-
Clinics in Chest Medicine Mar 2015Diseases and therapies that reduce cell-mediated immunity increase the risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease. Extrapulmonary NTM disease, including... (Review)
Review
Diseases and therapies that reduce cell-mediated immunity increase the risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease. Extrapulmonary NTM disease, including disseminated, skin, and catheter-related disease, is more common in immunosuppressed than immunocompetent patients. Mycobacterium avium complex remains the most common cause of NTM infection, but rapid growers including Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium chelonae, and Mycobacterium fortuitum play an important role in skin and catheter-related infections. With the exception of antibiotic prophylaxis for AIDS patients, the prevention of NTM remains difficult. Management is complicated, involving restoration of immune function and removal of catheters in addition to treatment with species-specific antibiotics per current guidelines.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lung Diseases; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
PubMed: 25676522
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2014.11.002 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jan 2017Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) compose approximately one-half of the currently validated mycobacterial species and are divided into six major groups, including the... (Review)
Review
Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) compose approximately one-half of the currently validated mycobacterial species and are divided into six major groups, including the Mycobacterium fortuitum group, M. chelonae/M. abscessus complex, M. smegmatis group, M. mucogenicum group, M. mageritense/M. wolinskyi, and the pigmented RGM. This review discusses each group and highlights the major types of infections associated with each group. Additionally, phenotypic and molecular laboratory identification methods, including gene sequencing, mass spectrometry, and the newly emerging whole-genome sequencing, are detailed, along with a discussion of the current antimicrobial susceptibility methods and patterns of the most common pathogenic species.
Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
PubMed: 28084211
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0027-2016 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2018The genus contains 188 species including several major human pathogens as well as numerous other environmental species. We report here comprehensive phylogenomics and...
The genus contains 188 species including several major human pathogens as well as numerous other environmental species. We report here comprehensive phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses on 150 genomes of species to understand their interrelationships. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for the 150 species based on 1941 core proteins for the genus , 136 core proteins for the phylum Actinobacteria and 8 other conserved proteins. Additionally, the overall genome similarity amongst the species was determined based on average amino acid identity of the conserved protein families. The results from these analyses consistently support the existence of five distinct monophyletic groups within the genus at the highest level, which are designated as the "," " "," "," and "" clades. Some of these clades have also been observed in earlier phylogenetic studies. Of these clades, the " clade forms the deepest branching lineage and does not form a monophyletic grouping with the "" clade of fast-growing species. In parallel, our comparative analyses of proteins from mycobacterial genomes have identified 172 molecular signatures in the form of conserved signature indels and conserved signature proteins, which are uniquely shared by either all species or by members of the five identified clades. The identified molecular signatures (or synapomorphies) provide strong independent evidence for the monophyly of the genus and the five described clades and they provide reliable means for the demarcation of these clades and for their diagnostics. Based on the results of our comprehensive phylogenomic analyses and numerous identified molecular signatures, which consistently and strongly support the division of known mycobacterial species into the five described clades, we propose here division of the genus into an emended genus encompassing the "" clade, which includes all of the major human pathogens, and four novel genera viz. gen. nov., gen. nov., gen. nov. and gen. nov. corresponding to the " " "," and " clades, respectively. With the division of mycobacterial species into these five distinct groups, attention can now be focused on unique genetic and molecular characteristics that differentiate members of these groups.
PubMed: 29497402
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067 -
European Journal of Case Reports in... 2021is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium that can cause skin infections in immunocompetent individuals. We report a case of skin infection by this agent in a woman with...
UNLABELLED
is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium that can cause skin infections in immunocompetent individuals. We report a case of skin infection by this agent in a woman with dyslipidaemia, that culminated in statin-induced rhabdomyolysis due to the combination of clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin and simvastatin.
LEARNING POINTS
Skin infection with is an increasing global problem among immunocompetent individuals.Statin-induced rhabdomyolysis is an important and avoidable end-result of drug-drug interaction.Inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 3A4 and of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 are two important examples of statin interference with metabolism, and clarithromycin can inhibit both.
PubMed: 34268273
DOI: 10.12890/2021_002661 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Nov 2019
PubMed: 31645415
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01394-18 -
Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia... 2015A systematic analysis was made in view of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and main outcomes of mycobacterial endocarditis. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
A systematic analysis was made in view of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and main outcomes of mycobacterial endocarditis.
METHODS
The data source of the present study was based on a comprehensive literature search in MEDLINE, Highwire Press and Google search engine for publications on mycobacterial endocarditis published between 2000 and 2013.
RESULTS
The rapidly growing mycobacteria become the predominant pathogens with Mycobacterium chelonae being the most common. This condition has changed significantly in terms of epidemiology since the 21st century, with more broad patient age range, longer latency, prevailed mitral valve infections and better prognosis.
CONCLUSION
Mycobacterial endocarditis is rare and the causative pathogens are predominantly the rapidly growing mycobacteria. Amikacin, ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin are the most frequently used targeted antimicrobial agents but often show poor responses. Patients with deep infections may warrant a surgical operation or line withdrawal. With periodic multidrug therapy guided by drug susceptibility testing, and surgical managements, patients may achieve good therapeutic results.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium Infections; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 25859873
DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20140113 -
Hand (New York, N.Y.) Jul 2022Hand infections caused by mycobacteria are relatively uncommon compared to infections caused by other pathogens; therefore, much of the available literature consists of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Hand infections caused by mycobacteria are relatively uncommon compared to infections caused by other pathogens; therefore, much of the available literature consists of case reports and limited case series. Broadly categorized into tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections, both tuberculous and NTM infections are typically insidious with long incubation periods and with the ability to remain dormant for prolonged periods.
METHODS
We reviewed the most current literature on the epidemiology, presentations, treatment methods, and resistance patterns of mycobacterial infections of the hand focusing on the indications and outcomes of nonoperative as well as operative interventions.
RESULTS
The worldwide burden of tuberculosis remains high and while the overall rate of new diagnosis drug resistant tuberculosis has been on the decline some regions of the world have demonstrated staggeringly high resistance rates to first-line tuberculosis therapies. Signs and symptoms of mycobacterial hand infection are typically inconsistent, and highly dependent on the specific structures of the hand that are affected; therefore, these infections may mimic other infections of the hand like tenosynovitis, joint space infections, and cutaneous infections. The main stay of treatment remains antimycobacterial therapies including but not limited to rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol.
CONCLUSIONS
The complications associated with mycobacterial hand infections can be significant. Prompt evaluation, including a thorough history to evaluate for potential exposures to infectious sources, followed by appropriate antibiotic choice and duration, with surgical management as needed, is key to reducing the chance that patients experience lasting effects of the infection.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Hand; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Tenosynovitis; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 32940064
DOI: 10.1177/1558944720940064