-
Emerging Infectious Diseases Apr 2021The main etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB) in livestock is Mycobacterium bovis; human TB cases caused by M. bovis are rare. Analysis of a TB outbreak caused by...
The main etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB) in livestock is Mycobacterium bovis; human TB cases caused by M. bovis are rare. Analysis of a TB outbreak caused by polyresistant M. bovis involving a human and sympatric sheep in Spain suggests local circulation of drug-resistant M. bovis strains among livestock.
Topics: Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Livestock; Mycobacterium bovis; Sheep; Spain; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 33755008
DOI: 10.3201/eid2704.204467 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jul 2017Members of the complex (MTBC) have evolved causing tuberculosis (TB) in different mammalian hosts. MTBC ecotypes have adapted to diverse animal species, with being the... (Review)
Review
Members of the complex (MTBC) have evolved causing tuberculosis (TB) in different mammalian hosts. MTBC ecotypes have adapted to diverse animal species, with being the most common cause of TB in livestock. Cattle-to-human transmission of through ingestion of raw milk was common before introduction of the pasteurization process. TB in humans is mainly caused by . This bacterium is considered a genetically clonal pathogen that has coevolved with humans due to its ability to manipulate and subvert the immune response. TB is a major public health problem due to airborne person-to-person transmission of . The essential yet unanswered question on the natural history of TB is when decides to establish latent infection in the host (resambling the lysogenic cycle of lambda phage) or to cause pulmonary disease (comparable to the lytic cycle of lambda phage). In this latter case, kills the host with the aim of achieving transmission to new hosts. Combating the TB epidemic requires stopping transmission. BCG, the present vaccine against TB, is derived from and only protects against disseminated forms of TB. Thus, a priority in TB research is development of new effective vaccines to prevent pulmonary disease. Attenuated vaccines based on as MTBVAC are potential candidates that could contribute to break the TB transmission cycle.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Humans; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis Vaccines
PubMed: 28710848
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.MTBP-0001-2016 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2016The species Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis are the causal agents, respectively, of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in animals....
The species Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis are the causal agents, respectively, of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in animals. Both mycobacteria, especially M. bovis, are also important to public health because they can infect humans. In recent years, this and the impact of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis on animal production have led to significant advances in knowledge about both pathogens and their host interactions. This article describes the contribution of genomics and functional genomics to studies of the evolution, virulence, epidemiology and diagnosis of both these pathogenic mycobacteria.
Topics: Animals; Evolution, Molecular; Genomics; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Molecular Epidemiology; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium bovis; Tuberculosis; Virulence
PubMed: 27217180
DOI: 10.20506/rst.35.1.2429 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jan 2018Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is the main causative agent of bovine zoonotic tuberculosis. The aim of this systematic review is to highlight the occupational exposure... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is the main causative agent of bovine zoonotic tuberculosis. The aim of this systematic review is to highlight the occupational exposure to bovine tuberculosis due to M. bovis.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
A computer based literature search was carried out to identify papers published between January 2006 and March 2017. "PubMed, Cochrane Library and Science Direct" databases were searched systematically. Articles presenting the following properties were included: (i) focusing on M. bovis; (ii) concerning occupational exposure to bovine tuberculosis. A quality assessment was performed after selection of studies. Our search strategy identified a total of 3,264 papers of which 29 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of the 29 articles, 17 were cross-sectional studies (6 were of high quality and scored in the range of 6-7, 11 were of moderate quality and scored in the range 3-5), 10 were case reports, and 2 were reviews. Different occupational fields exposing to the disease were described: livestock sector, particularly in contact with dairy cattle (farmers, veterinaries and assistants, abattoir workers) and working in contact with wildlife (hunters, taxidermists).
