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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2018Pyometra is a common disease in dogs and cats. Hormones and opportunistic bacteria are fundamental in the development, with progesterone playing a key role. The disease... (Review)
Review
Pyometra is a common disease in dogs and cats. Hormones and opportunistic bacteria are fundamental in the development, with progesterone playing a key role. The disease should be suspected in intact bitches and queens presenting with illness, and particularly if within 4 months after estrus. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital to increase chances of survival as endotoxemia and sepsis often are induced. Typical clinical signs include vaginal discharge, depression, anorexia, polyuria and polydipsia, fever and gastrointestinal disturbances. Surgical ovariohysterectomy is the safest and most effective treatment. For breeding animals with less severe illness, purely medical treatments alternatives are possible.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hysterectomy; Ovariectomy; Pyometra
PubMed: 29933767
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.03.001 -
Obstetrics and Gynecology May 2022To perform an updated Markov modeling to assess the optimal age for bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) at the time of hysterectomy for benign indication. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To perform an updated Markov modeling to assess the optimal age for bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) at the time of hysterectomy for benign indication.
METHODS
We performed a literature review that assessed hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality by disease, age, hysterectomy with or without BSO, and estrogen therapy use. Base mortality rates were derived from national vital statistics data. A Markov model from reported HRs predicted the proportion of the population staying alive to age 80 years by 1-year and 5-year age groups at time of surgery, from age 45 to 55 years. Those younger than age 50 years were modeled as either taking postoperative estrogen or not; those 50 and older were modeled as not receiving estrogen. Computations were performed with R 3.5.1, using Bayesian integration for HR uncertainty.
RESULTS
Performing salpingo-oophorectomy before age 50 years for those not taking estrogen yields a lower survival proportion to age 80 years than hysterectomy alone before age 50 years (52.8% [Bayesian CI 40.7-59.7] vs 63.5% [Bayesian CI 62.2-64.9]). At or after age 50 years, there were similar proportions of those living to age 80 years with hysterectomy alone (66.4%, Bayesian CI 65.0-67.6) compared with concurrent salpingo-oophorectomy (66.9%, Bayesian CI 64.4-69.0). Importantly, those taking estrogen when salpingo-oophorectomy was performed before age 50 years had similar proportions of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and people living to age 80 years as those undergoing hysterectomy alone or those undergoing hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy at age 50 years and older.
CONCLUSION
This updated Markov model argues for the consideration of concurrent salpingo-oophorectomy for patients who are undergoing hysterectomy at age 50 and older and suggests that initiating estrogen in those who need salpingo-oophorectomy before age 50 years mitigates increased mortality risk.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bayes Theorem; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy; Middle Aged; Ovariectomy; Salpingo-oophorectomy
PubMed: 35576331
DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004732 -
Cell Proliferation Mar 2022Osteoporosis is a common bone disease in the elderly mainly regulated by osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs). The gut microbiota has been recognized as an important...
OBJECTIVES
Osteoporosis is a common bone disease in the elderly mainly regulated by osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs). The gut microbiota has been recognized as an important factor in many physiological and pathological processes in the host. Thus, we hypothesize that the gut microbiota is necessary for postmenopausal osteoporosis and that germ-free (GF) mice are protected from osteoporosis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Osteoporosis models were established by performing ovariectomy (OVX) in mice. Bone mass was measured by micro-CT, and gut microbiota were assessed by 16s rDNA sequencing. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining in vivo and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining in vitro.
RESULTS
Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the intestine are pivotal in OC differentiation, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) is a specific indicator of osteoporosis. Furthermore, we found that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes affect the de novo synthesis of glutathione (GSH) by regulating its key enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) and inhibiting mitochondrial biogenesis and ROS accumulation via the cAMP response element-binding (CREB) pathway. In addition, supplementing OVX mice with the probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius LI01 from the Firmicutes phylum prevented osteoporosis.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results reveal that GSH plays a vital role in OVX-induced bone loss, and probiotics that affect GSH metabolism are potential therapeutic targets for overcoming osteoporosis.
Topics: Animals; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Mice; Mitochondria; Organelle Biogenesis; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Ovariectomy; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 35080066
DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13194 -
Aging Cell Dec 2022Several epidemiological studies have suggested that obesity complicated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes exerts deleterious effects on the skeleton. While...
