-
Journal of Medical Ethics May 2020The concept of 'ownership' is increasingly central to debates, in the media, health policy and bioethics, about the appropriate management of clinical data. I argue that...
The concept of 'ownership' is increasingly central to debates, in the media, health policy and bioethics, about the appropriate management of clinical data. I argue that the language of ownership acts as a metaphor and reflects multiple concerns about current data use and the disenfranchisement of citizens and collectives in the existing data ecosystem. But exactly which core interests and concerns ownership claims allude to remains opaque. Too often, we jump straight from 'ownership' to 'private property' and conclude 'the data belongs to the patient'. I will argue here that private property is only one type of relevant relationship between people, communities and data. There are several reasons to doubt that conceptualising data as private property presents a compelling response to concerns about clinical data ownership. In particular I argue that clinical data are co-constructed, so a property account would fail to confer exclusive rights to the patient. A non-property account of ownership acknowledges that the data are 'about the patient', and therefore the patient has relevant interests, without jumping to the conclusion that the data 'belongs to the patient'. On this broader account of ownership, the relevant harm is the severing of the connection between the patient and their data, and the solution is to re-engage and re-connect patients to the data research enterprise.
Topics: Bioethics; Ecosystem; Humans; Ownership
PubMed: 31911499
DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2018-105340 -
PeerJ 2023The modern lifestyle trend of pet ownership is undoubtedly beneficial for both physical and mental health. Research has shown a connection between pet ownership and...
BACKGROUND
The modern lifestyle trend of pet ownership is undoubtedly beneficial for both physical and mental health. Research has shown a connection between pet ownership and staff self-compassion. However, there has not been any evidence linking pet ownership to self-compassion in the nurse population.
AIMS
To investigate the current status of pet ownership among nurses and explore the influence of pet ownership on self-compassion among nurses.
METHODS
An online survey was conducted in July 2022 with 1,308 nurses in China. Data were collected using a general information questionnaire and a self-compassion scale. To compare categorical variables, the independent test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analysis were utilized. SPSS software was used for the statistical analysis.
RESULTS
We found that 16.9% of nurses owned at least one pet, and dogs and cats were the primary pets. The test for independent samples showed that pet owners and non-pet owners scored differently on self-compassion ( = 3.286, = 0.001), self-kindness ( = 3.378, = 0.001), common humanity ( = 2.419, = 0.016), and mindfulness ( = 2.246, = 0.025). One-way ANOVA revealed that the highest degree was an influencing factor of self-compassion ( = 1.386, = 0.019). Multiple linear regression showed that average monthly income, pet ownership, and highest degree were the factors that influenced self-compassion most significantly ( = 8.335, < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
The results revealed that nurses actually own pets as part of their modern lifestyle, which provides them with social support and potentially enhances their self-compassion. More efforts should be focused on the impact of pet ownership on nurses' physical and mental health, and pet-based interventions should also be developed.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Dogs; Self-Compassion; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cat Diseases; Dog Diseases; Ownership
PubMed: 37159831
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15288 -
BMJ Global Health May 2020Mobile phones have the potential to increase access to health information, improve patient-provider communication, and influence the content and quality of health... (Review)
Review
Mobile phones have the potential to increase access to health information, improve patient-provider communication, and influence the content and quality of health services received. Evidence on the gender gap in ownership of mobile phones is limited, and efforts to link phone ownership among women to care-seeking and practices for reproductive maternal newborn and child health (RMNCH) have yet to be made. This analysis aims to assess household and women's access to phones and its effects on RMNCH health outcomes in 15 countries for which Demographic and Health Surveys data on phone ownership are available. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to explore factors associated with women's phone ownership, along with the association of phone ownership to a wide range of RMNCH indicators. Study findings suggest that (1) gender gaps in mobile phone ownership vary, but they can be substantial, with less than half of women owning mobile phones in several countries; (2) the gender gap in phone ownership is larger for rural and poorer women; (3) women's phone ownership is generally associated with better RMNCH indicators; (4) among women phone owners, utilisation of RMNCH care-seeking and practices differs based on their income status; and (5) more could be done to unleash the potential of mobile phones on women's health if data gaps and varied metrics are addressed. Findings reinforce the notion that without addressing the gender gap in phone ownership, digital health programmes may be at risk of worsening existing health inequities.
Topics: Cell Phone; Child; Family Characteristics; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ownership; Rural Population; Telephone
PubMed: 32424014
DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002524 -
PeerJ 2022The present study addresses the need for a valid instrument for measuring dimensions of psychological ownership, including that of owned and non-owned objects, for use...
