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Emerging Infectious Diseases May 2018A virus isolated from a sick horse from India in 2008 was confirmed by next-generation sequencing analysis to be equine encephalosis virus (EEV). EEV in India is...
A virus isolated from a sick horse from India in 2008 was confirmed by next-generation sequencing analysis to be equine encephalosis virus (EEV). EEV in India is concerning because several species of Culicoides midge, which play a major role in EEV natural maintenance and transmission, are present in this country.
Topics: Animals; Ceratopogonidae; Horse Diseases; Horses; India; Orbivirus; Phylogeny; Reoviridae Infections
PubMed: 29664366
DOI: 10.3201/eid2405.171844 -
Current Opinion in Virology Oct 2020African horse sickness (AHS) is a devastating disease caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and transmitted by arthropods between its equine hosts. AHSV is... (Review)
Review
African horse sickness (AHS) is a devastating disease caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and transmitted by arthropods between its equine hosts. AHSV is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, where polyvalent live attenuated vaccine is in use even though it is associated with safety risks. This review article summarizes and compares new strategies to generate safe and effective AHSV vaccines based on protein, virus like particles, viral vectors and reverse genetics technology. Manipulating the AHSV genome to generate synthetic viruses by means of reverse genetic systems has led to the generation of potential safe vaccine candidates that are under investigation.
Topics: African Horse Sickness; African Horse Sickness Virus; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Horses; Mice; Reverse Genetics; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 32659516
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.06.003 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2022Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) and bluetongue (BT) are vector-borne viral diseases that affect wild and domestic ruminants. Clinical signs of EHD and BT are...
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) and bluetongue (BT) are vector-borne viral diseases that affect wild and domestic ruminants. Clinical signs of EHD and BT are similar; thus, the syndrome is referred to as hemorrhagic disease (HD). Syndromic surveillance and virus detection in North America reveal a northern expansion of HD. High mortalities at northern latitudes suggest recent incursions of HD viruses into northern geographic areas. We evaluated the occurrence of HD in wild Illinois white-tailed deer from 1982 to 2019. Our retrospective space-time analysis identified high-rate clusters of HD cases from 2006 to 2019. The pattern of northward expansion indicates changes in virus-host-vector interactions. Serological evidence from harvested deer revealed prior infection with BTV. However, BTV was not detected from virus isolation in dead deer sampled during outbreaks. Our findings suggest the value of capturing the precise geographic location of outbreaks, the importance of virus isolation to confirm the cause of an outbreak, and the importance of expanding HD surveillance to hunter-harvested wild white-tailed deer. Similarly, it assists in predicting future outbreaks, allowing for targeted disease and vector surveillance, helping wildlife agencies communicate with the public the cause of mortality events and viral hemorrhagic disease outcomes at local and regional scales.
Topics: Animals; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Deer; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic; Hemorrhagic Disorders; Illinois; Reoviridae Infections; Retrospective Studies; Sheep; Vector Borne Diseases
PubMed: 35477968
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10694-y -
The Journal of General Virology Oct 2014The genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae comprises 22 virus species including the Changuinola virus (CGLV) serogroup. The complete genome sequences of 13 CGLV...
The genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae comprises 22 virus species including the Changuinola virus (CGLV) serogroup. The complete genome sequences of 13 CGLV serotypes isolated between 1961 and 1988 from distinct geographical areas of the Brazilian Amazon region were obtained. All viral sequences were obtained from single-passaged CGLV strains grown in Vero cells. CGLVs are the only orbiviruses known to be transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. Ultrastructure and molecular analysis by electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis, respectively, revealed viral particles with typical orbivirus size and morphology, as well as the presence of a segmented genome with 10 segments. Full-length nucleotide sequencing of each of the ten RNA segments of the 13 CGLV serotypes provided basic information regarding the genome organization, encoded proteins and genetic traits. Segment 2 (encoding VP2) of the CGLV is uncommonly larger in comparison to those found in other orbiviruses and shows varying sizes even among different CGLV serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis support previous serological findings, which indicate that CGLV constitutes a separate serogroup within the genus Orbivirus. In addition, six out of 13 analysed CGLV serotypes showed reassortment of their genome segments.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Cluster Analysis; Electrophoresis; Gene Order; Genome, Viral; Humans; Insecta; Microscopy, Electron; Molecular Sequence Data; Orbivirus; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Viral Structural Proteins; Virion
PubMed: 24986085
DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064691-0 -
Viruses Jul 2021Hemorrhagic disease (HD) caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is the most important viral disease of farmed and wild...
