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Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Mar 2019The oculomotor (OM) complex is a combination of somatic and parasympatethic neurons. The correct development and wiring of this cranial pair is essential to perform...
The oculomotor (OM) complex is a combination of somatic and parasympatethic neurons. The correct development and wiring of this cranial pair is essential to perform basic functions: eyeball and eyelid movements, pupillary constriction, and lens accommodation. The improper formation or function of this nucleus leads pathologies such as strabismus. We describe the OM organization and function in different vertebrate brains, including chick, mouse, and human. The morphological localization is detailed, as well as the spatial relation with the trochlear nucleus in order to adjust some misleading anatomical topographic descriptions. We detailed the signaling processes needed for the specification of the OM neurons. The transcriptional programs driven the specification and differentiation of these neurons are partially determined. We summarized recent genetic studies that have led to the identification of guidance mechanisms involved in the migration, axon pathfinding, and targeting of the OM neurons. Finally, we overviewed the pathology associated to genetic malformations in the OM development and related clinical alterations. Anat Rec, 302:446-451, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Chickens; Cranial Nerves; Eye Movements; Humans; Mice; Motor Neurons; Neural Pathways; Oculomotor Nerve
PubMed: 29663710
DOI: 10.1002/ar.23827 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2020Despite recent advances on the mechanisms and purposes of fine oculomotor behavior, a rigorous assessment of the precision and accuracy of the smallest saccades is still...
Despite recent advances on the mechanisms and purposes of fine oculomotor behavior, a rigorous assessment of the precision and accuracy of the smallest saccades is still lacking. Yet knowledge of how effectively these movements shift gaze is necessary for understanding their functions and is helpful in further elucidating their motor underpinnings. Using a combination of high-resolution eye-tracking and gaze-contingent control, here we examined the accuracy and precision of saccades aimed toward targets ranging from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] eccentricity. We show that even small saccades of just 14-[Formula: see text] are very effective in centering the stimulus on the retina. Furthermore, we show that for a target at any given eccentricity, the probability of eliciting a saccade depends on its efficacy in reducing the foveal offset. The pattern of results reported here is consistent with current knowledge on the motor mechanisms of microsaccade production.
Topics: Adult; Eye Movements; Female; Fixation, Ocular; Fovea Centralis; Humans; Male; Oculomotor Nerve; Orientation; Saccades; Young Adult
PubMed: 32999363
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72432-6 -
Frontiers in Neurology 2023Oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) is a clinically occurring neurological disorder. Due to the complex anatomy and long travel distances of the oculomotor nerve, the causes of...
BACKGROUND
Oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) is a clinically occurring neurological disorder. Due to the complex anatomy and long travel distances of the oculomotor nerve, the causes of ONP vary and manifest in various ways. With continued interest in this area, it has become necessary to conduct a bibliometric study in ONP. This work aims to synthesize and visually identify current research themes and future trends in ONP through a literature-based analysis.
METHOD
Articles and reviews on ONP published from 2002 to 2021 were derived from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. We generated visual images and performed quantitative and qualitative analysis through an online bibliometric tool, Citespace and VOSviewer software.
RESULTS
A total of 1,205 published articles were included in this analysis. The annual number of this area's publications is showing an overall upward trend, with the number of citations increasing every year, reaching 2,698 by 2021. The United States (367) and Japan (116) dominated the list with the most numerous articles published. The University of California Los Angeles in the USA is the institution that published the highest number of articles (47). Engle EC (23) and the JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY (46) are the most influential authors and journals in this field. The co-occurrence network analysis divided the keywords into five main research themes, which mainly include clinical manifestations of ONP, aneurysms, cerebral neurological symptoms, diseases with ONP as a complication, and other neurological disorders.
CONCLUSION
This study is the first comprehensive and systematic bibliometric analysis of the current state of global ONP research over the past 20 years. We organized current hotspots and expected trends and provided key information for exploring potential research frontiers in ONP.
