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International Journal of Health... Aug 2023Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Overweight/obesity and tobacco use are modifiable CVD risk factors, however literature about the...
BACKGROUND
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Overweight/obesity and tobacco use are modifiable CVD risk factors, however literature about the spatiotemporal dynamics of these risk factors in the region at subnational or local scales is lacking. We describe the spatiotemporal trends of overweight/obesity and tobacco use at subnational levels over a 13-year period (2003 to 2016) in five East African nations.
METHODS
Cross-sectional, nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were used to explore the subnational spatiotemporal patterns of overweight/obesity and tobacco use in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, five East African Community (EAC) nations with unique cultural landscapes influencing CVD risk factors. Adaptive kernel density estimation and logistic regression were used to determine the spatial distribution and change over time of CVD risk factors on a subnational and subpopulation (rural/urban) scale.
RESULTS
Subnational analysis shows that regional and national level analysis masks important trends in CVD risk factor prevalence. Overweight/obesity and tobacco use trends were not similar: overweight/obesity prevalence increased across most nations included in the study and the inverse was true for tobacco use prevalence. Urban populations in each nation were more likely to be overweight/obese than rural populations, but the magnitude of difference varied widely between nations. Spatial analysis revealed that although the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased over time in both urban and rural populations, the rate of change differed between urban and rural areas. Rural populations were more likely to use tobacco than urban populations, though the likelihood of use varied substantially between nations. Additionally, spatial analysis showed that tobacco use was not evenly distributed across the landscape: tobacco use increased in and around major cities and urban centers but declined in rural areas.
CONCLUSIONS
We highlight the importance of de-homogenizing CVD risk factor research in SSA. Studies of national or regional prevalence trends mask important information about subpopulation and place-specific behavior and drivers of risk factor prevalence. Spatially explicit studies should be considered as a vital tool to understand local drivers of health, disease, and associated risk factor trends, especially in highly diverse yet low-resourced, marginalized, and often homogenized regions.
Topics: Humans; Overweight; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Obesity; Risk Factors; Tanzania
PubMed: 37620831
DOI: 10.1186/s12942-023-00342-7 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2022Social determinants of health are a major contributing factor to health inequalities and have important effects on the health of the population. The aim of the study was...
Social determinants of health are a major contributing factor to health inequalities and have important effects on the health of the population. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of overweight/obesity in native and immigrant children aged 2-14 years residing in Spain, and to explore its relationship with socioeconomic factors, habits, and living and health conditions. This study used data from the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey, which collects health information on the population residing in Spain. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the risk of overweight/obesity controlling for the variables of interest. The final sample consisted of 2351 households. Children of immigrant origin had a significantly higher overall prevalence of overweight and/or obesity than natives, both in boys (40.5% vs. 29.5%) and girls (44.8% vs. 30.3%), and a higher adjusted risk of overweight/obesity (OR = 1.67). In addition, it has been observed that children of immigrant origin were at higher risk of consuming sugary soft drinks, exercising less, and using screens more. In conclusion, the increased risk of having different habits that may contribute to developing excess weight and of having overweight/obesity in children with a migrant background should guide public health policies and interventions, emphasizing those groups at higher risk and incorporating considerations of socioeconomic inequalities.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Humans; Male; Overweight; Pediatric Obesity; Prevalence; Spain
PubMed: 35162734
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031711 -
The Journal of Nutrition May 2015Since 1980, the global prevalence of obesity has doubled; in the United States, it has almost tripled. Billions of people are overweight and obese; the WHO reports that... (Review)
Review
Since 1980, the global prevalence of obesity has doubled; in the United States, it has almost tripled. Billions of people are overweight and obese; the WHO reports that >65% of the world's population die of diseases related to overweight rather than underweight. Obesity is a complex disease that can be studied from "metropolis to metabolite"—that is, beginning at the policy and the population level through epidemiology and intervention studies; to bench work including preclinical models, tissue, and cell culture studies; to biochemical assays; and to metabolomics. Metabolomics is the next research frontier because it provides a real-time snapshot of biochemical building blocks and products of cellular processes. This report comments on practical considerations when conducting metabolomics research. The pros and cons and important study design concerns are addressed to aid in increasing metabolomics research in the United States. The link between metabolism and inflammation is an understudied phenomenon that has great potential to transform our understanding of immunometabolism in obesity, diabetes, cancer, and other diseases; metabolomics promises to be an important tool in understanding the complex relations between factors contributing to such diseases.