Hemorrhagic disease (HD) caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is the most important viral disease of farmed and wild white-tailed deer (WTD; ) and can cause substantial mortality in susceptible hosts. Captive cervid farming is an emerging industry in Florida, an HD-enzootic region. Morbidity and mortality due to HD are major concerns among deer farmers, but the impact of HD on Florida's cervid farming industry is unknown. Our primary objective was to determine the prevalence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) among WTD submitted to the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Cervidae Health Research Initiative (CHeRI) for post-mortem diagnostics. Our secondary objectives were to identify the predominant circulating EHDV serotypes during each sampling year and to determine the age class with the greatest proportion of EHDV- and BTV-positive post-mortem specimens. From 2016 to 2020, spleen samples from 539 farmed WTD with unexplained mortality were tested for the presence of EHDV and BTV by RT-qPCR. Overall, the prevalence of EHDV, BTV, or EHDV/BTV coinfection was 26%, 16%, and 10%, respectively, and 44% of deer (237/539) were diagnosed with HD by RT-qPCR. The predominant circulating EHDV serotype varied by year. Overall, EHDV-2 was the most commonly identified serotype (55% of PCR-positive cases), and EHDV-1 was the least frequently identified serotype (16% of PCR-positive cases). The greatest proportion of EHDV/BTV positives among mortality cases was observed in young WTD aged 3-6 months (50%-82% positive). There was a significant difference in the prevalence of EHDV/BTV by age when comparing specimens from WTD over 1 year old ( = 0.029, = 527). Among these samples, the number of reported mortalities and the prevalence of EHDV/BTV were highest in yearling animals (56%). These data provide the first estimate of EHDV and BTV prevalence and virus serotypes among farmed WTD in Florida, identify the WTD age groups with the greatest proportions of EHDV- and BTV-positive specimens, and suggest that HD caused by these two viruses may be a major source of mortality challenging the captive cervid farming industry in Florida.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Deer; Farms; Female; Florida; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic; Male; Prevalence; Reoviridae Infections
PubMed: 34452309
DOI: 10.3390/v13081443 -
Microorganisms Dec 2022The present study reports on serosurvey on the tick-borne encephalitis virus European subtype (TBEV; genus ), and the tick-borne Kemerovo (KEMV) and Tribeč (TRBV)...
The present study reports on serosurvey on the tick-borne encephalitis virus European subtype (TBEV; genus ), and the tick-borne Kemerovo (KEMV) and Tribeč (TRBV) orbivirus (genus ) infections in tick-infested and non-infested birds. No virus RNA was detected in the blood clots. Birds were infested mostly by , but and were observed too. TBEV, KEMV and TRBV neutralising antibodies (NAb) were detected in the screening microtitration neutralisation test (μVNT). Seropositive samples were further examined in simultaneous μVNT to distinguish TBEV infection from WNV and USUV. KEMV and TRBV infections were also further examined by μVNT against each other. The demonstrated results point to increased TBEV and TRBV seroprevalence in birds over the past several years. This is the first study on KEMV infection in the Slovak bird population, and seropositive juvenile birds suggest its occurrence in a new geographic area. The results indicate the significance of tick infestation rates, seropositivity and specific NAb titre. The reservoir role of birds for TBEV, KEMV and TRBV remains unclear. However, targeted monitoring of birds and vectors is an effective measure of surveillance of arbovirus introduction into new geographic areas.
