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Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental... Mar 2021Evidence suggests that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) may adversely impact insulin production and signaling but there is limited information on the range of these...
OBJECTIVE
Evidence suggests that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) may adversely impact insulin production and signaling but there is limited information on the range of these effects and their future health consequences.
METHOD
A prospective cohort of predominantly African-American individuals identified while in utero and followed into adulthood were used to evaluate differences in various indicators of diabetes, including fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and insulin levels. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was also computed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and normal defined as < 25 kg/m . Participants were categorized as having PAE (n = 39) if their mothers drank at least 1 ounce of absolute alcohol per week or more during the 1 trimester of pregnancy and as Controls (n = 22) if their mothers reported abstaining from alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
RESULTS
Mean age of the sample was 36.0 ± 1.5 years. Indices of glucose metabolism, including fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels, did not vary by group status but insulin levels and HOMA-IR values varied by group status and BMI level. PAE individuals with a normal BMI had lower insulin levels than Controls. However, in PAE subjects, there was a steeper increase in insulin levels relative to their BMI than in Control subjects. A cluster of 5 PAE cases had low levels of insulin and 4 of the 5 had severe cognitive impairment.
CONCLUSIONS
The bidirectional effects on insulin level and insulin resistance associated with PAE may indicate differential rates of diabetes disease impact or differential PAE impact in the brain and peripheral areas involved in insulin production and signaling. These alterations may contribute to the metabolic disease risk associated with PAE.
Topics: Adult; Black or African American; Alcohol Drinking; Blood Glucose; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 33486796
DOI: 10.1111/acer.14559 -
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental... Nov 2019The relation of lifetime drinking trajectories to coronary heart disease is not well understood.
BACKGROUND
The relation of lifetime drinking trajectories to coronary heart disease is not well understood.
METHODS
Cases hospitalized for a nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and healthy population-based controls matched on age and sex completed a physical examination and an interview covering known AMI risk factors and a detailed lifetime drinking history. Distinct lifetime drinking trajectories based on ounces of ethanol consumed per decade between ages 10 and 59 years were derived and characterized according to lifetime drinking patterns associated with each. Sex-specific multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate AMI risk among participants who never drank regularly compared to lifetime drinking trajectories and risk associated with distinct trajectories among former and current drinkers.
RESULTS
Two lifetime drinking trajectories were derived, early peak and stable. Early peak trajectories were characterized by earlier onset of regular drinking, less frequent drinking, more drinks per drinking day, fewer total drinks, more frequent drunkenness per drinking year, and reduced alcohol intake or abstention by middle age. Never drinking regularly, reported by significantly more women than men, was associated with significantly higher AMI risk than stable lifetime drinking trajectories among men and in the sex-combined analysis of former drinkers only. Compared to stable lifetime drinking trajectories, early peak trajectories were associated with significantly higher AMI risk among male former drinkers, among sex-combined former drinkers, and among female current drinkers.
CONCLUSIONS
Epidemiological studies of alcohol and health in populations over age 35 may have underestimated the impact of heavy episodic drinking during adolescence and emerging adulthood on the cardiovascular system.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Case-Control Studies; Child; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; New York; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 31566766
DOI: 10.1111/acer.14190 -
The Lancet. Microbe Mar 2022
Topics: Pandemics
PubMed: 35261993
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00040-4 -
PloS One 2021Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have gained support as a policy response to adverse health effects associated with SSB consumption. On July 1, 2017, Oakland,...
INTRODUCTION
Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have gained support as a policy response to adverse health effects associated with SSB consumption. On July 1, 2017, Oakland, California, implemented a one-cent/ounce tax on SSBs with ≥25 calories/12 fluid ounces. This study estimated the long-term impact of the tax on taxed and untaxed beverage prices.
METHODS
Data on 5,830 taxed and 5,146 untaxed beverage prices were obtained from 99 stores in Oakland and 111 stores in Sacramento (comparison site), California, in late May-June 2017 and June 2019. Linear regression difference-in-differences models were computed with store and product fixed effects, with robust standard errors clustered on store, weighted based on volume sold by beverage sweetener status, type, and size.
RESULTS
Taxed beverage prices increased by 0.73 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.47,1.00) on average in supermarkets and grocery stores in Oakland relative to Sacramento and 0.74 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.39,1.09) in pharmacies, but did not change in convenience stores (-0.09 cents/ounce, 95% CI = -0.56,0.39). Untaxed beverage prices overall increased by 0.40 cents/ounce (95% CI = 0.05,0.75) in pharmacies but did not change in other store types. Prices of taxed individual-size soda specifically increased in all store types, by 0.91-2.39 cents/ounce (p<0.05), as did prices of untaxed individual-size soda in convenience stores (0.79 cents/ounce, 95% CI = 0.01,1.56) and pharmacies (1.66 cents/ounce, 95% CI = 0.09,3.23).
CONCLUSIONS
Two years following SSB tax implementation, there was partial tax pass-through with differences by store type and by beverage type and size within store type.
Topics: Beverages; California; Carbonated Beverages; Commerce; Food; Humans; Policy; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; Taxes
PubMed: 33395444
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244884 -
JAMA Network Open Jul 2023Taxes on sweetened beverages are being implemented around the globe; an understanding of these taxes on individual-level behavior is necessary.
