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PloS One 2023Poultry (Gallus domesticus) farming plays an important role as an income generating enterprise in a developing country like Nepal, contributing more than 4% to the...
Poultry (Gallus domesticus) farming plays an important role as an income generating enterprise in a developing country like Nepal, contributing more than 4% to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Newcastle Disease (ND) is a major poultry disease affecting both commercial and backyard poultry production worldwide. There were more than 90 reported ND outbreaks in Nepal in 2018 with over 74,986 birds being affected. ND is responsible for over 7% of total poultry mortality in the country. Recent outbreaks of ND in 2021 affected many farms throughout Nepal and caused massive loss in poultry production. ND is caused by a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that presents very similar clinical symptoms as Influenza A (commonly known as bird flu) adding much complexity to clinical disease identification and intervention. We conducted a nationwide ND and Influenza A (IA) prevalence study, collecting samples from representative commercial and backyard poultry farms from across the major poultry production hubs of Nepal. We used both serological and molecular assessments to determine disease exposure history and identification of strains of ND Virus (NDV). Of the 40 commercial farms tested, both NDV (n = 28, 70%) and IAV (n = 11, 27.5%) antibodies were detected in majority of the samples. In the backyard farms (n = 36), sero-prevalence of NDV and IAV were 17.5% (n = 7) and 7.5% (n = 3) respectively. Genotype II NDV was present in most of the commercial farms, which was likely due to live vaccine usage. We detected never reported Genotype I NDV in two backyard farm samples. Our investigation into 2021 ND outbreak implicated Genotype VII.2 NDV strain as the causative pathogen. Additionally, we developed a Tablet formulation of the thermostable I2-NDV vaccine (Ranigoldunga™) and assessed its efficacy on various (mixed) breeds of chicken (Gallus domesticus). Ranigoldunga™ demonstrated an overall efficacy >85% with a stability of 30 days at room temperature (25°C). The intraocularly administered vaccine was highly effective in preventing ND, including Genotype VII.2 NDV strain.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Newcastle Disease; Poultry; Influenza, Human; Nepal; Newcastle disease virus; Chickens; Vaccines, Attenuated; Poultry Diseases; Genotype
PubMed: 36897867
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280688 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jul 2022Due to the more stability and a better homogenecity in immune response, the use of thermoresistant vaccines in different chicken types has been increased.
BACKGROUND
Due to the more stability and a better homogenecity in immune response, the use of thermoresistant vaccines in different chicken types has been increased.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a newly developed Newcastle disease vaccine (ND.TR.IR) originating from I-2 strain in specific pathogen-free (SPF) and native and broiler chickens.
METHODS
Following determination of pathogenicity indices on the candidate seed, three efficacy examinations were conducted. In the first experiment, 120 1-day-old SPF chickens were randomly allocated to six groups and either vaccinated with ND.TR.IR via eye drop at 1, 7, and 21 days of age (V , V , and V ), or considered as non-vaccinated control groups (C , C , and C ). At 20th post-vaccination day, sera hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres against ND virus (NDV) were measured and then the chickens were challenged by virulent NDV (vNDV). In the second and third experiments, the efficacy of ND.TR.IR vaccine was compared to routine vaccination program (B1 and LaSota) in native and broiler chickens that were vaccinated at 10 and 20 days of age, respectively. The HI antibody titres were measured on 10, 20, 30, and 40 days of age, and also challenge efficacy test with vNDV was conducted on 30 days of age.
RESULTS
The studied virus, as a vaccinal seed, complied with the pathogenicity indices of avirulent NDV and molecular identity of I-2 strain. In the efficacy evaluation trials, the vaccinated chickens had higher HI antibody titres against NDV compared with their corresponding control chickens (p < 0.05). Results of the challenge tests indicated 95% and 100% protection against vNDV in native, SPF, and broiler-vaccinated chickens, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The present findings indicated that administration of ND.TR.IR induced appropriate HI antibody titres against NDV in SPF, native, and broiler chickens associated with good protection in efficacy test.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 35353959
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.794 -
Viruses Nov 2020Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infections are well known to harbour quasispecies, due to the error-prone nature of the RNA polymerase. Quasispecies variants in the fusion...