PubMed: 36557650
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122397 -
Viruses Apr 2021We identified a putative novel atypical BTV serotype '36' in Swiss goat flocks. In the initial flock clinical signs consisting of multifocal purulent dermatitis, facial...
We identified a putative novel atypical BTV serotype '36' in Swiss goat flocks. In the initial flock clinical signs consisting of multifocal purulent dermatitis, facial oedema and fever were observed. Following BTV detection by RT-qPCR, serotyping identified BTV-25 and also a putative novel BTV serotype in several of the affected goats. We successfully propagated the so-called "BTV-36-CH2019" strain in cell culture, developed a specific RT-qPCR targeting Segment 2, and generated the full genome by high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore, we experimentally infected goats with BTV-36-CH2019. Regularly, EDTA blood, serum and diverse swab samples were collected. Throughout the experiment, neither fever nor clinical disease was observed in any of the inoculated goats. Four goats developed BTV viremia, whereas one inoculated goat and the two contact animals remained negative. No viral RNA was detected in the swab samples collected from nose, mouth, eye, and rectum, and thus the experimental infection of goats using this novel BTV serotype delivered no indications for any clinical symptoms or vector-free virus transmission pathways. The subclinical infection of the four goats is in accordance with the reports for other atypical BTVs. However, the clinical signs of the initial goat flock did most likely not result from infection with the novel BTV-36-CH0219.
Topics: Animals; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Female; Goat Diseases; Goats; Male; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Ruminants; Serogroup; Switzerland
PubMed: 33919269
DOI: 10.3390/v13050721 -
Virology Journal Jun 2017Culicoides-borne orbiviruses, such as bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV), are important pathogens that cause animal epidemic diseases leading...
BACKGROUND
Culicoides-borne orbiviruses, such as bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV), are important pathogens that cause animal epidemic diseases leading to significant loss of domestic animals. This study was conducted to identify Culicoides-borne arboviruses and to investigate the associated infections in local livestock in Yunnan, China.
METHODS
Culicoides were collected overnight in Mangshi City using light traps during August 2013. A virus was isolated from the collected Culicoides and grown using baby hamster kidney (BHK-21), Vero, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. Preliminary identification of the virus was performed by polyacrylamide gel (PAGE) analysis. A full-length cDNA copy of the genome was amplified and sequenced. Serological investigations were conducted in local cattle, buffalo and goat using plaque-reduction neutralization tests.
RESULTS
We isolated a viral strain (DH13C120) that caused cytopathogenic effects in BHK-21, Vero, MDBK and C6/36 cells. Suckling mice inoculated intracerebrally with DH13C120 showed signs of fatal neurovirulence. PAGE analysis indicated a genome consisting of 10 segments of double-stranded RNA that demonstrated a 3-3-3-1 pattern, similar to the migrating bands of Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV). Phylogenetic analysis of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Pol), sub-core-shell (T2, and outer core (T13) proteins revealed that DH13C120 clustered with TIBOV, and the amino acid sequences of DH13C120 virus shared more than 98% identity with TIBOV XZ0906. However, outer capsid protein VP2 and outer capsid protein VP5 shared only 43.1 and 79.3% identity, respectively, indicating that the DH13C120 virus belongs to TIBOV, and it may represent different serotypes with XZ0906. A serosurvey revealed the presence of neutralizing antibodies with 90% plaque-reduction neutralization against TIBOV DH13C120 in local cattle (44%), buffalo (20%), and goat (4%). Four-fold or higher levels of TIBOV-2-neutralizing antibody titers were detected between the convalescent and acute phases of infection in local livestock.
CONCLUSIONS
A new strain of TIBOV was isolated from Culicoides. This study provides the first evidence of TIBOV infection in livestock in Yunnan, China, and suggests that TIBOV could be a potential pathogen in livestock.
