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Nature Aug 2023A growing body of literature suggests that alterations in the human microbiome are causative of disease initiation and progression. Aykut et al. present data supporting...
A growing body of literature suggests that alterations in the human microbiome are causative of disease initiation and progression. Aykut et al. present data supporting the argument that alterations in the gut fungal microbiome (the “mycobiome”), along with the presence of fungal elements within pancreatic tissue (specifically those of the genus , are associated with pancreatic oncogenesis. Upon analyzing the human sequencing data presented in the original manuscript, we found few fungal reads in pancreatic tissue samples and did not identify differences in pancreatic or gut mycobiome composition between healthy and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. Our re-analysis of these data does not support an association between an intrinsic pancreatic mycobiome and the development of human PDAC, and illustrates the challenges in analyzing microbiome sequencing data from low biomass samples.
Topics: Humans; Mycobiome; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreas; Carcinogenesis
PubMed: 37532819
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06292-1 -
Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS Jan 2018There are a limited number of studies investigating the association between the microbiome and HIV. Although the majority of these published investigations have focused... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
There are a limited number of studies investigating the association between the microbiome and HIV. Although the majority of these published investigations have focused on the role of the bacterial community (bacteriome) in this setting, a handful of studies have also characterized the role of the mycobiome in HIV-infected individuals. This review will summarize the most recent reports pertaining to the role of the fungal community in HIV.
RECENT FINDINGS
Differences in the composition of the oral and respiratory mycobiome in HIV-infected individuals compared with uninfected individuals have been reported.
SUMMARY
Our review shows that studies investigating the role of the mycobiome in the setting of HIV are severely lacking. With recent advances in our understanding of the composition of the human microbiome, investigations into the role of the bacteria and fungus comprising the overall microbiota and how the two interact to influence each other and the host is crucial.
Topics: HIV Infections; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Mycobiome; Respiratory System
PubMed: 29028668
DOI: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000432 -
Pharmacological Research Jul 2023Metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity, have become a major public health problem worldwide.... (Review)
Review
Metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity, have become a major public health problem worldwide. In recent years, most research on the role of gut microbes in metabolic diseases has focused on bacteria, whereas fungal microbes have been neglected. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of gut fungal alterations in T2DM, obesity, and NAFLD, and to discuss the mechanisms associated with disease development. In addition, several novel strategies targeting gut mycobiome and/or their metabolites to improve T2DM, obesity and NAFLD, including fungal probiotics, antifungal drugs, dietary intervention, and fecal microbiota transplantation, are critically discussed. The accumulated evidence suggests that gut mycobiome plays an important role in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. The possible mechanisms by which the gut mycobiome affects metabolic diseases include fungal-induced immune responses, fungal-bacterial interactions, and fungal-derived metabolites. Candida albicans, Aspergillus and Meyerozyma may be potential pathogens of metabolic diseases because they can activate the immune system and/or produce harmful metabolites. Moreover, Saccharomyces boulardii, S. cerevisiae, Alternaria, and Cochliobolus fungi may have the potential to improve metabolic diseases. The information may provide an important reference for the development of new therapeutics for metabolic diseases based on gut mycobiome.
Topics: Humans; Mycobiome; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Obesity; Bacteria
PubMed: 37244385
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106807 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Oct 2023Over the past decade, our understanding of the composition and function of the human mucosal surface-associated fungal community (i.e. the mycobiome) has rapidly... (Review)
Review
Over the past decade, our understanding of the composition and function of the human mucosal surface-associated fungal community (i.e. the mycobiome) has rapidly expanded. Fungi colonize at various sites of the mucosal surface at birth and play important roles in the development and homeostasis of immune system throughout adulthood. Here, we review the recent research progresses in the human mycobiome at different body sites, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the respiratory tract, the urogenital tract, the oral cavity, the skin surface, and the tumor tissues. Researchers have made extensive effort in characterizing the interactions between mycobiome and immune system, especially in the GI tract. We discuss the mycobiome dysbiosis and its implications to the progression of diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, alcoholic liver diseases, systemic infections, cancers, and so on, indicating the potential of mycobiome-targeting intervention strategy for life-threatening diseases.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Adult; Mycobiome; Fungi; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Respiratory System
PubMed: 37527562
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102361 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020Asthma is a group of inflammatory conditions that compromises the airways of a continuously increasing number of people around the globe. Its complex etiology comprises... (Review)
Review
Asthma is a group of inflammatory conditions that compromises the airways of a continuously increasing number of people around the globe. Its complex etiology comprises both genetic and environmental aspects, with the intestinal and lung microbiomes emerging as newly implicated factors that can drive and aggravate asthma. Longitudinal infant cohort studies combined with mechanistic studies in animal models have identified microbial signatures causally associated with subsequent asthma risk. The recent inclusion of fungi in human microbiome surveys has revealed that microbiome signatures associated with asthma risk are not limited to bacteria, and that fungi are also implicated in asthma development in susceptible individuals. In this review, we examine the unique properties of human-associated and environmental fungi, which confer them the ability to influence immune development and allergic responses. The important contribution of fungi to asthma development and exacerbations prompts for their inclusion in current and future asthma studies in humans and animal models.
