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Oxford Medical Case Reports May 2019The genus includes Gram-positive bacteria that are rarely known to cause infection in humans. Here we report a case of recurrent infection in an otherwise healthy...
The genus includes Gram-positive bacteria that are rarely known to cause infection in humans. Here we report a case of recurrent infection in an otherwise healthy 66-year-old man following environmental exposure decades prior to presentation to our clinic. Despite numerous attempts at surgical debridement, was repeatedly cultured from the soft tissue of the lower extremity wound site over a period of years. Post-operative antibiotic treatment prevented recurrence; however, upon antibiotic discontinuation, was again cultured from the wound. After multiple rounds of debridement and antibiotic therapy, the patient was started on indefinite, low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy to suppress infection resulting from transition of spores to vegetative cells. This case adds to the limited number of case reports describing species infection in healthy adults and presents a unique case of bona fide infection requiring life-long antibiotic therapy.
PubMed: 31198570
DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omz034 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2022Bacteria were isolated from wastewater and soil containing charred wood remnants based on their ability to use levoglucosan as a sole carbon source and on their...
Bacteria were isolated from wastewater and soil containing charred wood remnants based on their ability to use levoglucosan as a sole carbon source and on their levoglucosan dehydrogenase (LGDH) activity. On the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences, these bacteria represented the diverse genera , , , and Klebsiella. Genomic sequencing of the isolates verified that two isolates represented novel species, MEC069 and MEC087, while the remaining isolates were closely related to Microbacterium lacusdiani or Klebsiella pneumoniae. The genetic sequence of LGDH, , was found in the genomes of these four isolates as well as Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans Sphe3. The identity of the LGDH was experimentally verified following recombinant expression in Escherichia coli. Comparison of the putative genes surrounding in the isolate genomes indicated that several other gene products facilitate the bacterial catabolism of levoglucosan, including a putative sugar isomerase and several transport proteins. Levoglucosan is the most prevalent soluble carbohydrate remaining after high-temperature pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, but it is not fermented by typical production microbes such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A few fungi metabolize levoglucosan via the enzyme levoglucosan kinase, while several bacteria metabolize levoglucosan via levoglucosan dehydrogenase. This study describes the isolation and characterization of four bacterial species that degrade levoglucosan. Each isolate is shown to contain several genes within an operon involved in levoglucosan degradation, furthering our understanding of bacteria that metabolize levoglucosan.
Topics: Biomass; Glucose; Paenibacillus; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 34910566
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01868-21 -
Microbial Cell Factories Dec 2016Isolated from a wide range of sources, the genus Paenibacillus comprises bacterial species relevant to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Many Paenibacillus... (Review)
Review
Isolated from a wide range of sources, the genus Paenibacillus comprises bacterial species relevant to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Many Paenibacillus species can promote crop growth directly via biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and release of siderophores that enable iron acquisition. They can also offer protection against insect herbivores and phytopathogens, including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and viruses. This is accomplished by the production of a variety of antimicrobials and insecticides, and by triggering a hypersensitive defensive response of the plant, known as induced systemic resistance (ISR). Paenibacillus-derived antimicrobials also have applications in medicine, including polymyxins and fusaricidins, which are nonribosomal lipopeptides first isolated from strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa. Other useful molecules include exo-polysaccharides (EPS) and enzymes such as amylases, cellulases, hemicellulases, lipases, pectinases, oxygenases, dehydrogenases, lignin-modifying enzymes, and mutanases, which may have applications for detergents, food and feed, textiles, paper, biofuel, and healthcare. On the negative side, Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American Foulbrood, a lethal disease of honeybees, while a variety of species are opportunistic infectors of humans, and others cause spoilage of pasteurized dairy products. This broad review summarizes the major positive and negative impacts of Paenibacillus: its realised and prospective contributions to agriculture, medicine, process manufacturing, and bioremediation, as well as its impacts due to pathogenicity and food spoilage. This review also includes detailed information in Additional files 1, 2, 3 for major known Paenibacillus species with their locations of isolation, genome sequencing projects, patents, and industrially significant compounds and enzymes. Paenibacillus will, over time, play increasingly important roles in sustainable agriculture and industrial biotechnology.
