO serves as a signaling molecule. Here, we report that endogenously produced NO regulates cyclic 3',5'-diguanylate (c-di-GMP) levels and controls aerial mycelium formation through the c-di-GMP-binding transcriptional regulator BldD in S. coelicolor A3(2) M145. These observations provide important insights into the mechanisms regulating morphological differentiation. This is the first study to demonstrate a link between NO and c-di-GMP in S. coelicolor A3(2) M145. Morphological differentiation is closely linked to the initiation of secondary metabolism in actinomycetes. Thus, the NO signaling-based regulation of aerial mycelium formation has potential applications in the fermentation industry employing useful actinomycetes. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells utilize nitric oxide (NO) to regulate physiological functions. Besides its role as a producer of different bioactive substances, is suggested to be involved in mycelial development regulated by endogenously produced NO. However, the regulatory mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we proposed that NO signaling is involved in aerial mycelium formation in S. coelicolor A3(2) M145. NO serves as a signaling molecule for the regulation of intracellular cyclic 3',5'-diguanylate (c-di-GMP) levels, resulting in aerial mycelium formation controlled by a c-di-GMP receptor, BldD. As the abundant production of valuable secondary metabolites is closely related to the initiation of morphological differentiation in , NO may provide value for application in industrial fermentation by serving as a tool for regulating secondary metabolism.
Topics: Streptomyces coelicolor; Nitric Oxide; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Streptomyces; Mycelium
PubMed: 36354316
DOI: 10.1128/aem.01222-22 -
BMC Microbiology Oct 2023Agitation speed influenced the production rate of laccase. Orbital speed not only influenced the enzyme production, but was also effective to dissolve the oxygen during...
BACKGROUND
Agitation speed influenced the production rate of laccase. Orbital speed not only influenced the enzyme production, but was also effective to dissolve the oxygen during growth of mycelium, spores, and chlamydospores. Shear effects of speed greatly influenced the morphology of mycelium.
METHODS
Ganoderma multistipitatum was identified by ITS marker. Phylogenetic tree was constructed for species identification. Qualitatively by plate method contained guaiacol indicator, while quantitatively by submerged fermentation and Central Composite Design applied on agitation parameter for maximum laccase potential of this species. The effects of agitation speed on mycelium morphology were observed under compound and scanning electron microscope.
RESULTS
Statistical optimization of agitation conditions were performed by using response surface methodology to enhance the production of laccase from Ganoderma multistipitatum sp. nov. Maximum laccase yield (19.44 × 10 ± 0.28 U/L) was obtained at 150 rpm grown culture, which was higher than predicted value of laccase production (19.18 × 10 U/L) under aerobic conditions (150 rpm). The 150 rpm provided the continuous flush of oxygen. The DO (dissolved oxygen) was maximum (65%) for "27 h" incubation at 150 rpm during laccase synthesis. The statistical value of laccase production was minimum under anaerobic or nearly static condition of 50 rpm. The predicted (12.78 × 10 U/L) and obtained (12.82 × 10 U/L) yield was low at 50 rpm. Optimization of orbital shaking for aeration conditions were performed by the use of "Response Surface Methodology". The submerged shaking flasks were utilized as a nutrients growth medium to maximize the production of laccase from G. multistipitatum. The minimum incubation time highly influenced the laccase yield from 7 to 15 days via utilization of less cost-effective medium under a promising and eco-friendly method. The morphological effects of rpm on mycelium were examined under compound and scanning electron microscopy. Higher rpm (200, 230) shear the mycelium, while 150 to 200 rpm exhibited smoother and highly dense branches of mycelia.
CONCLUSION
The shear forces of 200 rpm caused the damages of mycelium and cells autolysis with less laccase production. This study concluded that 150 rpm saved the life of mycelium and enhanced the production rate of enzymes.
Topics: Laccase; Oxygen; Ganoderma; Phylogeny; Fermentation; Mycelium; Bioreactors; Culture Media
PubMed: 37784032
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03009-2