Several epidemiological studies have suggested that obesity complicated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes exerts deleterious effects on the skeleton. While obesity coexists with estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women, their combined effects on the skeleton are poorly studied. Thus, we investigated the impact of high-fat diet (HFD) on bone and metabolism of ovariectomized (OVX) female mice (C57BL/6J). OVX or sham operated mice were fed either HFD (60%fat) or normal diet (10%fat) for 12 weeks. HFD-OVX group exhibited pronounced increase in body weight (~86% in HFD and ~122% in HFD-OVX, p < 0.0005) and impaired glucose tolerance. Bone microCT-scanning revealed a pronounced decrease in trabecular bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) (-15.6 ± 0.48% in HFD and -37.5 ± 0.235% in HFD-OVX, p < 0.005) and expansion of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT; +60.7 ± 9.9% in HFD vs. +79.5 ± 5.86% in HFD-OVX, p < 0.005). Mechanistically, HFD-OVX treatment led to upregulation of genes markers of senescence, bone resorption, adipogenesis, inflammation, downregulation of gene markers of bone formation and bone development. Similarly, HFD-OVX treatment resulted in significant changes in bone tissue levels of purine/pyrimidine and Glutamate metabolisms, known to play a regulatory role in bone metabolism. Obesity and estrogen deficiency exert combined deleterious effects on bone resulting in accelerated cellular senescence, expansion of BMAT and impaired bone formation leading to decreased bone mass. Our results suggest that obesity may increase bone fragility in postmenopausal women.
Topics: Female; Mice; Animals; Humans; Diet, High-Fat; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Bone and Bones; Estrogens; Ovariectomy
PubMed: 36217558
DOI: 10.1111/acel.13726 -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Mar 2021Osteoporosis is a serious clinical problem that often follows the accelerated bone loss that occurs after the estrogen withdrawal of menopause. In order to better...
Osteoporosis is a serious clinical problem that often follows the accelerated bone loss that occurs after the estrogen withdrawal of menopause. In order to better understand the mechanism that produces estrogen withdrawal-induced bone loss, Yu and Pal et al., as reported in this issue of the JCI, examined mice that underwent ovariectomy (OVX). In C57BL/6 mice with enhanced Th17 cells in gut tissue, the authors demonstrated that OVX increased migration of TNF-expressing Th17 cells from the gut to the bone marrow. Furthermore, they found that manipulation of the pathways by which lymphocytes migrate and home to bone marrow prevented the increase of TNF+, Th17 cells in bone marrow after OVX in mice and the trabecular, but not cortical, bone loss in this model. These results argue that interactions of the gut microbiota with the immune system are involved in the effects of estrogen withdrawal on trabecular bone.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Ovariectomy; Th17 Cells
PubMed: 33645543
DOI: 10.1172/JCI146619 -
PloS One 2020In veterinary medicine, the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) for the control of postsurgical pain in dogs and cats is common given... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Clinical evaluation of postoperative analgesia, cardiorespiratory parameters and changes in liver and renal function tests of paracetamol compared to meloxicam and carprofen in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
BACKGROUND
In veterinary medicine, the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) for the control of postsurgical pain in dogs and cats is common given the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of these drugs. This study compared the serum biochemical changes and postoperative analgesic effects of paracetamol, meloxicam, and carprofen in bitches submitted to an ovariohysterectomy using the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analog Scale (DIVAS) and Pain Scale of the University of Melbourne (UMPS) scoring systems.
METHODS
Thirty bitches of different breeds underwent elective ovariohysterectomies and were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: a paracetamol group [15 mg kg-1 intravenous (IV)], a carprofen group (4 mg kg-1 IV), and a meloxicam group (0.2 mg kg-1 IV). All treatments were administered 30 minutes prior to surgery. Paracetamol was administered every 8 hours postoperatively for 48 hours total, while carprofen and meloxicam were intravenously administered every 24 hours. An evaluation of post-surgical pain was done with the DIVAS and the UMPS. The first post-surgical pain measurement was performed 1 hour after surgery and then 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery.
RESULTS
All groups exhibited a gradual reduction in pain throughout the postoperative period in both scales; however, neither scale significantly differed between the three treatment groups (P > 0.05) during the 48 postoperative hours.
CONCLUSIONS
Paracetamol was as effective as meloxicam and carprofen for post-surgical analgesia in bitches subjected to elective ovariohysterectomy. The present study demonstrates that paracetamol may be considered a tool for the effective treatment of acute perioperative pain in dogs. Furthermore, this drug led to no adverse reactions or changes in the parameters assessed in the present study, indicating its safety.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesia; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Carbazoles; Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Dogs; Female; Hysterectomy; Kidney Function Tests; Liver Function Tests; Meloxicam; Ovariectomy; Pain, Postoperative
PubMed: 32059002
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223697 -
Veterinary Ophthalmology May 2020To determine incidence and risk factors of post-sterilization hyphema in shelter cats.
OBJECTIVE
To determine incidence and risk factors of post-sterilization hyphema in shelter cats.
ANIMALS STUDIED
Retrospective medical record review of 1204 cats and prospective screening of 195 cats.
PROCEDURES
The study consisted of three parts: (a) Survey responses were collected from 20 veterinarians, who perform high-quality high-volume spay-neuter (HQHVSN) in both shelter and public clinic settings; (b) medical records of 1204 cats were analyzed retrospectively over a 14-month time period; and (c) ophthalmic examinations, including tonometry, were performed prospectively on 195 cats before and after sterilization surgery over 8 weeks.