The present study addresses the need for a valid instrument for measuring dimensions of psychological ownership, including that of owned and non-owned objects, for use in the language and culture of Japan. Although the theory of psychological ownership has expanded self-extension theory, the most widely used scale of psychological ownership does not measure the extent to which one feels that it (the owned object) is a part of them. Thus, the present study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the Psychological Ownership Scale (POS-J) and examine its reliability and validity. Study 1 measured the POS-J of an owned object, finding the POS-J to have a two-factor structure (possession-self link and feeling of ownership) and its internal consistency and reliability to be adequate. Moreover, POS-J scores were positively correlated with perceived control and self-extension tendency, but not monetary value, indicating that conceptual validity was generally supported. To confirm whether the POS-J could be used for a non-owned object, Study 2 rephrased the expressions of item descriptions and examined the effect of imagining touching a non-owned object on the POS-J scores, showing that doing so increased the POS-J scores for the object. Our findings suggest that the POS-J is a reliable and valid measure of the psychological ownership of owned and non-owned objects for use in Japan.
Topics: Humans; Ownership; Reproducibility of Results; East Asian People; Emotions; Japan
PubMed: 35350635
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13063 -
Injury Prevention : Journal of the... Jun 2016We assessed gun ownership rates in 2013 across the USA and the association between exposure to a social gun culture and gun ownership. We used data from a nationally...
We assessed gun ownership rates in 2013 across the USA and the association between exposure to a social gun culture and gun ownership. We used data from a nationally representative sample of 4000 US adults, from 50 states and District of Columbia, aged >18 years to assess gun ownership and social gun culture performed in October 2013. State-level firearm policy information was obtained from the Brady Law Center and Injury Prevention and Control Center. One-third of Americans reported owning a gun, ranging from 5.2% in Delaware to 61.7% in Alaska. Gun ownership was 2.25-times greater among those reporting social gun culture (PR=2.25, 95% CI 2.02 to 2.52) than those who did not. In conclusion, we found strong association between social gun culture and gun ownership. Gun cultures may need to be considered for public health strategies that aim to change gun ownership in the USA.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Culture; Firearms; Humans; Licensure; Ownership; Policy Making; Social Desirability; Socioeconomic Factors; Symbolism; United States
PubMed: 26124073
DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041586 -
Journal of the American Geriatrics... Sep 2019Improving quality performance in home health is an increasingly high priority. The objective of this study was to examine trends in industry performance over time using...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Improving quality performance in home health is an increasingly high priority. The objective of this study was to examine trends in industry performance over time using three quality measures: a composite quality metric (Q index), an infection prevention measure (vaccination verification), and an outcome measure (hospital avoidance).
DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS/MEASURES
We linked Home Health Compare and Provider of Services data from 2012 to 2016, which included 39 211 observations during the 5-year study period and 7670 agencies in 2016. The Q index was developed to allow comparability over time, equally weighting the contributions of each element. After examining summary statistics, we developed three regression models stratified by ownership (for-profit/nonprofit agency) and included two constructs of nurse staffing, in addition to controlling for known confounders.
RESULTS
Most agencies (80.4%) were for-profit agencies. The Q index and vaccination verification improved substantially over time, but there was no change in hospital avoidance. Ownership status was associated with all three measures (P < .001). Registered nurse staffing (relative to licensed practical nurses and home health aides) was associated with higher Q index and vaccination verification (P < .001).
CONCLUSION
The Q index allows for assessment of trends over time in home healthcare. Ownership and nurse staffing are important factors in the quality of care. The overall home care market is driven by for-profit agencies, but their characteristics and outcomes differ from nonprofit agencies. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1859-1865, 2019.
Topics: Home Care Services; Humans; Ownership; Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Reference Standards; Regression Analysis; United States
PubMed: 31063621
DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15963 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Jul 2017The success of the Regulation on Orphan Medicinal Products in the European Union is evidenced by the 127 orphan drugs that have had market authorization since 2000.... (Review)
Review
AIMS
The success of the Regulation on Orphan Medicinal Products in the European Union is evidenced by the 127 orphan drugs that have had market authorization since 2000. However, the incentives aimed at stimulating research and development have had the unintended consequence of increasing drug cost, resulting in many orphan drugs not being cost-effective. Orphan drugs command an increasing share of the pharmaceutical market and account for a disproportionate amount of healthcare expenditure. Orphan drug ownership by socially motivated, not-for-profit organizations may facilitate access to more affordable orphan drugs, for the benefit of patients and healthcare systems alike. This study aims to describe opportunities for such organizations to become orphan drug Market Authorization Holders.
METHODS
We reviewed data on the ownership of EMA designated and approved orphan drugs, identified funding opportunities and business models for not-for-profit organizations, and summarised relevant legal and policy documents concerning intellectual property rights and drug regulation.
RESULTS
Using repurposed drugs as a paradigm, this narrative review navigates the regulatory hurdles, describes the legal context and identifies funding opportunities, in a bid to facilitate and encourage not-for-profit organizations to lead on the development of affordable orphan drugs.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the regulatory steps required to obtain an MA for an orphan drug are numerous and challenging, they are not insurmountable and can be achieved by not-for-profit organizations that are socially motivated to reduce the costs of orphan drugs to the payers of healthcare. Opportunities for orphan drug development resulting in affordable products lie mainly with repurposed drugs.