Topics: Animals; Biomedical Research; Congresses as Topic; Diet; Global Health; Humans; Immunity; Metabolomics; Molecular Biology; Nutritional Sciences; Obesity; Overweight; Workforce
PubMed: 25833891
DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.200758 -
Preventing Chronic Disease Apr 2018Overweight and obesity are associated with increased rates of chronic disease and death globally. In Kenya, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women is high...
INTRODUCTION
Overweight and obesity are associated with increased rates of chronic disease and death globally. In Kenya, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women is high and may be growing. This study aimed to determine the national prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity among women in Kenya.
METHODS
We used cross-sectional data from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS). Data on body mass index for 13,048 women (aged 15-49 y) were analyzed by using multivariable logistic regression models. Overweight and obesity were classified by using World Health Organization categories (normal weight, 18.5 to <24.9; overweight, 25.0 to <29.9; and obese, ≥30.0).
RESULTS
The prevalence of overweight was 20.5%, and the prevalence of obesity, 9.1%. Women aged 35 to 44 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.58-3.81), with more than a secondary education (OR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.05-1.95), married or living with a partner (OR = 1.73; 95% CI, 1.42-2.08), not working (OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.10-1.48), in the richest category (OR = 6.50; 95% CI, 5.08-8.30), and who used hormonal contraception (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07-1.43) were significantly more likely to be overweight or obese.
CONCLUSION
A high proportion of women in Kenya are overweight or obese. Our study indicates that women from urban areas and women with high socioeconomic status make up the largest proportion of women who are overweight or obese. Targeted and tailored studies and interventions are needed to identify evidence-based obesity prevention strategies for high-risk women in Kenya.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Kenya; Middle Aged; Obesity; Overweight; Prevalence; Young Adult
PubMed: 29679481
DOI: 10.5888/pcd15.170401 -
BMC Public Health Oct 2018The aim of this study was to investigate whether integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy leads to changes in lifestyle mediators of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy for lifestyle mediators of overweight and obesity in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analyses.
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to investigate whether integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy leads to changes in lifestyle mediators of overweight and obesity in community-dwelling adults.
METHOD
Six electronic databases were systematically searched up to 04 October, 2017. Analyses were restricted to randomised controlled trials that examined the effect of integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy on lifestyle mediators of overweight and obesity (physical activity, diet, body composition) in community-dwelling adults. Meta-analyses were conducted using change scores from baseline in outcome measures specific to the lifestyle mediators of overweight and obesity to determine standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence.
RESULTS
Ten randomised controlled trials involving 1949 participants were included. Results revealed moderate quality evidence that integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy had a significant effect in increasing physical activity levels in community-dwelling adults (SMD: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.31, p < 0.05). The combined intervention resulted in a small, non-significant effect in body composition changes (SMD: -0.12, 95% CI: -0.24 to 0.01, p = 0.07). Insufficient evidence existed for outcome measures relating to dietary change.
DISCUSSION
The addition of integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy to usual care can lead to modest improvements in physical activity and body composition for community-dwelling adults. The available evidence demonstrates that it is feasible to integrate MI with CBT and that this combined intervention has the potential to improve health-related outcomes.
CONCLUSION
This review details recommendations for future research including the adoption of uniform objective outcome measures and well-defined interventions with sufficient follow-up durations and assessments of treatment fidelity.
Topics: Adult; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Humans; Independent Living; Life Style; Motivational Interviewing; Obesity; Overweight; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 30290793
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6062-9 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2022A systematic review and meta-analysis is conducted to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with fasting (HIIT + fasting) and other... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
A systematic review and meta-analysis is conducted to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with fasting (HIIT + fasting) and other interventions (HIIT alone, fasting alone, or normal intervention) in adults with overweight and obesity on body composition (body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percent fat mass (PFM), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM)), maximal oxygen uptake (VO), and glucose metabolism (fasting plasma glucose (FPG)), fasting plasma insulin (FPI)).
