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BMC Veterinary Research Dec 2023Accurate measurement of disease associated with endemic bacterial agents in pig populations is challenging due to their commensal ecology, the lack of disease-specific...
Detection and disease diagnosis trends (2017-2022) for Streptococcus suis, Glaesserella parasuis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Actinobacillus suis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.
BACKGROUND
Accurate measurement of disease associated with endemic bacterial agents in pig populations is challenging due to their commensal ecology, the lack of disease-specific antemortem diagnostic tests, and the polymicrobial nature of swine diagnostic cases. The main objective of this retrospective study was to estimate temporal patterns of agent detection and disease diagnosis for five endemic bacteria that can cause systemic disease in porcine tissue specimens submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU VDL) from 2017 to 2022. The study also explored the diagnostic value of specific tissue specimens for disease diagnosis, estimated the frequency of polymicrobial diagnosis, and evaluated the association between phase of pig production and disease diagnosis.
RESULTS
S. suis and G. parasuis bronchopneumonia increased on average 6 and 4.3%, while S. suis endocarditis increased by 23% per year, respectively. M. hyorhinis and A. suis associated serositis increased yearly by 4.2 and 12.8%, respectively. A significant upward trend in M. hyorhinis arthritis cases was also observed. In contrast, M. hyosynoviae arthritis cases decreased by 33% average/year. Investigation into the diagnostic value of tissues showed that lungs were the most frequently submitted sample, However, the use of lung for systemic disease diagnosis requires caution due to the commensal nature of these agents in the respiratory system, compared to systemic sites that diagnosticians typically target. This study also explored associations between phase of production and specific diseases caused by each agent, showcasing the role of S. suis arthritis in suckling pigs, meningitis in early nursery and endocarditis in growing pigs, and the role of G. parasuis, A. suis, M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae disease mainly in post-weaning phases. Finally, this study highlighted the high frequency of co-detection and -disease diagnosis with other infectious etiologies, such as PRRSV and IAV, demonstrating that to minimize the health impact of these endemic bacterial agents it is imperative to establish effective viral control programs.
CONCLUSIONS
Results from this retrospective study demonstrated significant increases in disease diagnosis for S. suis, G. parasuis, M. hyorhinis, and A. suis, and a significant decrease in detection and disease diagnosis of M. hyosynoviae. High frequencies of interactions between these endemic agents and with viral pathogens was also demonstrated. Consequently, improved control programs are needed to mitigate the adverse effect of these endemic bacterial agents on swine health and wellbeing. This includes improving diagnostic procedures, developing more effective vaccine products, fine-tuning antimicrobial approaches, and managing viral co-infections.
Topics: Humans; Swine; Animals; Mycoplasma hyorhinis; Mycoplasma hyosynoviae; Streptococcus suis; Actinobacillus suis; Mycoplasma Infections; Iowa; Retrospective Studies; Universities; Swine Diseases; Arthritis; Endocarditis
PubMed: 38087358
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03807-w -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020The protozoon is responsible for trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted infection associated with an increased risk of HIV infection and adverse pregnancy... (Review)
Review
The protozoon is responsible for trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted infection associated with an increased risk of HIV infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The protozoon has the surprising ability to establish a symbiotic relationship with other microorganisms. In fact, most isolates intracellularly host the vaginal bacterium and can harbor up to four dsRNA viruses. Moreover, a novel species named has been recently described as associated with trichomonad cells. colonizes the human vagina and its presence causes profound alterations of the resident microbiota, leading to dysbiosis. In healthy women, vaginal microbiota is characterized by the presence of a complex population of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms living in a physiologically dynamic system dominated by bacteria of the genera . The most common microbial vaginal imbalance is bacterial vaginosis, a polymicrobial disease associated with several adverse reproductive outcomes and increased risk of HIV infection. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the interactions between both and and the vaginal microbiota, and we discuss the possibility of a cooperation between and its symbionts in the development of vaginal dysbiosis.