PubMed: 36908629
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1112070 -
Clinics in Sports Medicine Apr 2015Concussion is one of the most hotly debated topics in sports medicine today. Research surrounding concussion has experienced significant growth recently, especially in... (Review)
Review
Concussion is one of the most hotly debated topics in sports medicine today. Research surrounding concussion has experienced significant growth recently, especially in the areas of incidence, assessment, and recovery. However, there is limited research on the most effective rehabilitation approaches for this injury. This review evaluates the current literature for evidence for and against physical and cognitive rest and the emerging areas targeting vestibular, oculomotor, and pharmacologic interventions for the rehabilitation of sport-related concussion.
Topics: Athletic Injuries; Brain Concussion; Cognition; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases; Recovery of Function; Rest; Vestibular Diseases
PubMed: 25818710
DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2014.12.005 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology May 2021The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric ocular motor cranial nerve palsy.
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric ocular motor cranial nerve palsy.
METHODS
This was a retrospective record-based study, carried out at a tertiary eye care hospital in India, between January 2011 and January 2015 and included patients up to 16 years of age at the time of presentation, diagnosed with third, fourth, sixth nerve palsy or a combination of these with other cranial nerve palsy. Data analyzed included demographic details, etiologies, presence or absence of amblyopia, relevant investigations, and management.
RESULTS
A total of 90 cases were included in the study. Eighty patients (88.88%) presented with isolated nerve palsy. Forty-three patients (47.77%) had congenital nerve palsy. The most common nerve involved was third (n = 35, 38.88%) followed by sixth (n = 23, 25.55%) and fourth nerve (n = 22, 24.44%). Most common cause of third and fourth cranial nerve palsy was congenital (n = 18, 51.42% and n = 17, 77.30%, respectively), while it was trauma for the sixth nerve (n = 7, 30.40%). Amblyopia was most frequently associated with third cranial nerve palsy (n = 27, 77.14%). The radio-imaging yield was maximum (n = 7, 70%) for combined cranial nerve palsy. Overall 44 (48.88%) patients were managed conservatively, while 46 (51.11%) patients needed squint with or without ptosis surgery.
CONCLUSION
The most common ocular motor cranial nerve involved in the pediatric population was the third cranial nerve, and it was found to be the most amblyogenic in this age group. The neuroimaging yield was maximum for combined cranial nerve palsy. The most common conservatively managed nerve palsy in this study group was the fourth nerve palsy.
Topics: Abducens Nerve Diseases; Child; Cranial Nerve Diseases; Demography; Humans; India; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases; Retrospective Studies; Trochlear Nerve Diseases
PubMed: 33913847
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1803_20 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2021Abnormal iron accumulation around the substantia nigra (SN) is a diagnostic indicator of Parkinsonism. This study aimed to identify iron-related microarchitectural... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Abnormal iron accumulation around the substantia nigra (SN) is a diagnostic indicator of Parkinsonism. This study aimed to identify iron-related microarchitectural changes around the SN of brains with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) via postmortem validations and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 7 T high-resolution MRI was applied to two postmortem brain tissues, from one normal brain and one PSP brain. Histopathological examinations were performed to demonstrate the molecular origin of the high-resolution postmortem MRI findings, by using ferric iron staining, myelin staining, and two-dimensional laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) imaging. In vivo iron-related MRI was performed on five healthy controls, five patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and five patients with PSP. In the postmortem examination, excessive iron deposition along the myelinated fiber at the anterior SN and third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve) fascicles of the PSP brain was verified by LA-ICP-MS. This region corresponded to those with high R values and positive susceptibility from quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), but was less sensitive in Perls' Prussian blue staining. In in vivo susceptibility-weighted imaging, hypointense pixels were observed in the region between the SN and red nucleus (RN) in patients with PSP, but not in healthy controls and patients with PD. R and QSM values of such region were significantly higher in patients with PSP compared to those in healthy controls and patients with PD as well (vs. healthy control: p = 0.008; vs. PD: p = 0.008). Thus, excessive iron accumulation along the myelinated fibers at the anterior SN and oculomotor nerve fascicles may be a pathological characteristic and crucial MR biomarker in a brain with PSP.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Iron; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Oculomotor Nerve; Substantia Nigra; Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
PubMed: 33536537
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82469-w -
Radiology Case Reports Nov 2022Neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2 is a rare neurological, autosomal dominant and genetic disorder. It is caused by a mutation in the tumor suppressor gene, called NF2 gene....
