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Acta Medica Portuguesa 2015Osteoarthritis is nowadays one of the most frequent chronic diseases and, with the increase in life expectancy, both its prevalence and incidence is expected to rise.... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis is nowadays one of the most frequent chronic diseases and, with the increase in life expectancy, both its prevalence and incidence is expected to rise. This condition is progressive and leads to functional decline and loss in quality of life, with important health care and society costs. A review of relevant and recent literature on osteoarthritis was performed in PubMed. The purpose of this study is to understand important aspects about osteoarthritis estimates, burden of disease, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Cost of Illness; Humans; Osteoarthritis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25817486
DOI: 10.20344/amp.5477 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2021Osteoarthritis is a common cause of disability worldwide. Although commonly referred to as a disease of the joint cartilage, osteoarthritis affects all joint tissues... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis is a common cause of disability worldwide. Although commonly referred to as a disease of the joint cartilage, osteoarthritis affects all joint tissues equally. The pathogenesis of this degenerative process is not completely understood; however, a low-grade inflammation leading to an imbalance between anabolic and katabolic processes is a well-established factor. The complex network of cytokines regulating these processes and cell communication has a central role in the development and progression of osteoarthritis. Concentrations of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were found to be altered depending on the osteoarthritis stage and activity. In this review, we analyzed individual cytokines involved in the immune processes with an emphasis on their function in osteoarthritis.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Chemokines; Cytokines; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 34502117
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179208 -
Nature Reviews. Disease Primers Oct 2016Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, is associated with an increasing socioeconomic impact owing to the ageing population and mainly affects the... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, is associated with an increasing socioeconomic impact owing to the ageing population and mainly affects the diarthrodial joints. Primary OA results from a combination of risk factors, with increasing age and obesity being the most prominent. The concept of the pathophysiology is still evolving, from being viewed as cartilage-limited to a multifactorial disease that affects the whole joint. An intricate relationship between local and systemic factors modulates its clinical and structural presentations, leading to a common final pathway of joint destruction. Pharmacological treatments are mostly related to relief of symptoms and there is no disease-modifying OA drug (that is, treatment that will reduce symptoms in addition to slowing or stopping the disease progression) yet approved by the regulatory agencies. Identifying phenotypes of patients will enable the detection of the disease in its early stages as well as distinguish individuals who are at higher risk of progression, which in turn could be used to guide clinical decision making and allow more effective and specific therapeutic interventions to be designed. This Primer is an update on the progress made in the field of OA epidemiology, quality of life, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, screening, prevention and disease management.
Topics: Disease Progression; Humans; Osteoarthritis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27734845
DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.72 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Feb 2022This year in review on osteoarthritis biology summarizes a series of research articles published between the 2020 and 2021 Osteoarthritis Research Society International... (Review)
Review
This year in review on osteoarthritis biology summarizes a series of research articles published between the 2020 and 2021 Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) World Congress. Research hightlights were selected and discussed based on the new discoveries of OA's cellular molecular mechanism, anatomical signatures, potential therapeutic targets, and regenerative therapy. The recently developed potential therapeutic targets are summarized, and the research focuses on TGFβ and WNT signaling in joint tissue homeostasis, joint aging and the dynamic of synolytics in OA joint, and the roles of TRP2, LDHA, OSCAR in cartilage homeostasis and OA joints are highlighted. Subsquencially, new anatomical structures and OA features are introduced, such as synovitis-induced venous portal circulation, horiozontal fissures between cartilage and subchondral bone, the cellular derivation of osteophytes formation, OA subtypes, and subchondral remodeling and pain biology. Then, research on the possibility of tissue regeneration in OA joints are discussed; skeletal stem cells in OA cartilage regeneration, and preclinical results of regenerative therapy for meniscus tear and osteochondral tissue morphoghesis are included. At last, the clinical evidence of the importance of delivery site of bone marrow stem cells for OA treatment is discussed. These findings represent advances in our understanding of OA pathophysiology.
Topics: Humans; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 34801671
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.11.009 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Jan 2022Hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) are leading causes of global disability. Most research to date has focused on the knee, with results often extrapolated to the hip, and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) are leading causes of global disability. Most research to date has focused on the knee, with results often extrapolated to the hip, and this extends to treatment recommendations in clinical guidelines. Extrapolating results from research on knee OA may limit our understanding of disease characteristics specific to hip OA, thereby constraining development and implementation of effective treatments. This review highlights differences between hip and knee OA with respect to prevalence, prognosis, epigenetics, pathophysiology, anatomical and biomechanical factors, clinical presentation, pain and non-surgical treatment recommendations and management.