Topics: Dysbiosis; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Mycoplasma hominis; Pregnancy; Symbiosis; Trichomonas vaginalis; Vagina
PubMed: 32457847
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00179 -
Journal of Bacteriology Jan 2016Mycoplasma mobile glides in the direction of its cell pole by a unique mechanism in which hundreds of legs, each protruding from its own gliding unit, catch, pull, and...
UNLABELLED
Mycoplasma mobile glides in the direction of its cell pole by a unique mechanism in which hundreds of legs, each protruding from its own gliding unit, catch, pull, and release sialylated oligosaccharides fixed on a solid surface. In this study, we found that 77% of cells glided to the left with a change in direction of 8.4° ± 17.6° μm(-1) displacement. The cell body did not roll around the cell axis, and elongated, thinner cells also glided while tracing a curved trajectory to the left. Under viscous conditions, the range of deviation of the gliding direction decreased. In the presence of 250 μM free sialyllactose, in which the binding of the legs (i.e., the catching of sialylated oligosaccharides) was reduced, 70% and 30% of cells glided to the left and the right, respectively, with changes in direction of ∼30° μm(-1). The gliding ghosts, in which a cell was permeabilized by Triton X-100 and reactivated by ATP, glided more straightly. These results can be explained by the following assumptions based on the suggested gliding machinery and mechanism: (i) the units of gliding machinery may be aligned helically around the cell, (ii) the legs extend via the process of thermal fluctuation and catch the sialylated oligosaccharides, and (iii) the legs generate a propulsion force that is tilted from the cell axis to the left in 70% and to the right in 30% of cells.
IMPORTANCE
Mycoplasmas are bacteria that are generally parasitic to animals and plants. Some Mycoplasma species form a protrusion at a pole, bind to solid surfaces, and glide. Although these species appear to consistently glide in the direction of the protrusion, their exact gliding direction has not been examined. This study analyzed the gliding direction in detail under various conditions and, based on the results, suggested features of the machinery and the mechanism of gliding.
Topics: Movement; Mycoplasma; Oligosaccharides; Surface Properties
PubMed: 26503848
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00499-15 -
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi =... Oct 2021To study the clinical features of pneumonia (MPP) with adenovirus (ADV) infection in children.
OBJECTIVES
To study the clinical features of pneumonia (MPP) with adenovirus (ADV) infection in children.
METHODS
A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 228 children with MPP alone and 28 children with MPP and ADV infection. The two groups were compared in terms of clinical features, laboratory results, and treatment outcome.
RESULTS
Compared with the MPP group, the MPP+ADV group had significantly longer duration of fever and length of hospital stay, a significantly higher proportion of patients with severe lesions (erosion and exfoliation) of the airway mucosa under bronchoscopy, a significantly higher clinical pulmonary infection score, and a significantly higher proportion of patients requiring oxygen therapy (<0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, DNA copy number in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the incidence rates of pleural effusion and extrapulmonary complications (>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Compared with children with MPP alone, children with MPP and ADV infection tend to have more severe clinical manifestations and airway mucosal lesions and are more likely to require oxygen therapy, but most of the laboratory markers lack specificity.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Child; Humans; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34719419
DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2107080 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Sep 2022A novel respiratory-associated Mycoplasma species (M. sp. nov.) of unknown clinical significance was recently identified that causes false positive results with multiple...
Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection and differentiation of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and a novel respiratory-associated Mycoplasma species in domestic sheep and goats.