IMPORTANCE
Taxes on sweetened beverages are being implemented around the globe; an understanding of these taxes on individual-level behavior is necessary.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the degree to which the sweetened beverage tax in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was associated with changes in beverage prices and individual-level purchasing over time at a national pharmacy chain in Philadelphia compared with Baltimore, Maryland.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Using a difference-in-differences approach and generalized linear mixed models, this cohort study examined beverage purchases made by loyalty cardholders at a national chain pharmacy retailer with stores in Philadelphia and Baltimore (control city) from before tax to after tax. Beverage sales (in US dollars) were linked by unique loyalty card numbers to enable longitudinal analyses. Data were collected from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2017 (2 years before tax and 1 year after tax); data analyses were conducted from January through October 2022.
EXPOSURE
Implementation of Philadelphia's 1.5 cents/oz tax on sweetened beverages.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The outcomes were the change in mean beverage price per-ounce and mean beverage volume purchased per cardholder transaction. Individual-level point-of-sale scanner data from all beverage purchases were analyzed.
RESULTS
A total of 1188 unique beverages were purchased from the same stores before tax and after tax. There were 231 065 unique cardholders in Philadelphia and 82 517 in Baltimore. Mean prices of taxed beverages (n = 2 094 220) increased by 1.6 (95% CI, 1.3-2.0) cents/oz (106.7% pass-through) in Philadelphia compared with Baltimore from before tax to after tax. Philadelphia cardholders purchased 7.8% (95% CI -8.1% to -7.5%) fewer ounces of taxed beverages and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.6%-1.7%) more ounces of nontaxed beverages per transaction. Taxed beverages made up a smaller percentage of cardholders' overall beverage purchases after tax (-13.4% [95% CI, -14.2% to -12.6%]), while nontaxed beverages made up a larger share (9.3% [95% CI, 7.7%-10.7%]).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this longitudinal cohort study of the Philadelphia beverage tax, the tax was completely passed through to prices and was associated with a 7.8% decline in ounces of taxed beverages purchased at a national pharmacy chain.
Topics: Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Philadelphia; Cohort Studies; Beverages; Taxes; Pharmacy
PubMed: 37440231
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.23200 -
Cancer May 2022
Topics: Bisexuality; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Medicaid; Neoplasms; United States
PubMed: 35285936
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34167 -
Contemporary Clinical Trials... Jun 2021Sugary drinks (SDs) are key contributors to excess added sugar intake and the predominant source of caffeine among children. Chronic caffeine intake causes dependence,...
BACKGROUND
Sugary drinks (SDs) are key contributors to excess added sugar intake and the predominant source of caffeine among children. Chronic caffeine intake causes dependence, and evidence for sugar dependence is emerging. Development of withdrawal symptoms may pose an obstacle to SD cessation among children. We examined the feasibility and acceptability of a three-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to investigate withdrawal symptoms resulting from replacement of children's usual caffeinated SD intake with either caffeine-free alternatives or caffeine-free and sugar-free alternatives, compared with continued consumption of caffeinated SDs.
METHODS
Twenty-nine children 8-12 years old, who consumed ≥12 ounces caffeinated SDs daily, enrolled. The two-week RCT required three in-person meetings and daily completion of electronic questionnaires to assess withdrawal symptoms and intervention adherence. Children were randomized to replace their usual caffeinated SD consumption with 1) caffeine-free alternatives, 2) caffeine-free and sugar-free alternatives, or 3) caffeinated SDs (control), provided by the study team. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight participants (97%) completed the study. Adherence was high, with 73% reporting compliance with beverage assignments, and 76% completing all questionnaires. In qualitative interviews at follow-up, children described feelings of importance and commitment, and parents did not find the procedures to be overly burdensome. While challenges to adherence were reported (e.g., child wanting other SDs, time commitment), participants described innovative strategies (e.g., designating a place for study drinks in the refrigerator) to maintain adherence.
CONCLUSION
Results indicated high levels of RCT feasibility and acceptability. The reported barriers and strategies for adherence will inform modifications required to design a larger and longer-term trial investigating withdrawal symptoms after SD cessation in children.
PubMed: 34189336
DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100791 -
Journal of the American Society of... Dec 2021
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Kidney Transplantation; Transplant Recipients; Vaccination
PubMed: 36734819
DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2021101347 -
JACC. Case Reports Jul 2021
PubMed: 34317684
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.03.023 -
Journal of Occupational and... May 2022To estimate the impact of hydration interventions on postworkday hydration status and incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To estimate the impact of hydration interventions on postworkday hydration status and incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI).
METHODS
Thirty agricultural workers were first monitored on a workday without any interventions. On the intervention workday, the same workers were randomized to one of two groups: 169 ounces (oz) (5 L) of plain water (n = 16) or 169 oz (5L) of water with electrolytes (n = 14).
RESULTS
No participants in the electrolyte group had an estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at the end of the workday of less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 or met the criteria for AKI in comparison to the water group (eGFR < 90: 15%; AKI: 23%) or the control group (eGFR < 90: 28%; AKI: 18%).
CONCLUSION
The study showed that drinking water with electrolytes may lower the risk for development of AKI among agricultural workers.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Electrolytes; Farmers; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Pilot Projects; Risk Factors; Water
PubMed: 35260538
DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002531