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infections are well known to harbour quasispecies, due to the error-prone nature of the RNA polymerase. Quasispecies variants in the fusion cleavage site of the virus are known to significantly change its virulence. However, little is known about the genomic patterns of diversity and selection in NDV viral swarms. We analyse deep sequencing data from in vitro and in vivo NDV infections to uncover the genomic patterns of diversity and the signatures of selection within NDV swarms. Variants in viruses from in vitro samples are mostly localised in non-coding regions and 3' and 5' untranslated regions (3'UTRs or 5'UTRs), while in vivo samples contain an order of magnitude more variants. We find different patterns of genomic divergence and diversity among NDV genotypes, as well as differences in the genomic distribution of intra-host variants among in vitro and in vivo infections of the same strain. The frequency spectrum shows clear signatures of intra-host purifying selection in vivo on the matrix protein (M) coding gene and positive or diversifying selection on nucleocapsid (NP) and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN). The comparison between within-host polymorphisms and phylogenetic divergence reveals complex patterns of selective pressure on the NDV genome at between- and within-host level. The M sequence is strongly constrained both between and within hosts, fusion protein (F) coding gene is under intra-host positive selection, and NP and HN show contrasting patterns: HN RNA sequence is positively selected between hosts while its protein sequence is positively selected within hosts, and NP is under intra-host positive selection at the RNA level and negative selection at the protein level.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Genotype; Hemagglutinins; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Neuraminidase; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases; Quasispecies; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 33202558
DOI: 10.3390/v12111305 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2022Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious, highly contagious and lethal disease of avian species. It is considered that ducks are natural reservoir or carrier for...
Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious, highly contagious and lethal disease of avian species. It is considered that ducks are natural reservoir or carrier for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and are resistant against different strains of NDV. Current study was designed to evaluate the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease in domestic ducks through histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and serum biochemical changes. For this purpose, eighty ducks were reared for 42 days and divided in two groups A and B. Ducks in group A were challenged with (NDV) at rate of 0.1 ml of ELD50 (virus titer 107.32/100µl) on second week of age, whereas Group B was control negative. Splenomegaly, atrophy of thymus and necrotic lesion in kidney were observed on 9th day of post infection. Hepatic degeneration and mononuclear cell infiltration were noticed in proventriculus and intestine in challenged ducks. Viral antigen detected in lungs, intestine, proventriculus and lymphoid organs of infected ducks through IHC. Albumin and total protein values were significantly low in infected groups A as compared to control group B. ALT, AST, and ALP values were significantly high in infected group A. On 5th and 7th day of post infection oropharyngeal swabs were negative for NDV and cloacal swabs were positive for NDV through Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. It is concluded that ducks are susceptible to NDV and virulent strain of NDV caused disease in ducks.
Topics: Animals; Ducks; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus
PubMed: 35043832
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.250607 -
Veterinary Research Jul 2022Newcastle disease (ND) is an acute, febrile, and highly contagious disease caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an important pathogen harmful to domestic...
Newcastle disease (ND) is an acute, febrile, and highly contagious disease caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an important pathogen harmful to domestic poultry. Virulent NDV strain infection induces IL-1β expression and along with strong inflammatory response, ultimately results in death. Inhibition or overexpression of S1PR1, an important target for inflammatory disease treatment, regulates IL-1β expression, suggesting that S1PR1 may alter the degree of the inflammatory response induced by NDV infection by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. However, the molecular mechanism by which S1PR1 regulates IL-1β expression remains unclear. Here, we explore the expression and tissue distribution of S1PR1 after NDV infection and found that S1PR1 expression increased in the lungs, bursa of Fabricius, and DF-1. IL-1β expression induced by NDV was increased following treatment of cells with the S1PR1-specific agonist, SEW2871. In contrast, IL-1β expression induced by NDV was decreased after cells were treated with the S1PR1 inhibitor W146, suggesting that S1PR1 promotes NDV-induced IL-1β expression. Further investigation demonstrated that NDV induced IL-1β expression through p38, JNK/MAPK, and NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling molecules and S1PR1 affected the expression of IL-1β by activating the NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome but had no significant effect on p38 and JNK/MAPK. Our study shows that NDV infection promotes S1PR1 expression and induces IL-1β expression through p38, JNK/MAPK, and NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasomes and that S1PR1 regulates IL-1β expression mainly through the NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome.