A novel respiratory-associated Mycoplasma species (M. sp. nov.) of unknown clinical significance was recently identified that causes false positive results with multiple published PCR methods reported to specifically detect Mycoplasma ovipneumonaie, a well-known respiratory pathogen in small ruminants. This necessitates our objective to develop a real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for improved specificity and sensitivity, and more rapid detection and differentiation of M. ovipneumoniae and the M. sp. nov. in domestic sheep (DS) and domestic goat (DG) samples, as compared to a conventional PCR and sequencing (cPCR-seq) assay. Primers and probes were designed based on available M. ovipneumoniae 16S rRNA gene sequences in the GenBank database, and partial 16S rRNA gene sequences provided by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) for M. ovipneumoniae and M. sp. nov. USDA-ARS provided DS (n = 153) and DG (n = 194) nasal swab nucleic acid that previously tested positive for either M. ovipneumoniae (n = 117) or M. sp. nov. (n = 138), or negative for both targets (n = 92) by cPCR-seq. A host 18S rRNA gene was included as an internal control to monitor for the failure of nucleic acid extraction and possible PCR inhibition. For samples positive by cPCR-seq, qPCR agreement was 88.0% (103/117; κ = 0.81) and 89.9% (124/138; κ = 0.84) for M. ovipneumoniae and M. sp. nov., respectively; 12 of 255 (4.7%) cPCR-seq positive samples were qPCR positive for both targets. Of samples negative by cPCR for both mycoplasmas, qPCR detected M. ovipneumoniae and M. sp. nov. in 6.5% (6/92) and 4.3% (4/92), respectively. Samples with discordant results between the cPCR and sequencing assay and the new qPCR were analyzed by target sequencing; successfully sequenced samples had identity matches that confirmed the qPCR result. The increased target specificity of this qPCR is predicted to increase testing accuracy as compared to other published assays.
Topics: Animals; Goat Diseases; Goats; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 35166453
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14477 -
ACS Synthetic Biology Jul 2021The minimal gene set for life has often been theorized, with at least ten produced for (). Due to the difficulty of using in the lab, combined with its long...
The minimal gene set for life has often been theorized, with at least ten produced for (). Due to the difficulty of using in the lab, combined with its long replication time of 12-15 h, none of these theoretical minimal genomes have been tested, even with modern techniques. The publication of the whole-cell model provided the first opportunity to test them, simulating the genome edits . We simulated minimal gene sets from the literature, finding that they produced cells that did not divide. Using knowledge from previous research, we reintroduced specific essential and low essential genes ; enabling cellular division. This reinforces the need to identify species-specific low essential genes and their interactions. Any genome designs created using the currently incomplete and fragmented gene essentiality information will very likely require reintroductions to correct issues and produce dividing cells.
Topics: Genome, Bacterial; Models, Genetic; Mycoplasma genitalium
PubMed: 34111356
DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00515 -
PloS One 2018Macrolide or fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium is spreading worldwide. We aimed to determine the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the...
Macrolide or fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium is spreading worldwide. We aimed to determine the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) of parC and gyrA in cultured M. genitalium strains. In addition, we examined the prevalence of macrolide- and fluoroquinolone resistance mediating mutations in specimens collected from Japanese male patients with urethritis in two time-periods between 2005-2009 and 2010-2017, respectively, by sequencing the QRDR of parC and gyrA and domain V of the 23S rRNA gene. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of moxifloxacin, sitafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, doxycycline, minocycline, azithromycin and clarithromycin were determined in 23 M. genitalium strains. Three cultured strains had elevated MICs for moxifloxacin at 16, 4 and 2 mg/L and had SNPs with the amino-acid change Ser83→Ile in ParC (p<0.001) and 3 kinds of SNPs with amino-acid changes Asp99→Asn, Gly93→Cys and Met95→Ile in GyrA, respectively. Among a total of 148 M. genitalium positive urine specimens, the prevalence of A2058G and A2059G SNPs in the 23S rRNA gene and any SNPs in ParC increased from 4.8% and 22.6% in 2005-2009 to 42.2% and 53.1% in 2010-2017, respectively. If M. genitalium is considered multi-drug resistant in clinical specimens carrying SNPs in the 23S rRNA gene and Ser83→Ile in ParC, the prevalence of multi-drug resistance is 12.5% in 2010-2017 in Japan. In conclusion, the SNP resulting in Ser83→Ile in ParC is closely related to moxifloxacin resistance even though other factors may also affect treatment outcomes by moxifloxacin. The prevalence of circulating multi-drug resistant M. genitalium strains with macrolide- and fluoroquinolone-resistance is dramatically increasing in Japan.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Japan; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moxifloxacin; Mycoplasma genitalium; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Urethritis
PubMed: 29883482
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198355 -
ELife Jan 2019JCVI-syn3A, a robust minimal cell with a 543 kbp genome and 493 genes, provides a versatile platform to study the basics of life. Using the vast amount of experimental...