Topics: Aedes; Animals; Buffaloes; Cattle; Cell Line; Ceratopogonidae; DNA, Complementary; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Goats; Livestock; Mice; Orbivirus; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reoviridae Infections; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Tibet; Virus Cultivation; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 28595631
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0774-9 -
Journal of Advanced Research Jul 2021Wild-type adult mice with intact interferon (IFN) system were neither susceptible to bluetongue virus (BTV) infection nor showed signs of morbidity/mortality....
INTRODUCTION
Wild-type adult mice with intact interferon (IFN) system were neither susceptible to bluetongue virus (BTV) infection nor showed signs of morbidity/mortality. Establishment of immunologically competent wild-type adult mouse model with type I IFNs blockade is necessary to assess the pathogenesis, immune responses and testing of BTV vaccines.
OBJECTIVES
Present study aimed to establish and characterize BTV serotype 1 infection in immunocompetent adult mice with type I IFNs blockade at the time of infection by studying immune responses and sequential pathology.
METHODS
Adult mice were administered with anti-mouse IFN-α/β receptor subunit-1 (IFNAR1) blocking antibody (Clone: MAR1-5A3) 24 h before and after BTV serotype 1 infection, and sacrificed at various time points. Sequential pathology, BTV localization by immunohistochemistry and quantification by qRT-PCR, immune cell kinetics and apoptosis by flow cytometry, and cytokines estimation by c-ELISA and qRT-PCR were studied.
RESULTS
IFNAR blocked-infected mice developed clinical signs and typical lesions of BT; whereas, isotype-infected control mice did not develop any disease. The IFNAR blocked-infected mice showed enlarged, edematous, and congested lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen, and vascular (congestion and hemorrhage) and pneumonic lesions in lungs. Histopathologically, marked lymphoid depletion with "starry-sky pattern" due to lymphocytes apoptosis was noticed in the LNs and spleen. BTV antigen was detected and quantified in lymphoid organs, lungs, and other organs at various time points. Initial leukopenia (increased CD4/CD8 T cells ratio) followed by leukocytosis (decreased CD4/CD8 T cells ratio) and significantly increased biochemical values were noticed in IFNAR blocked-infected mice. Increased apoptotic cells in PBMCs and tissues coincided with viral load and levels of different cytokines in blood, spleen and draining LNs and notably varied between time points in IFNAR blocked-infected mice.
CONCLUSION
Present study is first to characterize BTV serotype 1 infection in immunocompetent adult mouse with type I IFNs blockade. The findings will be useful for studying pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of BTV vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Blocking; Apoptosis; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Female; Interferon Type I; Leukocytes; Leukocytosis; Leukopenia; Lung; Lymph Nodes; Mice; Models, Immunological; Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta; Serogroup; Sheep; Spleen; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 34194838
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.007 -
Viruses Aug 2020Bluetongue (BT) is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants with serious trade and socio-economic implications. Although the disease has been reported in a number...
Bluetongue (BT) is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants with serious trade and socio-economic implications. Although the disease has been reported in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, there is currently no information on circulating serotypes and disease distribution in Zambia. Following surveillance for BT in domestic and wild ruminants in Zambia, BT virus (BTV) nucleic acid and antibodies were detected in eight of the 10 provinces of the country. About 40% (87/215) of pooled blood samples from cattle and goats were positive for BTV nucleic acid, while one hartebeest pool (1/43) was positive among wildlife samples. Sequence analysis of segment 2 revealed presence of serotypes 3, 5, 7, 12 and 15, with five nucleotypes (B, E, F, G and J) being identified. Segment 10 phylogeny showed Zambian BTV sequences clustering with Western topotype strains from South Africa, intimating likely transboundary spread of BTV in Southern Africa. Interestingly, two Zambian viruses and one isolate from Israel formed a novel clade, which we designated as Western topotype 4. The high seroprevalence (96.2%) in cattle from Lusaka and Central provinces and co-circulation of multiple serotypes showed that BT is widespread, underscoring the need for prevention and control strategies.
Topics: Animals; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Goat Diseases; Goats; Phylogeny; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Zambia
PubMed: 32878170
DOI: 10.3390/v12090963