METHODS
The databases of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embace, Web of Science, CNKI, Wangfang Data, and CBM were searched from their inception to February 2022. Randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of HIIT + fasting and other interventions on adults with overweight and obesity were included in this meta-analysis. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The effect size was completed by using mean difference (MD) and standard deviation. If there were varying units or large differences among the included studies, the standardized mean difference (SMD) would be used. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).
RESULTS
Nine randomized controlled trials with 230 overweight and obese adults were conducted in accordance with our inclusion criteria. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that compared to the control group HIIT + fasting had better effects on the body mass, WC, FM, and VO, while there were no significant differences in PFM, FFM, FPG, and FPI.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the number of included trials being small and the GRADE of all outcomes being very low, HIIT + fasting has a positive effect on the body composition of overweight and obese adults, and significantly improves VO. For adults with overweight and obesity who have long-term comorbidity, HIIT + fasting was a better way to improve FPG than HIIT alone or fasting alone. More studies are required to investigate different combinations of HIIT + fasting; and the safety of HIIT + fasting intervention on overweight and obese adults.
Topics: Adult; Fasting; High-Intensity Interval Training; Humans; Obesity; Overweight; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Waist Circumference
PubMed: 35457507
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084638 -
Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and... 2018Overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in paediatrics represent issues of increasing importance. To complete diagnostics and extend patient monitoring, body... (Review)
Review
Overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in paediatrics represent issues of increasing importance. To complete diagnostics and extend patient monitoring, body composition measurements can be used. Nowadays there are a number of methods that allow the esti-mation of the content of individual tissues. Their accuracy and replicability, contributing to the measurement's credibility, are the subject of numerous scientific publications. While choosing a method, one has to know its basic assumptions and be aware of the assets and weaknesses, as well as its cost. The mentioned aspects will be discussed in this article. Reference methods considered as most precise are multicomponent models (3C, 4C), requiring several (usually three) measurements with the use of various devices, which improves the precision of calculating the fraction of a given body composition component (fat, water, minerals, and/or protein). Therefore, the need to estimate tissue content with mathematical models can be minimised. The choice of the methods forming a multicomponent model differs depending on the place of the examination. However, the 3C and 4C models are time-consuming and require sustained coopera-tion with young patients. Moreover, measurements can only be taken by trained staff that use expensive, specialised equipment. The examination cost can be reduced by the use of screening methods, such as anthropometrics and more advanced bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Due to published comparisons with reference methods, the precision limits of screening methods are known. However, when executed correctly, measurements obtained with these methods have an acceptable replicability and can become a valuable tool in everyday practice.
Topics: Anthropometry; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Child; Electric Impedance; Humans; Overweight; Pediatrics
PubMed: 30963756
DOI: 10.5114/pedm.2018.83365 -
BMC Women's Health Sep 2023This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of exercise interventions on body composition and quality of life in overweight/obese breast cancer survivors. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of exercise interventions on body composition and quality of life in overweight/obese breast cancer survivors.
METHODS
Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched from the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase databases and assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's assessing risk tool. The effect size was pooled as weighted mean difference (WMD) for body composition variables (i.e., body mass index [BMI], body fat, body weight, fat mass, lean mass, bone mineral density) and quality of life (i.e., physical health and mental health), and the confidence interval (CI) was set as 95%. Since heterogeneity existed, subgroup analysis was conducted to detect the source of heterogeneity.
RESULTS
Eight articles from six RCTs containing 548 overweight/obese breast cancer survivors (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m) were included and analyzed. Compared to routine care, exercise intervention significantly decreased the body mass index [WMD (95% CI) = -1.37 (-2.50, -0.23) kg/m] and body fat [WMD (95% CI) = -3.80 (-6.59, -1.01) %] of overweight/obese breast cancer survivors. Exercise intervention showed a tendency to increase physical health [WMD (95% CI) = 2.65 (-10.19, 15.48)] and mental health [WMD (95%CI) = 1.38 (-4.18, 6.95)], but no statistical significance was observed. A subgroup analysis showed the duration of intervention was a source of heterogeneity on body composition. In the 16-week subgroup, exercise intervention decreased fat mass and BMI while increased lean mass and bone mineral density. The 52-week exercise intervention was effective in increasing lean mass. A significant exercise intervention effect on reducing body fat was only detected in the 12-week subgroup.