Topics: Animals; Asthma; Fungi; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Infant; Microbiota; Mycobiome
PubMed: 33324573
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.583418 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Jul 2022Mycobiota modulate immunity and behavior.
Mycobiota modulate immunity and behavior.
Topics: Animals; Candida; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity; Mice; Microbial Interactions; Mycobiome
PubMed: 35857570
DOI: 10.1126/science.abq6056 -
Liver International : Official Journal... Apr 2022Liver disease, a major cause of global mortality, has been associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbes). Studies... (Review)
Review
Liver disease, a major cause of global mortality, has been associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbes). Studies have associated changes in gut bacteria with pathogenesis and severity of liver disease, but the contributions of the mycobiome (the fungal populations of the gut) to health and disease have not been well studied. We review recent findings of alterations in the composition of the mycobiota in patients with liver disease and discuss the mechanisms by which these might affect pathogenesis and disease progression. Strategies to manipulate the gut mycobiota might be developed to treat or prevent liver disease.
Topics: Dysbiosis; Fungi; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Liver Diseases; Mycobiome
PubMed: 34995410
DOI: 10.1111/liv.15160 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2018Although the spectrum of fungal pathology has been studied extensively in immunosuppressed patients, little is known about the epidemiology, risk factors, and management... (Review)
Review
Although the spectrum of fungal pathology has been studied extensively in immunosuppressed patients, little is known about the epidemiology, risk factors, and management of fungal infections in chronic pulmonary diseases like bronchiectasis. In bronchiectasis patients, deteriorated mucociliary clearance-generally due to prior colonization by bacterial pathogens-and thick mucosity propitiate, the persistence of fungal spores in the respiratory tract. The most prevalent fungi in these patients are and ; these are almost always isolated with bacterial pathogens like and , making very difficult to define their clinical significance. Analysis of the mycobiome enables us to detect a greater diversity of microorganisms than with conventional cultures. The results have shown a reduced fungal diversity in most chronic respiratory diseases, and that this finding correlates with poorer lung function. Increased knowledge of both the mycobiome and the complex interactions between the fungal, viral, and bacterial microbiota, including mycobacteria, will further our understanding of the mycobiome's relationship with the pathogeny of bronchiectasis and the development of innovative therapies to combat it.
Topics: Animals; Bronchiectasis; Fungi; Humans; Mycobiome; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29300314
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010142 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Aug 2021Advances in -omics analyses have tremendously enhanced our understanding of the role of the microbiome in human health and disease. Most research is focused on the... (Review)
Review
Advances in -omics analyses have tremendously enhanced our understanding of the role of the microbiome in human health and disease. Most research is focused on the bacteriome, but scientists have now realized the significance of the virome and microbial dysbiosis as well, particularly in noninfectious diseases such as cancer. In this review, we summarize the role of mycobiome in tumorigenesis, with a dismal prognosis, and attention to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We also discuss bacterial and mycobial interactions to the host's immune response that is prevalently responsible for resistance to cancer therapy, including immunotherapy. We reported that the species associated with scalp and skin infections, colonize in human PDAC tumors and accelerate tumorigenesis via activating the C3 complement-mannose-binding lectin (MBL) pathway. PDAC tumors thrive in an immunosuppressive microenvironment with desmoplastic stroma and a dysbiotic microbiome. Host-microbiome interactions in the tumor milieu pose a significant threat in driving the indolent immune behavior of the tumor. Microbial intervention in multimodal cancer therapy is a promising novel approach to modify an immunotolerant ("cold") tumor microenvironment to an immunocompetent ("hot") milieu that is effective in eliminating tumorigenesis.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Carcinogenesis; Humans; Immunotherapy; Mycobiome; Pancreatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 34231392
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00025.2021 -
Gut Microbes 2022Fungal communities (mycobiome) have an important role in sustaining the resilience of complex microbial communities and maintenance of homeostasis. The mycobiome remains...
Fungal communities (mycobiome) have an important role in sustaining the resilience of complex microbial communities and maintenance of homeostasis. The mycobiome remains relatively unexplored compared to the bacteriome despite increasing evidence highlighting their contribution to host-microbiome interactions in health and disease. Despite being a small proportion of the total species, fungi constitute a large proportion of the biomass within the human microbiome and thus serve as a potential target for metabolic reprogramming in pathogenesis and disease mechanism. Metabolites produced by fungi shape host niches, induce immune tolerance and changes in their levels prelude changes associated with metabolic diseases and cancer. Given the complexity of microbial interactions, studying the metabolic interplay of the mycobiome with both host and microbiome is a demanding but crucial task. However, genome-scale modelling and synthetic biology can provide an integrative platform that allows elucidation of the multifaceted interactions between mycobiome, microbiome and host. The inferences gained from understanding mycobiome interplay with other organisms can delineate the key role of the mycobiome in pathophysiology and reveal its role in human disease.
Topics: Fungi; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Mycobiome
PubMed: 36151873
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2121576