CONCLUSIONS
A specific guideline for occupational practitioners taking care of employees exposed to bovine tuberculosis is warranted and should be tailored to level of exposure. This review was intended to be the first step of such a project. Articles were identified from various continents and countries with different socio-economic situations, broadening our understanding of the worldwide situation. Published data on occupational exposure in developed countries are scarce. We had to extrapolate findings from countries with higher prevalence of the disease.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Mycobacterium bovis; Occupational Exposure; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 29337996
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006208 -
International Archives of Occupational... Aug 2021Zoonotic tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) has increasingly gathered attention as a public... (Review)
Review
Zoonotic tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) has increasingly gathered attention as a public health risk, particularly in developing countries with higher disease prevalence. M. bovis is capable of infecting multiple hosts encompassing a number of domestic animals, in particular cattle as well as a broad range of wildlife reservoirs. Humans are the incidental hosts of M. bovis whereby its transmission to humans is primarily through the consumption of cattle products such as unpasteurized milk or raw meat products that have been contaminated with M. bovis or the transmission could be due to close contact with infected cattle. Also, the transmission could occur through aerosol inhalation of infective droplets or infected body fluids or tissues in the presence of wound from infected animals. The zoonotic risk of M. bovis in humans exemplified by miscellaneous studies across different countries suggested the risk of occupational exposure towards M. bovis infection, especially those animal handlers that have close and unreserved contact with cattle and wildlife populations These animal handlers comprising of livestock farmers, abattoir workers, veterinarians and their assistants, hunters, wildlife workers as well as other animal handlers are at different risk of contracting M. bovis infection, depending on the nature of their jobs and how close is their interaction with infected animals. It is crucial to identify the underlying transmission risk factors and probable transmission pathways involved in the zoonotic transmission of M. bovis from animals to humans for better designation and development of specific preventive measures and guidelines that could reduce the risk of transmission and to protect these different occupational-related/populations at risk. Effective control and disease management of zoonotic tuberculosis caused by M. bovis in humans are also hindered by various challenges and factors involved at animal-human interface. A closer look into factors affecting proper disease control and management of M. bovis are therefore warranted. Hence, in this narrative review, we have gathered a number of different studies to highlight the risk of occupational exposure to M. bovis infection and addressed the limitations and challenges underlying this context. This review also shed lights on various components and approaches in tackling M. bovis infection at animal-human interface.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mycobacterium bovis; Occupational Exposure; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 33725176
DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01677-z -
Journal of Evolutionary Biology Apr 2021Within host populations, individuals can vary in their susceptibility to infections and in the severity and progression of disease once infected. Though mediated through...
Within host populations, individuals can vary in their susceptibility to infections and in the severity and progression of disease once infected. Though mediated through differences in behaviour, resistance or tolerance, variation in disease outcomes ultimately stems from genetic and environmental (including social) factors. Despite obvious implications for the evolutionary, ecological and epidemiological dynamics of disease traits, the relative importance of these factors has rarely been quantified in naturally infected wild animal hosts. Here, we use a long-term capture-mark-recapture study of group-living European badgers (Meles meles) to characterize genetic and environmental sources of variation in host infection status by Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). We find that genetic factors contribute to M. bovis infection status, whether measured over a lifetime or across repeated captures. In the latter case, the heritability (h ) of infection status is close to zero in cubs and yearlings but increases in adulthood. Overall, environmental influences arising from a combination of social group membership (defined in time and space) and maternal effects appear to be more important than genetic factors. Thus, while genes do contribute to among-individual variation, they play a comparatively minor role, meaning that rapid evolution of host defences under parasite-mediated selection is unlikely (especially if selection is on young animals where h is lowest). Conversely, our results lend further support to the view that social and early-life environments are important drivers of the dynamics of bTB infection in badger populations specifically, and of disease traits in wild hosts more generally.