Topics: Animals; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Paenibacillus
PubMed: 27905924
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0603-7 -
The Lancet. Microbe Aug 2023Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus is a cause of postinfectious hydrocephalus among Ugandan infants. To determine whether Paenibacillus spp is a pathogen in neonatal sepsis,... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus is a cause of postinfectious hydrocephalus among Ugandan infants. To determine whether Paenibacillus spp is a pathogen in neonatal sepsis, meningitis, and postinfectious hydrocephalus, we aimed to complete three separate studies of Ugandan infants. The first study was on peripartum prevalence of Paenibacillus in mother-newborn pairs. The second study assessed Paenibacillus in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from neonates with sepsis. The third study assessed Paenibacillus in CSF from infants with hydrocephalus.
METHODS
In this observational study, we recruited mother-newborn pairs with and without maternal fever (mother-newborn cohort), neonates (aged ≤28 days) with sepsis (sepsis cohort), and infants (aged ≤90 days) with hydrocephalus with and without a history of neonatal sepsis and meningitis (hydrocephalus cohort) from three hospitals in Uganda between Jan 13, 2016 and Oct 2, 2019. We collected maternal blood, vaginal swabs, and placental samples and the cord from the mother-newborn pairs, and blood and CSF from neonates and infants. Bacterial content of infant CSF was characterised by 16S rDNA sequencing. We analysed all samples using quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting either the Paenibacillus genus or Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus spp. We collected cranial ultrasound and computed tomography images in the subset of participants represented in more than one cohort.
FINDINGS
No Paenibacillus spp were detected in vaginal, maternal blood, placental, or cord blood specimens from the mother-newborn cohort by qPCR. Paenibacillus spp was detected in 6% (37 of 631 neonates) in the sepsis cohort and, of these, 14% (5 of 37 neonates) developed postinfectious hydrocephalus. Paenibacillus was the most enriched bacterial genera in postinfectious hydrocephalus CSF (91 [44%] of 209 patients) from the hydrocephalus cohort, with 16S showing 94% accuracy when validated by qPCR. Imaging showed progression from Paenibacillus spp-related meningitis to postinfectious hydrocephalus over 1-3 months. Patients with postinfectious hydrocephalus with Paenibacillus spp infections were geographically clustered.
INTERPRETATION
Paenibacillus spp causes neonatal sepsis and meningitis in Uganda and is the dominant cause of subsequent postinfectious hydrocephalus. There was no evidence of transplacental transmission, and geographical evidence was consistent with an environmental source of neonatal infection. Further work is needed to identify routes of infection and optimise treatment of neonatal Paenibacillus spp infection to lessen the burden of morbidity and mortality.
FUNDING
National Institutes of Health and Boston Children's Hospital Office of Faculty Development.
Topics: United States; Infant, Newborn; Child; Humans; Infant; Female; Pregnancy; Uganda; Neonatal Sepsis; Placenta; Paenibacillus; Sepsis; Meningitis; Hydrocephalus; Case-Control Studies
PubMed: 37348522
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00106-4 -
Microbial Genomics Feb 2020is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), the most devastating bacterial disease of the honeybee. is... (Review)
Review
is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), the most devastating bacterial disease of the honeybee. is antibiotic resistant, complicating treatment efforts. Bacteriophages that target are rapidly emerging as a promising treatment. The first phages were isolated in the 1950s, but as was not antibiotic resistant at the time, interest in them remained scant. Interest in phages has grown rapidly since the first phage genome was sequenced in 2013. Since then, the number of sequenced phage genomes has reached 48 and is set to grow further. All sequenced phages encode a conserved -acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase that is responsible for cleaving the peptidoglycan cell wall of . All phages also encode either an integrase, excisionase or Cro/CI, indicating that they are temperate. In the last few years, several studies have been published on using phages and the phage amidase as treatments for AFB. Studies were conducted on infected larvae and also on hives in the field. The phages have a prophylactic effect, preventing infection, and also a curative effect, helping resolve infection. phages have a narrow range, lysing only , and are unable to lyse even related species. phages thus appear to be safe to use and effective as treatment for AFB, and interest in them in the coming years will continue to grow.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriophages; Bees; Genome, Viral; Paenibacillus larvae
PubMed: 32111267
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000329 -
PloS One 2016The soil-related Bacillus and Paenibacillus species have increasingly been implicated in various human diseases. Nevertheless, their identification still poses problems...