Topics: Humans; Osteoarthritis, Hip; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Prognosis
PubMed: 34600121
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.09.010 -
Calcified Tissue International Dec 2014Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent chronic joint disease, increases in prevalence with age, and affects majority of individuals over the age of 65 and is a leading... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent chronic joint disease, increases in prevalence with age, and affects majority of individuals over the age of 65 and is a leading musculoskeletal cause of impaired mobility in the elderly. Because the precise molecular mechanisms which are involved in the degradation of cartilage matrix and development of OA are poorly understood and there are currently no effective interventions to decelerate the progression of OA or retard the irreversible degradation of cartilage except for total joint replacement surgery. In this paper, the important molecular mechanisms related to OA pathogenesis will be summarized and new insights into potential molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of OA will be provided.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Humans; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 25311420
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9917-9 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Mar 2019Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease in the world, with an age-associated increase in both incidence and prevalence. Clinical and epidemiologic research... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease in the world, with an age-associated increase in both incidence and prevalence. Clinical and epidemiologic research is crucial to better understand risk factors for disease, find the best treatments for symptoms, and identify therapies to slow down or even prevent disease progression. This paper is based on a systematic review of the osteoarthritis literature published in English between 2017/05/01 and 2018/04/25, with a focus on papers which have the potential to improve patient care, or which suggest novel areas for future research.
Topics: Humans; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 30453055
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.11.001 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Oct 2020Osteoarthritis (OA) is defined by clinical symptoms and radiological signs. Cartilage is crucial in the development, but all tissue components in and around the joint... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is defined by clinical symptoms and radiological signs. Cartilage is crucial in the development, but all tissue components in and around the joint are affected by the disease. OA aetiopathogenesis is multifactorial and may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary, with an influence of heritable factors. Contributing to OA development are age, joint trauma, other joint diseases, and overweight/obesity. The latter is of special interest being modifiable, and weight loss has proven very effective on symptoms of OA. Over the course of OA, inflammatory flares may be experienced, some associated with crystal formation in the joint, which opens for possible treatments, as argued in this review.
Topics: Humans; Obesity; Osteoarthritis; Overweight; Radiography; Weight Loss
PubMed: 33046193
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Obesity remains the most important risk factor for the incidence and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The leading cause of OA was believed to be overloading the... (Review)
Review
Obesity remains the most important risk factor for the incidence and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The leading cause of OA was believed to be overloading the joints due to excess weight which in turn leads to the destruction of articular cartilage. However, recent studies have proved otherwise, various other factors like adipose deposition, insulin resistance, and especially the improper coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses may lead to the initiation and progression of obesity-associated OA. It is becoming increasingly evident that multiple inflammatory cells are recruited into the synovial joint that serves an important role in pathological changes in the synovial joint. Polarization of macrophages and macrophage-produced mediators are extensively studied and linked to the inflammatory and destructive responses in the OA synovium and cartilage. However, the role of other major innate immune cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of OA has not been fully evaluated. Although cells of the adaptive immune system contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-induced OA is still under exploration, a quantity of literature indicates OA synovium has an enriched population of T cells and B cells compared with healthy control. The interplay between a variety of immune cells and other cells that reside in the articular joints may constitute a vicious cycle, leading to pathological changes of the articular joint in obese individuals. This review addresses obesity and the role of all the immune cells that are involved in OA and summarised animal studies and human trials and knowledge gaps between the studies have been highlighted. The review also touches base on the interventions currently in clinical trials, different stages of the testing, and their shortcomings are also discussed to understand the future direction which could help in understanding the multifactorial aspects of OA where inflammation has a significant function.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Inflammation; Macrophages; Obesity; Osteoarthritis; Synovial Membrane
PubMed: 35860250
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907750 -
Arthritis Research & Therapy Mar 2020Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) develops after joint injury. Specifically, patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have a high risk of developing... (Review)
Review
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) develops after joint injury. Specifically, patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have a high risk of developing PTOA. In this review, we outline the incidence of ACL injury that progresses to PTOA, analyze the role of ACL reconstruction in preventing PTOA, suggest possible mechanisms thought to be responsible for PTOA, evaluate current diagnostic methods for detecting early OA, and discuss potential interventions to combat PTOA. We also identify important directions for future research. Although much work has been done, the incidence of PTOA among patients with a history of ACL injury remains high due to the complexity of ACL injury progression to PTOA, the lack of sensitive and easily accessible diagnostic methods to detect OA development, and the limitations of current treatments. A number of factors are thought to be involved in the underlying mechanism, including structural factors, biological factors, mechanical factors, and neuromuscular factor. Since there is a clear "start point" for PTOA, early detection and intervention is of great importance. Currently, imaging modalities and specific biomarkers allow early detection of PTOA. However, none of them is both sensitive and easily accessible. After ACL injury, many patients undergo surgical reconstruction of ACL to restore joint stability and prevent excessive loading. However, convincing evidence is still lacking for the superiority of ACL-R to conservative management in term of the incidence of PTOA. As for non-surgical treatment such as anti-cytokine and chemokine interventions, most of them are investigated in animal studies and have not been applied to humans. A complete understanding of mechanisms to stratify the patients into different subgroups on the basis of risk factors is critical. And the improvement of standardized and quantitative assessment techniques is necessary to guide intervention. Moreover, treatments targeted toward different pathogenic pathways may be crucial to the management of PTOA in the future.
Topics: Animals; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; Biomarkers; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Osteoarthritis; Osteoarthritis, Knee
PubMed: 32209130
DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02156-5