Topics: Animals; Female; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Male; Models, Biological; Mustelidae; Mycobacterium bovis; Quantitative Trait, Heritable; Social Behavior; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 33617698
DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13775 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2016In this article we present experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection models in domestic livestock species and how these models were applied to vaccine development,... (Review)
Review
In this article we present experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection models in domestic livestock species and how these models were applied to vaccine development, biomarker discovery, and the definition of specific antigens for the differential diagnosis of infected and vaccinated animals. In particular, we highlight synergies between human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) research approaches and data and propose that the application of bovine TB models could make a valuable contribution to human TB vaccine research and that close alignment of both research programs in a one health philosophy will lead to mutual and substantial benefits.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Deer; Disease Models, Animal; Goats; Livestock; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium bovis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis Vaccines
PubMed: 27726786
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0017-2016 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Feb 2020The aim of this study was to characterize Mycobacterium bovis from cattle and buffalo tissue samples, from two Brazilian states, and to analyse their genetic diversity...
The aim of this study was to characterize Mycobacterium bovis from cattle and buffalo tissue samples, from two Brazilian states, and to analyse their genetic diversity by spoligotyping. Tissue samples from tuberculosis suspect animals, 57 in Amazonas State (12 cattle and 45 buffaloes) and six from Pará State (5 cattle and one buffalo) from slaughterhouses under State Veterinary Inspection, were isolated in culture medium Stonebrink. The positive cultures were confirmed by PCR and analysed by the spoligotyping technique and the patterns (spoligotypes) were identified and compared at the Mycobacterium bovis Spoligotype Database (http://www.mbovis.org/). There was bacterial growth in 44 (69.8%) of the tissues of the 63 animals, of which PCR for region of differentiation 4 identified 35/44 (79.5%) as Mycobacterium bovis. Six different spoligotypes were identified among the 35 Mycobacterium bovis isolates, of which SB0295, SB1869, SB0121 and SB1800 had already been described in Brazil, and SB0822 and SB1608 had not been described. The most frequent spoligotype in this study (SB0822) had already been described in buffaloes in Colombia, a neighbouring country of Amazonas state. The other identified spoligotypes were also described in other South American countries, such as Argentina and Venezuela, and described in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Goiás, indicating an active movement of Mycobacterium bovis strains within Brazil.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Brazil; Buffaloes; Cattle; Female; Male; Mycobacterium bovis; Prevalence; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Bovine
PubMed: 31571406
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.203 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases May 2022Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a neglected disease that affects cattle and humans. The burden of bTB is higher in developing countries as compared to industrialized...
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a neglected disease that affects cattle and humans. The burden of bTB is higher in developing countries as compared to industrialized countries. The reasons behind this discrepancy include the fact that bTB control measures, such as testing and slaughter of infected cattle and pasteurization of milk, are not usually practised in developing countries largely because of their high cost. To improve our understanding of bTB in developing countries, molecular typing studies are essential, in particular in terms of transmission dynamics, infection sources and knowledge of circulating strains of the principal causative agent, Mycobacterium bovis. In this study, we applied a suite of molecular typing techniques encompassing deletion analysis, spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR to isolates recovered from samples collected during the routine post-mortem of cattle at the cold storage abattoir in Lilongwe, Malawi. Out of 63 isolates, 51 (81%) belonged to the European 1. M. bovis clonal complex. Spoligotyping identified 8 profiles, with SB0131 being the predominant type (56% of isolates). Spoligotypes SB0273 and SB0425 were identified in 14% and 13%, respectively, of the isolates. MIRU-VNTR showed a high discriminatory power of 0.959 and differentiated the 8 spoligotypes to 31 genotypes. The high diversity of M. bovis within the study area suggests the infection has been circulating in the area for a considerable period of time, likely facilitated by the lack of effective control measures. We also observed genetic similarities between isolates from Malawi (this study) to isolates described in previous studies in Zambia and Mozambique, suggesting transmission links in this region. The information provided by this study provides much needed evidence for the formulation of improved bTB control strategies.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Malawi; Minisatellite Repeats; Molecular Epidemiology; Mycobacterium bovis; Tuberculosis, Bovine
PubMed: 33900039
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14127 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Aug 2018
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Cancer Vaccines; Humans; Immunotherapy; Mycobacterium bovis; Neoplasms
PubMed: 30104771
DOI: No ID Found