The soil-related Bacillus and Paenibacillus species have increasingly been implicated in various human diseases. Nevertheless, their identification still poses problems in the clinical microbiology laboratory and, with the exception of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus, little is known on their pathogenicity for humans. In this study, we evaluated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the identification of clinical isolates of these genera and conducted genotypic and phenotypic analyses to highlight specific virulence properties. Seventy-five clinical isolates were subjected to biochemical and MALDI-TOF MS identification. 16S rDNA sequencing and supplemental tests were used to solve any discrepancies or failures in the identification results. MALDI-TOF MS significantly outperformed classical biochemical testing for correct species identification and no misidentification was obtained. One third of the collected strains belonged to the B. cereus species, but also Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis were isolated at high rate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all the B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. simplex, B. mycoides, Paenibacillus glucanolyticus and Paenibacillus lautus isolates are resistant to penicillin. The evaluation of toxin/enzyme secretion, toxin-encoding genes, motility, and biofilm formation revealed that B. cereus displays the highest virulence potential. However, although generally considered nonpathogenic, most of the other species were shown to swim, swarm, produce biofilms, and secrete proteases that can have a role in bacterial virulence. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS appears useful for fast and accurate identification of Bacillus and Paenibacillus strains whose virulence properties make them of increasing clinical relevance.
Topics: Bacillus; Bacterial Typing Techniques; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Paenibacillus; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 27031639
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152831 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2022Antimicrobial resistance has been developing fast and incurring a loss of human life, and there is a need for new antimicrobial agents. Naturally occurring antimicrobial...
Antimicrobial resistance has been developing fast and incurring a loss of human life, and there is a need for new antimicrobial agents. Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides offer the characteristics to counter AMR because the resistance development is low or no resistance. Antimicrobial peptides from Paenibacillus peoriae IBSD35 cell-free supernatant were salted out and purified using chromatography and characterized with liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry. The extract has shown a high and broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Combining the strain IBSD35 genome sequence with its proteomic data enabled the prediction of biosynthetic gene clusters by connecting the peptide from LC-MS/MS data to the gene that encode. Antimicrobial peptide databases offered a platform for the effective search, prediction, and design of AMPs and expanded the studies on their isolation, structure elucidation, biological evaluation, and pathway engineering. The genome-based taxonomy and comparisons have shown that P. peoriae IBSD35 is closely related to Paenibacillus peoriae FSL J3-0120. P. peoriae IBSD35 harbored endophytic trait genes and nonribosomal peptide synthases biosynthetic gene clusters. The comparative genomics revealed evolutionary insights and facilitated the discovery of novel SMs using proteomics from the extract of P. peoriae IBSD35. It will increase the potential to find novel bio-molecules to counter AMR.
Topics: Humans; Proteomics; Chromatography, Liquid; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Paenibacillus; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Genomics
PubMed: 36344671
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23613-y -
Microbiological Research Feb 2021Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), performed by diazotrophic prokaryotes, is responsible for reducing dinitrogen (N) present in the biosphere into biologically...