JCVI-syn3A, a robust minimal cell with a 543 kbp genome and 493 genes, provides a versatile platform to study the basics of life. Using the vast amount of experimental information available on its precursor, , we assembled a near-complete metabolic network with 98% of enzymatic reactions supported by annotation or experiment. The model agrees well with genome-scale in vivo transposon mutagenesis experiments, showing a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.59. The genes in the reconstruction have a high in vivo essentiality or quasi-essentiality of 92% (68% essential), compared to 79% in silico essentiality. This coherent model of the minimal metabolism in JCVI-syn3A at the same time also points toward specific open questions regarding the minimal genome of JCVI-syn3A, which still contains many genes of generic or completely unclear function. In particular, the model, its comparison to in vivo essentiality and proteomics data yield specific hypotheses on gene functions and metabolic capabilities; and provide suggestions for several further gene removals. In this way, the model and its accompanying data guide future investigations of the minimal cell. Finally, the identification of 30 essential genes with unclear function will motivate the search for new biological mechanisms beyond metabolism.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Computer Simulation; DNA Transposable Elements; Escherichia coli; Folic Acid; Genes, Essential; Genome, Bacterial; Kinetics; Macromolecular Substances; Mutagenesis; Mycoplasma mycoides; Proteomics
PubMed: 30657448
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.36842 -
MBio Jun 2022Trichomonas vaginalis can host the endosymbiont Mycoplasma hominis, an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium capable of modulating T. vaginalis pathobiology. Recently, a...
Trichomonas vaginalis can host the endosymbiont Mycoplasma hominis, an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium capable of modulating T. vaginalis pathobiology. Recently, a new noncultivable mycoplasma, " Mycoplasma girerdii," has been shown to be closely associated with women affected by trichomoniasis, suggesting a biological association. Although several features of " M. girerdii" have been investigated through genomic analysis, the nature of the potential T. vaginalis-" M. girerdii" consortium and its impact on the biology and pathogenesis of both microorganisms have not yet been explored. Here, we investigate the association between " M. girerdii" and T. vaginalis isolated from patients affected by trichomoniasis, demonstrating their intracellular localization. By using an model system based on single- and double- infection of -free isogenic T. vaginalis, we investigated the ability of the protist to establish a relationship with the bacteria and impact T. vaginalis growth. Our data indicate likely competition between M. hominis and " M. girerdii" while infecting trichomonad cells. Comparative dual-transcriptomics data showed major shifts in parasite gene expression in response to the presence of , including genes associated with energy metabolism and pathogenesis. Consistent with the transcriptomics data, both parasite-mediated hemolysis and binding to host epithelial cells were significantly upregulated in the presence of either species. Taken together, these results support a model in which this microbial association could modulate the virulence of T. vaginalis. T. vaginalis and form a unique case of endosymbiosis that modulates the parasite's pathobiology. Recently, a new nonculturable mycoplasma species (" Mycoplasma girerdii") has been described as closely associated with the protozoon. Here, we report the characterization of this endosymbiotic relationship. Clinical isolates of the parasite demonstrate that mycoplasmas are common among trichomoniasis patients. The relationships are studied by devising an system of single and/or double infections in isogenic protozoan recipients. Comparative growth experiments and transcriptomics data demonstrate that the composition of different microbial consortia influences the growth of the parasite and significantly modulates its transcriptomic profile, including metabolic enzymes and virulence genes such as adhesins and pore-forming proteins. The data on modulation from RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) correlated closely with those of the cytopathic effect and adhesion to human target cells. We propose the hypothesis that the presence and the quantitative ratios of endosymbionts may contribute to modulating protozoan virulence. Our data highlight the importance of considering pathogenic entities as microbial ecosystems, reinforcing the importance of the development of integrated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Ecosystem; Female; Humans; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma hominis; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis
PubMed: 35608298
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00918-22 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Jan 2016
Topics: Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Humans; Male; Mycoplasma genitalium; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial; Ureaplasma urealyticum
PubMed: 26813809
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0038