CONCLUSION
Exercise intervention significantly decreased the body mass index and body fat of overweight/obese breast cancer survivors. The benefits of exercise interventions for overweight/obese breast cancer survivors need more evidence from high-quality RCTs with large sample sizes.
Topics: Humans; Female; Overweight; Cancer Survivors; Breast Neoplasms; Obesity; Body Composition; Quality of Life; Exercise Therapy
PubMed: 37700300
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02627-2 -
BMC Pediatrics Sep 2023Globally, the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased considerably, including in Indonesia. Obesity results from multifactorial interactions at the personal,...
BACKGROUND
Globally, the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased considerably, including in Indonesia. Obesity results from multifactorial interactions at the personal, familial, and environmental levels. However, little is known about the factors associated with overweight/obesity among children in Indonesia. This study is intended to identify personal, familial, and environmental factors associated with overweight/obesity in children aged 6-12 years in Indonesia.
METHODS
Study design was a secondary data analysis using the Indonesia Family Life Survey in 2014/2015, focusing on 6,090 children aged 6-12 years. The questions covered the child's body mass index and potential personal, familial, and environmental factors. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the personal, familial, and environmental factors.
RESULTS
The mean age of participants was 8.9 years (SD = 2.0); 51.0% were boys; 9.4% were overweight; and 8.1% were obese. Overweight and obesity were associated with age [AOR 1.09 (95% CI 1.04-1.14)], having an overweight [AOR 1.93 (95% CI 1.58-2.36)] or obese [AOR 3.36 (95% CI 2.43-4.61)] father compared with a normal father, being of Chinese [AOR 9.51 (95% CI 1.43-79.43)] or Javanese [AOR 1.60 (95% CI 1.16-2.24)] ethnicity compared with Sundanese ethnicity, and residing in an urban area [AOR 1.36 (95% CI 1.10-1.70)]. A lower risk of child overweight/obesity was associated with the father's perception [AOR 0.56 (95% CI 0.38-0.80)] and mother's perception [AOR 0.66 (95% CI 0.43-0.98)] of the child's food consumption as being less than adequate compared with adequate.
CONCLUSIONS
Risk factors in children for overweight/obesity were older age, having an overweight/obese father, membership of certain ethnic groups, and urban residence. The main protective factor was parents' perception that a child's food consumption was less than adequate. Health promotion programs focused on these factors could help control or prevent childhood obesity in Indonesia.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Male; Asian People; Indonesia; Overweight; Pediatric Obesity; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37749512
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04321-6 -
Obesity Facts 2023Several studies indicate an association between mental disorders and overweight or obesity. E-Mental health interventions offer an effective way to overcome barriers to...
INTRODUCTION
Several studies indicate an association between mental disorders and overweight or obesity. E-Mental health interventions offer an effective way to overcome barriers to health care access for individuals with overweight and obesity. The objective of this study was to examine the needs and demands for e-mental health interventions among individuals with overweight and obesity.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2020 to 2021 in Germany. A total of 643 participants were recruited through specialized social media platforms and the Alfried-Krupp hospital in Essen, Germany. Sociodemographic and medical data were analysed, as well as data on depressive symptoms and on the needs and demands for e-mental health interventions.
RESULTS
Contact with and recommendation by experts appear to be key aspects in the acceptance and use of e-mental health interventions. In summary, most participants preferred a 20-30-min weekly session via smartphone over a 4-month period. The highest preference in terms of features included practicing coping skills and being provided with information; in regard to desired topics, nutrition consultation, quality of life, and adapting to new life situations were considered most important.
DISCUSSION
e-Mental health interventions can be highly beneficial for individuals, especially when developed through a user-centred design approach. The results of the study indicate which content and design are preferred and, thereby, provide valuable information for consideration when developing a tailored e-mental health intervention.
Topics: Humans; Overweight; Mental Health; Quality of Life; Cross-Sectional Studies; Obesity
PubMed: 36442465
DOI: 10.1159/000527914