Topics: Animals; Caspase 1; Inflammasomes; Interleukin-1beta; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus
PubMed: 35854395
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01078-1 -
Viruses Jan 2021The hypothesis that host adaptation in virulent Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) has been accompanied by virulence modulation is reviewed here. Historical records,... (Review)
Review
The hypothesis that host adaptation in virulent Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) has been accompanied by virulence modulation is reviewed here. Historical records, experimental data, and phylogenetic analyses from available GenBank sequences suggest that currently circulating NDVs emerged in the 1920-1940's from low virulence viruses by mutation at the fusion protein cleavage site. These viruses later gave rise to multiple virulent genotypes by modulating virulence in opposite directions. Phylogenetic and pathotyping studies demonstrate that older virulent NDVs further evolved into chicken-adapted genotypes by increasing virulence (velogenic-viscerotropic pathotypes with intracerebral pathogenicity indexes [ICPIs] of 1.6 to 2), or into cormorant-adapted NDVs by moderating virulence (velogenic-neurotropic pathotypes with ICPIs of 1.4 to 1.6), or into pigeon-adapted viruses by further attenuating virulence (mesogenic pathotypes with ICPIs of 0.9 to 1.4). Pathogenesis and transmission experiments on adult chickens demonstrate that chicken-adapted velogenic-viscerotropic viruses are more capable of causing disease than older velogenic-neurotropic viruses. Currently circulating velogenic-viscerotropic viruses are also more capable of replicating and of being transmitted in naïve chickens than viruses from cormorants and pigeons. These evolutionary virulence changes are consistent with theories that predict that virulence may evolve in many directions in order to achieve maximum fitness, as determined by genetic and ecologic constraints.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Host Adaptation; Host Specificity; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Phylogeny; Virulence; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33467506
DOI: 10.3390/v13010110 -
International Journal of Biological... Dec 2023Newcastle disease is a highly infectious economically devastating disease caused by Newcastle disease Virus in Chicken (Gallus gallus). Leghorn and Fayoumi are two...
Integrated analysis of genes and long non-coding RNAs in trachea transcriptome to decipher the host response during Newcastle disease challenge in different breeds of chicken.
Newcastle disease is a highly infectious economically devastating disease caused by Newcastle disease Virus in Chicken (Gallus gallus). Leghorn and Fayoumi are two breeds which show differential resistance patterns towards NDV. This study aims to identify the differentially expressed genes and lncRNAs during NDV challenge which could play a potential role in this differential resistance pattern. A total of 552 genes and 1580 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressing. Of them, 52 genes were annotated with both Immune related pathways and Gene ontologies. We found that most of these genes were upregulated in Leghorn between normal and challenged chicken but several were down regulated between different timepoints after NDV challenge, while Fayoumi showed no such downregulation. We also observed that higher number of positively correlating lncRNAs was found to be downregulated along with these genes. This shows that although Leghorn is showing higher number of differentially expressed genes in challenged than in non-challenged, most of them were downregulated during the disease between different timepoints. With this we hypothesize that the downregulation of immune related genes and co-expressing lncRNAs could play a significant role behind the Leghorn being comparatively susceptible breed than Fayoumi. The computational pipeline is available at https://github.com/Venky2804/FHSpipe.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Newcastle Disease; Transcriptome; RNA, Long Noncoding; Trachea; Newcastle disease virus
PubMed: 37793531
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127183 -
PloS One 2022Newcastle disease (ND), caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a contagious disease that affects a variety of domestic and wild avian species. Though ND is...