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), performed by diazotrophic prokaryotes, is responsible for reducing dinitrogen (N) present in the biosphere into biologically available forms of nitrogen. Paenibacillus brasilensis PB24 is a diazotrophic Gram-positive bacterium and is considered ecologically and industrially important because it is able to produce antimicrobial substances and 2,3-butanediol. However, the genetics and regulation of its nitrogen fixing (nif) genes have never been assessed so far. Therefore, the present study aimed to (i) identify the structural and regulatory genes related to BNF in the PB24 genome, (ii) perform comparative genomics analysis of the nif operon among different Paenibacillus species and (iii) study the expression of these genes in the presence and absence of NH. Strain PB24 showed a nif operon composed of nine genes (nifBHDKENXhesAV), with a conserved synteny (with small variations) among the Paenibacillus species evaluated. BNF regulatory genes, glnK and amtB (encoding GlnK signal transduction protein and AmtB transmembrane protein, respectively) and glnR and glnA genes (encoding the transcription factor GlnR and glutamine synthetase) were found in the PB24 genome. Primers were designed for qPCR amplification of the nitrogenase structural (nifH, nifD and nifK) and regulatory (glnA and amtB) BNF genes. The structural gene expression in PB24 was up- and downregulated in the absence and presence of NH, respectively. The gene expression levels indicated a GlnR-mediated repression of genes associated with ammonium import (amtBglnK) and BNF (nif genes). Additionally, the regulatory mechanism of GlnR in P. brasilensis PB24 differed from the other Paenibacillus evaluated, considering the different distribution of binding sites recognized by GlnR.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Binding Sites; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Nitrogen Fixation; Paenibacillus
PubMed: 33290933
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126647 -
Microbial Cell Factories May 2024Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using microorganisms are a fabulous and emerging eco-friendly science with well-defined sizes, shapes and controlled... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using microorganisms are a fabulous and emerging eco-friendly science with well-defined sizes, shapes and controlled monodispersity. Copper nanoparticles, among other metal particles, have sparked increased attention due to their applications in electronics, optics, catalysis, and antimicrobial agents.
RESULTS
This investigation explains the biosynthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticles from soil strains, Niallia circulans G9 and Paenibacillus sp. S4c by an eco-friendly method. The maximum reduction of copper ions and maximum synthesis CuNPs was provided by these strains. Biogenic formation of CuNPs have been characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray analysis and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Using UV-visible spectrum scanning, the synthesised CuNPs' SPR spectra showed maximum absorption peaks at λ. TEM investigation of the produced CuNPs revealed the development of spherical/hexagonal nanoparticles with a size range of 13-100 nm by the G9 strain and spherical nanoparticles with a size range of 5-40 nm by the S4c strain. Functional groups and chemical composition of CuONPs were also confirmed. The antimicrobial activity of the biosynthesized CuNPs were investigated against some human pathogens. CuNPs produced from the G9 strain had the highest activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10,231 and the lowest against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. CuNPs from the S4c strain demonstrated the highest activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 10,231 and the lowest activity against Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 13,883.
CONCLUSION
The present work focused on increasing the CuNPs production by two isolates, Niallia circulans G9 and Paenibacillus sp. S4c, which were then characterized alongside. The used analytics and chemical composition techniques validated the existence of CuONPs in the G9 and S4c biosynthesized nano cupper. CuNPs of S4c are smaller and have a more varied shape than those of G9 strain, according to TEM images. In terms of antibacterial activity, the biosynthesized CuNPs from G9 and S4c were found to be more effective against Candida albicans ATCC 10,231 and E. coli ATCC 10,231, respectively.
Topics: Paenibacillus; Metal Nanoparticles; Copper; Anti-Infective Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ascomycota
PubMed: 38802818
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02422-0 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Jun 2023The genus contains a variety of biologically active compounds that have potential applications in a range of fields, including medicine, agriculture, and livestock,...
The genus contains a variety of biologically active compounds that have potential applications in a range of fields, including medicine, agriculture, and livestock, playing an important role in the health and economy of society. Our study focused on the bacterium SS4 (KCTC 43402 = GDMCC 1.3498), which was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. This strain was analyzed using antiSMASH, BAGEL4, and PRISM to predict the secondary metabolites. Lassopeptide clusters were found using all three analysis methods, with the possibility of secretion. Additionally, PRISM found three biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) and predicted the structure of the product. Genome analysis indicated that glucoamylase is present in SS4. 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that strain SS4 most closely resembled DSM 29850 (98.22%), JJ-59 (98.19%), and KCTC 13870 (98.08%). Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences and Type Strain Genome Server (TYGS) analysis revealed that SS4 belongs to the genus based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis. As a result of the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) results, SS4 was determined to belong to the genus . Comparing DSM 29850 with average nucleotide identity (ANI 78.97%) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH 23%) revealed values that were all less than the threshold for bacterial species differentiation. The results of this study suggest that strain SS4 can be classified as a species and is a novel member of the genus .
Topics: Fatty Acids; Soil; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; DNA, Bacterial; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Soil Microbiology; Base Composition; Paenibacillus; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 37072682
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2211.11033