Neurofibromatosis (NF) type 2 is a rare neurological, autosomal dominant and genetic disorder. It is caused by a mutation in the tumor suppressor gene, called NF2 gene. The disorder results in several benign tumors of the nervous system. These typically include vestibular schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas. Multiple cranial nerve abnormalities affect the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and skin and cause significant morbidity in patients. We describe a 20-year-old patient, with a family history of brain tumors, with symptoms of left sided third nerve palsy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain and orbits revealed a small sized cavernous sinus meningioma and bilateral vestibular schwannomas. As per the differential diagnosis and optimal resolution brain imaging, NF2 was diagnosed. The patient was referred for specific treatment to the neuro-oncology unit. The case is distinct as the patient presented with a parasellar meningioma leading to third nerve palsy besides bilateral vestibular schwannomas. Manchester criteria and high contrast MR imaging proved more beneficial in our patient for the diagnosis of a wider clinical spectrum of NF2.
PubMed: 36120518
DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.08.003 -
SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 2022We herein report the case of an 84-year-old female who presented to the outpatient clinic one day following her first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine with...
We herein report the case of an 84-year-old female who presented to the outpatient clinic one day following her first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine with mydriasis, ptosis, and a "down and out" gaze. She was subsequently diagnosed with oculomotor nerve palsy, and treated with corticosteroids and valacyclovir for a total of 7 days, with no clear improvement. On subsequent visits, ophthalmic examination improved steadily and showed complete resolution after 8 weeks. This article aims to report this unusual incidence that occurred following vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. It is important for physicians to identify and report abnormal occurrences which may potentially be related to the COVID-19 vaccines, in order to reach a complete understanding of their possible side effects.
PubMed: 35251658
DOI: 10.1177/2050313X221074454 -
Neurology India 2021Ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) also called recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON) is not a so common disorder. It is characterized by childhood onset,...
Ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) also called recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON) is not a so common disorder. It is characterized by childhood onset, ophthalmoplegia and migraine type of headache. The most common involved nerve is third cranial nerve. Involvement of fourth and sixth cranial nerve is unlikely. Adult cases are not so common. This is a case report of a man who presented with left-sided severe headache and diplopia of left eye. He had left oculomotor nerve palsy. The patient responded to treatment and recovered.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases; Ophthalmoplegia; Ophthalmoplegic Migraine; Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome
PubMed: 34979694
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.333444 -
Folia Morphologica 2023The microanatomy of the central myelin portion and transitional zone of several cranial nerves including trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, and...
BACKGROUND
The microanatomy of the central myelin portion and transitional zone of several cranial nerves including trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves have been clearly demonstrated to provide information for neurovascular compression syndrome such as trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. However, the study of oculomotor and abducens nerve is limited.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Oculomotor and abducens nerves were harvested with a portion of brainstem and embedded in paraffin. Longitudinal and serial sections from ten of each cranial nerve were stained and a photomicrograph was taken to make the following observations and measurements: 1) patterns of central myelin portion, 2) length of central myelin portion, and 3) depth of central myelin- peripheral myelin transitional zone.
RESULTS
For oculomotor nerve, the longest central myelin bundle was always seen on the first nerve bundle and that the length of central myelin decreased gradually. For abducens nerve, morphological patterns were classified into four types based on number of nerve rootlets emerging from the brainstem and number of nerve bundles in each rootlet. Length of central myelin portion was between 0.36-6.10 mm (2.75 ± 0.83 mm) and 0.13-5.01 mm (1.66 ± 1.39 mm) for oculomotor and abducens nerves, respectively. The oculomotor nerve transitional zone depth was 0.07-058 mm (0.23 ± 0.07 mm), while for abducens nerve, depth was 0.05-0.40 mm (0.16 ± 0.07 mm). Positive weak correlations between central myelin and depth of TZ were found in oculomotor nerve (r +0.310, p < 0.05) and abducens nerves (r +0.413, p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Detailed microanatomy of the central myelin and transitional zone might be beneficial for locating the site of compression in neurovascular conflicts at oculomotor and abducens nerves.
Topics: Humans; Abducens Nerve; Myelin Sheath; Brain Stem; Trigeminal Neuralgia; Spinal Nerve Roots
PubMed: 35692113
DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2022.0057