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a contagious disease that affects a variety of domestic and wild avian species. Though ND is vaccine-preventable, it is a persistent threat to poultry industry across the globe. The disease represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in chickens. To better understand the epidemiology of NDV among commercial and backyard chickens of Odisha, where chicken farming is being prioritized to assist with poverty alleviation, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two distinct seasons during 2018. Choanal swabs (n = 1361) from live birds (commercial layers, broilers, and backyard chicken) and tracheal tissues from dead birds (n = 10) were collected and tested by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the presence of matrix (M) and fusion (F) genes of NDV. Risk factors at the flock and individual bird levels (health status, ND vaccination status, geographical zone, management system, and housing) were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Of the 1371 samples tested, 160 were positive for M gene amplification indicating an overall apparent prevalence of 11.7% (95% CI 10.1-13.5%). Circulation of virulent NDV strains was also evident with apparent prevalence of 8.1% (13/160; 95% CI: 4.8-13.4%). In addition, commercial birds had significantly higher odds (75%) of being infected with NDV as compared to backyard poultry (p = 0.01). This study helps fill a knowledge gap in the prevalence and distribution of NDV in apparently healthy birds in eastern India, and provides a framework for future longitudinal research of NDV risk and mitigation in targeted geographies-a step forward for effective control of ND in Odisha.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Chickens; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; India; Male; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Risk Factors; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 35171961
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264028 -
Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2022Newcastle disease is a major viral disease of poultry. The virus is a major problem for chickens in Ethiopia and there is a scarcity of updated information on the...
BACKGROUND
Newcastle disease is a major viral disease of poultry. The virus is a major problem for chickens in Ethiopia and there is a scarcity of updated information on the virological and molecular status of confirmation of Newcastle disease outbreak cases in the country.
METHODS
Newcastle disease outbreaks were investigated from February 2021 to October 2021 in central Ethiopia to isolate and detect the virus by cell culture and reverse transcriptase PCR. A total of 44 pooled tissue specimens were sampled from sick and recently dead chickens showing typical clinical signs of Newcastle disease. Virus isolation were performed using DF-1 cells and detection of the virus was done by real-time PCR.
RESULTS
Out of 44 collected tissue samples, 38.63% (17/44) were positive on DF-1 cells. The result shows 17 of the clinically sick and dead chickens were positive for the virus by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Based on the sample type, 54.54% (6/11) of the brain samples, 36.36% (4/11) of the intestines, 54.54% (6/11) of lung and trachea, 9% (1/11) of pooled liver, kidney, heart, and spleen samples were positive. Viruses were isolated in the proportions 37.5% (6/16), 25% (2/8), 50% (2/4), 25% (1/4), 50% (2/4) and 50% (4/8) from Sebeta, Bishoftu, Sululta, Nifas Silk, Kolfe and Yeka, respectively.
CONCLUSION
This study showed that Newcastle disease is a major viral disease causing death of chickens in the study area. Therefore, any control approach should focus on the appropriate characterization of the virus strain causing the outbreak in the study area.
PubMed: 35469130
DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S352727 -
Virusdisease Dec 2016Over the years, Newcastle disease (ND) has defied all available control measures. The disease has remained at the forefront of infectious diseases afflicting poultry... (Review)
Review
Over the years, Newcastle disease (ND) has defied all available control measures. The disease has remained at the forefront of infectious diseases afflicting poultry production after avian influenza. Despite the continuous global use of million doses of ND vaccine annually, the causative pathogen, avian paramyxovirus type 1 also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has continued to evolve causing, even more, a threat not only to the unvaccinated but the vaccinated flocks inclusive. The disease has been well studied in the developed countries where the virus is found in circulation. However, limited information exists on the epizootiology and circulating genotypes of the virus in developing countries where the majority of the flocks are raised on the extensive management system. Identification of virulent NDV in apparently healthy free-range ducks in this system calls for concern and pragmatic approach to investigate factor(s) that favour the virus inhabiting the ducks without clinical manifestation of the disease. Recently, novel genotypes (XIV, XVII, and XVIII) with peculiarity to West and Central African countries have been discovered and due to lack or poor surveillance system possibility of hitherto unreported genotypes are likely. This review elucidates and discusses available literature on the diversity of the circulating NDV genotypes across the West Africa countries and the epizootiology (molecular) of the disease in Nigeria with the view of identifying gaps in knowledge that can assist in the development of effective vaccines and control strategies to combat the peril of the disease.
PubMed: 28004012
DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0344-6