Topics: Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Approval; Drug Costs; Drug Repositioning; European Union; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Organizations, Nonprofit; Orphan Drug Production; Ownership
PubMed: 28109021
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13240 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2022This paper extends the concept of psychological ownership to the general natural environment, clarifies the concept of environmental psychological ownership, and...
This paper extends the concept of psychological ownership to the general natural environment, clarifies the concept of environmental psychological ownership, and analyzes the formation mechanism of environmental psychological ownership from three dimensions. According to the results of structural equation model based on data obtained from the questionnaire survey, pro-environment investment, environmental self-efficacy, and environmental knowledge are all positively associated with the individual's environmental psychological ownership, among which the correlation between environmental knowledge and environmental psychological ownership is the strongest. In addition, the environmental psychological ownership positively predicts the individual's pro-environmental intentions. The conclusion of the study can guide how to strengthen the environmental psychological ownership, thus providing a new perspective for pro-environmental behavior intervention.
Topics: Intention; Knowledge; Ownership; Self Efficacy; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 36231920
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912621 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Jan 2022Cats have become increasingly common as companion animals, and in many countries their popularity now exceeds that of dogs. At the same time, human allergies (including... (Review)
Review
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE
Cats have become increasingly common as companion animals, and in many countries their popularity now exceeds that of dogs. At the same time, human allergies (including allergy to cats) have been increasing and it has been estimated that globally up to 10-20% of human adults are sensitised to cats.
AIM
This review summarises the available published data on how human allergy to cats affects cat ownership and considers the implications of the findings on the wider human-cat bond and how adverse effects can be minimised.
EVIDENCE BASE
Online databases were searched for all original studies up to December 2020 that had quantified the impact of human allergy to cats on ownership or relinquishment. Objective quantifiable data appeared to fall into three broad outcomes - (1) choosing to avoid cat ownership; (2) relinquishment of owned cats; and (3) return of cats after acquisition from a rehoming centre. The data retrieved on these topics are the focus of this review. In some studies, data from cats and dogs were combined and these have also been included in the review.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Ownership; Pets
PubMed: 34622709
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X211013016 -
JAMA Network Open Sep 2023Skilled nursing facility (SNF) changes in ownership are receiving attention in the national conversation regarding health care quality and oversight. SNF ownership...
IMPORTANCE
Skilled nursing facility (SNF) changes in ownership are receiving attention in the national conversation regarding health care quality and oversight. SNF ownership changes have been cited as possible ways for SNFs to obscure financial arrangements and shift funds away from patient care; however, it is unclear whether ownership changes are associated with quality outcomes, especially for short-stay patients.
OBJECTIVE
To determine which SNF characteristics are associated with changes in ownership and whether ownership changes were associated with differences in short-stay patient outcomes.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This cohort study was a secondary analysis of 2016 to 2019 Medicare administrative data including SNFs in the United States with complete data. Data were analyzed from January 2016 through December 2019.
EXPOSURE
SNF change in ownership.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Outcomes of interest were facility-level risk-adjusted rates of hospital readmissions, emergency department visits, and community discharge for short-stay patients after admission to an SNF. Analyses were conducted using multivariable logistic regression and controlled interrupted time series.
RESULTS
Of 11 004 SNFs, 1459 (13.26%) changed ownership between 2016 and 2019. Compared with for-profit SNFs, nonprofit and government SNFs had lower odds of changing ownership (nonprofit: odds ratio [OR], 0.40; 95% CI, 0.32-0.49; government: OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.17-0.41). Chain SNFs had higher odds of changing ownership than nonchain SNFs (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.21-1.59). Urban SNFs with lower occupancy rates (OR per 10-percentage-point decrease, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.14-1.25), larger Medicaid populations (OR per 10-percentage-point increase, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.13-1.22), and lower staffing ratings (OR per 1-star increase on staffing rating, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.14-1.25) had higher odds of changing ownership. Descriptively, all 3 quality outcomes were worse throughout the study in SNFs undergoing ownership change compared with controls that did not change ownership. However, results of interrupted time series models found no associations between an ownership change and hospital readmissions or community discharge rates. Ownership change was associated with a short-term increase of 0.32 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.62) percentage points in emergency department visits.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this cohort study of 11 004 SNFs in the US between 2016 and 2019, SNF characteristics historically associated with lower quality were more likely to change ownership; however, ownership changes were only associated with short-term increases in ED visits. These results suggest that SNF ownership changes may be a symptom, not a cause, of lower quality.
Topics: Humans; Aged; United States; Medicare; Cohort Studies; Ownership; Skilled Nursing Facilities; Medicaid
PubMed: 37725374
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.34551