RESULTS
Nine of 20 surveyed veterinarians reported having witnessed hyphema in cats following sterilization surgery. Retrospective review of 1204 medical record and prospective screening of 195 cats showed that three juvenile (<1 year of age) male cats (<2 kg) developed hyphema within 1 hour following surgery (0.2% incidence). In all three affected cats, anesthesia was induced with tiletamine/zolazepam (3 of 523 cats induced with this drug combination; 0.6% incidence), and hyphema resolved within 20 hours. Mean intraocular pressures as measured by Icare® TonoVet were (mean ± standard deviation) 11.5 ± 3.8 mm Hg and 21.7 ± 4.6 mm Hg for juvenile (<1 year of age) and adult (>1 year of age) cats, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Survey responses and three observed cases confirm the existence of feline post-sterilization hyphema with an estimated incidence of 0.2%. The underlying mechanism for this occurrence remains unknown.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Female; Hyphema; Hysterectomy; Incidence; Male; Michigan; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy; Postoperative Complications; Prospective Studies; Records; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32216041
DOI: 10.1111/vop.12760 -
Redox Biology Jun 2023Ovariectomy (OVX) conducted before the onset of natural menopause is considered to bringing forward and accelerate the process of ageing-associated neurodegeneration....
Ovariectomy (OVX) conducted before the onset of natural menopause is considered to bringing forward and accelerate the process of ageing-associated neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying memory decline and other cognitive dysfunctions following OVX are unclear. Given that iron accumulates during ageing and after OVX, we hypothesized that excess iron accumulation in the hippocampus would cause ferroptosis-induced increased neuronal degeneration and death associated with memory decline. In the current study, female rats that underwent OVX showed decreased dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) expression and reduced performance in the Morris water maze (MWM). We used primary cultured hippocampal cells to explore the ferroptosis resistance-inducing effect of 17β-oestradiol (E). The data supported a vital role of DHODH in neuronal ferroptosis. Specifically, E alleviated ferroptosis induced by erastin and ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), which can be blocked by brequinar (BQR). Further in vitro studies showed that E reduced lipid peroxidation levels and improved the behavioural performance of OVX rats. Our research interprets OVX-related neurodegeneration with respect to ferroptosis, and both our in vivo and in vitro data show that E supplementation exerts beneficial antiferroptotic effects by upregulating DHODH. Our data demonstrate the utility of E supplementation after OVX and provide a potential target, DHODH, for which hormone therapy has not been available.
Topics: Animals; Female; Rats; Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase; Estradiol; Ferroptosis; Hippocampus; Memory Disorders; Ovariectomy
PubMed: 37116254
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102708 -
Redox Biology Jul 2021Senescence of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has been widely reported to be closely correlated with aging-related diseases, including osteoporosis...
Senescence of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has been widely reported to be closely correlated with aging-related diseases, including osteoporosis (OP). Moreover, the beneficial functions of BMSCs decline with age, limiting their therapeutic efficacy in OP. In the present study, using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), we found that leucine-rich repeat containing 17 (LRRc17) expression in BMSCs was highly positively correlated with age. Therefore, we investigated whether LRRc17 knockdown could rejuvenate aged MSCs and increase their therapeutic efficacy in OP. Consistent with the RNA-Seq results, the protein expression of LRRc17 in senescent BMSCs was significantly increased, whereas LRRc17 knockdown inhibited cell apoptosis and reduced the expression of age-related proteins and G2 and S phase quiescence. Furthermore, LRRc17 knockdown shifted BMSCs from adipogenic to osteogenic differentiation, indicating the critical role of LRRc17 in BMSC senescence and differentiation. Additionally, similar to rapamycin (RAPA) treatment, LRRc17 knockdown activated mitophagy via inhibition of the mTOR/PI3K pathway, which consequently reduced mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited BMSC senescence. However, the effects of LRRc17 knockdown were significantly blocked by the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), demonstrating that LRRc17 knockdown prevented BMSC senescence by activating mitophagy. In vivo, compared with untransfected aged mouse-derived BMSCs (O-BMSCs), O-BMSCs transfected with sh-LRRc17 showed effective amelioration of ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss. Collectively, these results indicated that LRRc17 knockdown rejuvenated senescent BMSCs and thus enhanced their therapeutic efficacy in OP by activating autophagy.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cellular Senescence; Female; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice; Mitophagy; Osteogenesis; Ovariectomy; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
PubMed: 33865167
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101963 -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... Oct 2018
Topics: Aftercare; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biopsy; Europe; Female; Humans; Incidence; Long-Term Care; Medical Oncology; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ovariectomy; Ovary; Societies, Medical; Survivorship; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29697741
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy001