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Biosensors Jan 2021Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been found in plants, mammals, and natural environmental processes. The presence of ROS in mammals has been linked to the development... (Review)
Review
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been found in plants, mammals, and natural environmental processes. The presence of ROS in mammals has been linked to the development of severe diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, tumors, and several neurodegenerative conditions. The most common ROS involved in human health are superoxide (O), hydrogen peroxide (HO), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Organic and inorganic molecules have been integrated with various methods to detect and monitor ROS for understanding the effect of their presence and concentration on diseases caused by oxidative stress. Among several techniques, fluorescence and electrochemical methods have been recently developed and employed for the detection of ROS. This literature review intends to critically discuss the development of these techniques to date, as well as their application for in vitro and in vivo ROS detection regarding free-radical-related diseases. Moreover, important insights into and further steps for using fluorescence and electrochemical methods in the detection of ROS are presented.
Topics: Animals; Electrochemical Techniques; Fluorescence; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Superoxides
PubMed: 33498809
DOI: 10.3390/bios11020030 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A Oct 2022Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFR) play an important role in chemical transformation of atmospheric aerosols and adverse...
Effects of Nitrogen Oxides on the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals from α-Pinene and Naphthalene Secondary Organic Aerosols.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFR) play an important role in chemical transformation of atmospheric aerosols and adverse aerosol health effects. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen oxides (NO) during photooxidation of α-pinene and naphthalene on the EPFR content and ROS formation from secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was applied to quantify EPFR content and ROS formation. While no EPFR were detected in α-pinene SOA, we found that naphthalene SOA contained about 0.7 pmol μg of EPFR, and NO has little influence on EPFR concentrations and oxidative potential. α-Pinene and naphthalene SOA generated under low NO conditions form OH radicals and superoxide in the aqueous phase, which was lowered substantially by 50-80% for SOA generated under high NO conditions. High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis showed the substantial formation of nitroaromatics and organic nitrates in a high NO environment. The modeling results using the GECKO-A model that simulates explicit gas-phase chemistry and the radical 2D-VBS model that treats autoxidation predicted reduced formation of hydroperoxides and enhanced formation of organic nitrates under high NO due to the reactions of peroxy radicals with NO instead of their reactions with HO. Consistently, the presence of NO resulted in the decrease of peroxide contents and oxidative potential of α-pinene SOA.
Topics: Aerosols; Air Pollutants; Bicyclic Monoterpenes; Naphthalenes; Nitrogen Oxides; Reactive Oxygen Species; Superoxides
PubMed: 36194388
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05532 -
Environmental Science & Technology Nov 2023Ozone is a commonly applied disinfectant and oxidant in drinking water and has more recently been implemented for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for potable... (Review)
Review
Ozone is a commonly applied disinfectant and oxidant in drinking water and has more recently been implemented for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for potable reuse and ecosystem protection. One drawback is the potential formation of bromate, a possible human carcinogen with a strict drinking water standard of 10 μg/L. The formation of bromate from bromide during ozonation is complex and involves reactions with both ozone and secondary oxidants formed from ozone decomposition, i.e., hydroxyl radical. The underlying mechanism has been elucidated over the past several decades, and the extent of many parallel reactions occurring with either ozone or hydroxyl radicals depends strongly on the concentration, type of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and carbonate. On the basis of mechanistic considerations, several approaches minimizing bromate formation during ozonation can be applied. Removal of bromate after ozonation is less feasible. We recommend that bromate control strategies be prioritized in the following order: (1) control bromide discharge at the source and ensure optimal ozone mass-transfer design to minimize bromate formation, (2) minimize bromate formation during ozonation by chemical control strategies, such as ammonium with or without chlorine addition or hydrogen peroxide addition, which interfere with specific bromate formation steps and/or mask bromide, (3) implement a pretreatment strategy to reduce bromide and/or DOM prior to ozonation, and (4) assess the suitability of ozonation altogether or utilize a downstream treatment process that may already be in place, such as reverse osmosis, for post-ozone bromate abatement. A one-size-fits-all approach to bromate control does not exist, and treatment objectives, such as disinfection and micropollutant abatement, must also be considered.
Topics: Humans; Bromates; Drinking Water; Bromides; Ecosystem; Ozone; Water Purification; Hydroxyl Radical; Oxidants; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 37363871
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00538 -
Journal of Environmental Management Apr 2022Nanotechnology holds huge potential for the prevention of various viral outbreaks that have increased at a disquieting rate over the past decades. Metal oxide... (Review)
Review
Nanotechnology holds huge potential for the prevention of various viral outbreaks that have increased at a disquieting rate over the past decades. Metal oxide nanomaterials with oxidative capability are the effective materials that provide platforms as well as tools for the well understanding of the mechanism, its detection, and treatment of various viral diseases like measles, influenza, herpes, ebola, current COVID-19 etc. In this inclusive review, we survey various previous research articles on different notable photoactive transition metal oxides that possess enough potential to act as antiviral agents for the deactivation of harmful viruses. We investigated and highlighted the plausible photocatalytic oxidative mechanism of photoactive transition metal oxides in degrading viral coatings, genomic RNA using suitable free radical generation. The key finding of the present review article including the discovery of a vision on the suitable photocatalytic transition metal oxides that have been proven to be excellent against harmful viruses and consequently combatting deadly CoV-2 in the environment. This review intends to provide conclusive remarks and a realistic outlook on other advanced photocatalytic metal oxides as a potential solution in battling other similar upcoming pandemics.
Topics: COVID-19; Disinfection; Humans; Oxides; SARS-CoV-2; Viruses
PubMed: 35121465
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114617 -
Nature Communications Dec 2022Given the widespread significance of vicinal diamine units in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals and functional materials, as well as in privileged molecular catalysts,...
Given the widespread significance of vicinal diamine units in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals and functional materials, as well as in privileged molecular catalysts, an efficient and practical strategy that avoids the use of stoichiometric strong oxidants is highly desirable. We herein report the application of ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excitation to 1,2-diazidation reactions from alkenes and TMSN via a coordination-LMCT-homolysis process with more abundant and greener iron salt as the catalyst. Such a LMCT-homolysis mode allows the generation of electrophilic azidyl radical intermediate from Fe-N complexes poised for subsequent radical addition into carbon-carbon double bond. The generated carbon radical intermediate is further captured by iron-mediated azidyl radical transfer, enabling dual carbon-nitrogen bond formation. This protocol provides a versatile platform to access structurally diverse diazides with high functional group compatibility from readily available alkenes without the need of chemical oxidants.
Topics: Iron; Alkenes; Ligands; Oxidants; Catalysis; Carbon
PubMed: 36564406
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35344-9 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jun 2022Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are part of the emerging contaminants (ECs) in the environment due to their known or suspected adverse effects in... (Review)
Review
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are part of the emerging contaminants (ECs) in the environment due to their known or suspected adverse effects in aquatic and terrestrial organisms, as well as in human health. Presence of PPCPs in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems has been mainly attributed to the effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Although several PPCPs have been detected in wastewater, their removal from wastewater via biological processes is limited. Removal of PPCPs depends on their chemical structure, concentration, solubility, and technology used to treat the wastewater. Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) are some of the most sought-after methods for dealing with organic pollutants in water including PPCPs, due to generation of strong oxidants such as •OH, HO and O by using directly or indirectly electrochemical technology. This review is focused on the removal of main PPCPs via EAOPs such as, anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton, photoelectron-Fenton, solar photoelectron-Fenton, photoelectrocatalysis and sonoelectrochemical processes. Although more than 40 PPCPs have been identified through different analytical approaches, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and antifungal are the main categories of PPCPs detected in different water matrices. Application of EAOPs has been centered in the removal of antibiotics and analgesics of high consumption by using model media, e.g. NaSO Photoelectrocatalysis and Electro-Fenton processes have been the most versatile EAOPs applied for PPCPs removal under a wide range of operating conditions and a variety of electrodes. Although EAOPs have gained significant scientific interest due to their effectiveness, low environmental impact, and simplicity, further research about the removal of PPCPs and their by-products under realistic concentrations and media is needed. Moreover, mid-, and long-term experiments that evaluate EAOPs performance will provide knowledge about key parameters that allow these technologies to be scaled and reduce the potential risk of PPCPs in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cosmetics; Ecosystem; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Rivers; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 35257780
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154348 -
ChemSusChem Oct 2022The dissolution of elemental noble metals (NMs) such as gold, platinum, palladium, and copper is necessary for their recycling but carries a high environmental burden...
The dissolution of elemental noble metals (NMs) such as gold, platinum, palladium, and copper is necessary for their recycling but carries a high environmental burden due to the use of strong acids and toxic reagents. Herein, a new approach was developed for the rapid dissolution of elemental NMs in organic solvents using mixtures of triphenylphosphine dichloride or oxalyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide, forming metal chloride salts directly. Almost quantitative dissolution of metallic Au, Pd, and Cu was observed within minutes at room temperature. For Pt, dissolution was achieved, albeit more slowly, using the chlorinating oxidant alone but was inhibited on addition of hydrogen peroxide. After leaching, transfer of Pt and Pd chloride salts from the organic phase into a 6 m HCl aqueous phase facilitated their separation by precipitation of Pt using a simple diamide ligand. In contrast, the retention of Au chloridometalate in the organic phase allowed its selective separation from Ni and Cu from a leachate solution obtained from electronic CPUs. This new approach has potential application in the hydrometallurgical leaching and purification of NMs from ores, spent catalysts, and electronic and nano-wastes.
Topics: Electronic Waste; Palladium; Copper; Chlorides; Platinum; Hydrogen Peroxide; Solubility; Ligands; Diamide; Salts; Recycling; Gold; Solvents; Oxidants
PubMed: 35929761
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201285 -
Journal of Microorganism Control 2023Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an active species in the chlorination process. Hypochlorite salts that release hypochlorite ion (OCl) have been used for more than 200 years... (Review)
Review
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an active species in the chlorination process. Hypochlorite salts that release hypochlorite ion (OCl) have been used for more than 200 years as disinfecting, cleaning, deodorizing, and decolorizing agents in various technological fields. In the food industry, sodium hypochlorite is the most widely used among chlorine compounds. The antimicrobial activity of a dilute hypochlorite solution is attributed largely to HOCl because of its cell membrane permeability. OCl exhibits an excellent cleaning action for organic soils on solid surfaces. HOCl has been used as an aqueous solution, and its objects to be treated are things. In hypochlorite solution, HOCl is volatile and easily volatilized by stirring, bubbling, atomizing, or forced-air vaporization. On the other hand, OCl is non-volatile and stays in the solution. Recently, the scope of objects to be treated with hypochlorite solution has been expanded to indoor spaces, and the use of gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl ) has been studied intensively. This review describes the mechanisms of actions of hypochlorous acid as liquid-based and gaseous disinfectants and provides the evidence for the safety and effectiveness of HOCl for controlling microorganisms in indoor spaces.
Topics: Hypochlorous Acid; Gases; Sodium Hypochlorite; Disinfectants; Water
PubMed: 38233168
DOI: 10.4265/jmc.28.4_165 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2020Accumulation, contents of protein, non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH and GSSG), lipid peroxidation product (melondialdehyde-MDA) and organic acids (fumarate,...
Accumulation, contents of protein, non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH and GSSG), lipid peroxidation product (melondialdehyde-MDA) and organic acids (fumarate, succinate, malate and citrate), and activities of neurological (acetylcholinesterase-AChE), detoxification (glutathione S-transferase-GST) and metabolic (lactate dehydrogenase-LDH, aspartate transaminase-AST and alanine transaminase-ALT) enzymes were recorded in the hatchlings of Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala after 7 and 14 days exposure and 10 days post exposure (recovery period) to sublethal concentrations (0.005, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.05 mg/L) of triclosan, a highly toxic and persistent biocide used in personal care products. Accumulation was maximum between 7-14 days at 0.01 mg/L for C. carpio and L. rohita but at 0.005 mg/L for C. idella and C. mrigala. No triclosan was observed at 0.005 mg/L in C. carpio and C. mrigala after recovery. Significant decline in protein, glutathione and acetylcholinesterase but increase in glutathione S-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, melondialdehyde and organic acids over control during exposure continued till the end of recovery period. Integrated biomarker response (IBR) analysis depicted higher star plot area for glutathione and glutathione S-transferase during initial 7 days of exposure, thereafter, during 7-14 days of exposure and the recovery period, higher star plot area was observed for acetylcholinesterase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and organic acids. Higher star plot area was observed for protein in all the species throughout the study. The study shows that L. rohita is most sensitive and glutathione, acetylcholinesterase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase are the biomarkers for the toxicity of sublethal concentrations of TCS.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biomarkers; Carps; Citric Acid; Cosmetics; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzymes; Glutathione; Glutathione Disulfide; Malondialdehyde; Oxidants; Proteins; Species Specificity; Triclosan; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 33057045
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73042-y -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Conventional Staudinger reductions of organic azides are sluggish with aryl or bulky aliphatic azides. In addition, Staudinger reduction usually requires a large excess...
Conventional Staudinger reductions of organic azides are sluggish with aryl or bulky aliphatic azides. In addition, Staudinger reduction usually requires a large excess of water to promote the decomposition of the -ylide intermediate into phosphine oxide and amine products. To overcome the challenges above, we designed a novel triaryl phosphine reagent with an -SONH substituent. Herein, we report that such phosphine reagents are able to mediate the Staudinger reduction of both aryl and alkyl azides in either anhydrous or wet solvents. Good to excellent yields were obtained in all cases (even at a diluted concentration of 0.01 M). The formation of B-TAP, a cyclic -ylide, instead of phosphine oxide, eliminates the requirement of water in the Staudinger reduction. In addition, computational studies disclose that the intramolecular protonation of the -ylide by the -SONH group is kinetically favorable and responsible for the acceleration of Staudinger reduction of the aryl azides.
Topics: Amines; Azides; Indicators and Reagents; Oxides; Water
PubMed: 36080474
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175707