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Journal of Infection in Developing... Mar 2023We present a case of a 30-year-old male patient who was admitted to our institution with a 4-month history of persistent headache, pain in the left half of the face and...
We present a case of a 30-year-old male patient who was admitted to our institution with a 4-month history of persistent headache, pain in the left half of the face and the left ear. The initial magnetic resonance imaging detected an inflammatory process in the left pyramid interpreted as petrous apicitis. Subsequently, he developed generalized seizures. Follow-up computed tomography scanning with contrast enhancement demonstrated newly-formed brain abscess in the basal region of the left temporal lobe. The patient underwent microsurgical evacuation and resection of the abscess. Microbiological examination isolated Paenibacillus lactis as a causative microorganism. During the postoperative period, the patient further developed life-threatening meningitis that was successfully managed with prolonged intravenous antimicrobial treatment. Six-months follow-up examination confirmed complete neurological recovery with no signs of recurrence based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of brain abscess caused by Paenibacillus lactis in the medical literature.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adult; Brain Abscess; Pain; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37023425
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.17209 -
Microbial Cell Factories Feb 2016Nitrogen fixation has been established in protokaryotic model Escherichia coli by transferring a minimal nif gene cluster composed of 9 genes (nifB, nifH, nifD, nifK,...
BACKGROUND
Nitrogen fixation has been established in protokaryotic model Escherichia coli by transferring a minimal nif gene cluster composed of 9 genes (nifB, nifH, nifD, nifK, nifE, nifN, nifX, hesA and nifV) from Paenibacillus sp. WLY78. However, the nitrogenase activity in the recombinant E. coli 78-7 is only 10 % of that observed in wild-type Paenibacillus. Thus, it is necessary to increase nitrogenase activity through synthetic biology.
RESULTS
In order to increase nitrogenase activity in heterologous host, a total of 28 selected genes from Paenibacillus sp. WLY78 and Klebsiella oxytoca were placed under the control of Paenibacillus nif promoter in two different vectors and then they are separately or combinationally transferred to the recombinant E. coli 78-7. Our results demonstrate that Paenibacillus suf operon (Fe-S cluster assembly) and the potential electron transport genes pfoAB, fldA and fer can increase nitrogenase activity. Also, K. oxytoca nifSU (Fe-S cluster assembly) and nifFJ (electron transport specific for nitrogenase) can increase nitrogenase activity. Especially, the combined assembly of the potential Paenibacillus electron transporter genes (pfoABfldA) with K. oxytoca nifSU recovers 50.1 % of wild-type (Paenibacillus) activity. However, K. oxytoca nifWZM and nifQ can not increase activity.
CONCLUSION
The combined assembly of the potential Paenibacillus electron transporter genes (pfoABfldA) with K. oxytoca nifSU recovers 50.1 % of wild-type (Paenibacillus) activity in the recombinant E. coli 78-7. Our results will provide valuable insights for the enhancement of nitrogenase activity in heterogeneous host and will provide guidance for engineering cereal plants with minimal nif genes.
Topics: Electron Transport; Escherichia coli; Genes, Bacterial; Iron-Sulfur Proteins; Klebsiella; Multigene Family; Nitrogenase; Paenibacillus; Recombination, Genetic; Synthetic Biology
PubMed: 26897628
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0442-6 -
Microbial Biotechnology Jul 2017Recent studies indicated that the production of secondary metabolites by soil bacteria can be triggered by interspecific interactions. However, little is known to date...
Recent studies indicated that the production of secondary metabolites by soil bacteria can be triggered by interspecific interactions. However, little is known to date about interspecific interactions between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we aimed to understand how the interspecific interaction between the Gram-positive Paenibacillus sp. AD87 and the Gram-negative Burkholderia sp. AD24 affects the fitness, gene expression and the production of soluble and volatile secondary metabolites of both bacteria. To obtain better insight into this interaction, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were performed. Our results revealed that the interaction between the two bacteria affected their fitness, gene expression and the production of secondary metabolites. During interaction, the growth of Paenibacillus was not affected, whereas the growth of Burkholderia was inhibited at 48 and 72 h. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the interaction between Burkholderia and Paenibacillus caused significant transcriptional changes in both bacteria as compared to the monocultures. The metabolomic analysis revealed that the interaction increased the production of specific volatile and soluble antimicrobial compounds such as 2,5-bis(1-methylethyl)-pyrazine and an unknown Pederin-like compound. The pyrazine volatile compound produced by Paenibacillus was subjected to bioassays and showed strong inhibitory activity against Burkholderia and a range of plant and human pathogens. Moreover, strong additive antimicrobial effects were observed when soluble extracts from the interacting bacteria were combined with the pure 2,5-bis(1-methylethyl)-pyrazine. The results obtained in this study highlight the importance to explore bacterial interspecific interactions to discover novel secondary metabolites and to perform simultaneously metabolomics of both, soluble and volatile compounds.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiosis; Biological Products; Burkholderia; Gene Expression Profiling; Humans; Metabolomics; Paenibacillus; Secondary Metabolism; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 28557379
DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12735 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Jul 2022Paenibacilli are gram-variable, endospore-forming bacteria that occupy various ecologic niches. These microorganisms have been known to infect humans occasionally at... (Review)
Review
Paenibacilli are gram-variable, endospore-forming bacteria that occupy various ecologic niches. These microorganisms have been known to infect humans occasionally at various anatomic sites. However, in humans, as well as in other vertebrate animals, the relationship between disease and isolation of spp. remains poorly understood. We report here a case of infection in an adult Poodle dog. The animal had nodules in the lungs and multifocal osteolytic expansile bone lesions. From bone, was recovered by culture and identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy and 16S rDNA sequencing; pyogranulomatous inflammation was observed in lung and bone specimens. The microorganism was resistant to clindamycin and imipenem. Four-month treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanate resulted in clinical resolution of disease in this dog. Nevertheless, therapy for more prolonged periods should be considered because recurrent infections can occur as a result of the transition of spores to vegetative cells. Disease caused by a species has not been reported previously in dogs, to our knowledge.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Osteomyelitis; Paenibacillus; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 35673775
DOI: 10.1177/10406387221100996 -
Genes Oct 2022Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are widely used to improve soil nutrients and promote plant growth and health. However, the growth-promoting effect of a...
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are widely used to improve soil nutrients and promote plant growth and health. However, the growth-promoting effect of a single PGPR on plants is limited. Here, we evaluated the effect of applying rhizobium 5038 (R5038) and two PGPR strains, MB35-5 (BA) and 3016 (PM), alone or in different combinations on the soil properties and rhizosphere bacterial community composition of soybean (). Additionally, metagenomic sequencing was performed to elucidate the profile of functional genes. Inoculation with compound microbial inoculant containing R5038 and BA (RB) significantly improved nodule nitrogenase activity and increased soil nitrogen content, and urease activity increased the abundance of the nitrogen cycle genes and and in the rhizosphere. In the treatment of inoculant-containing R5038 and PM (RP), significant changes were found for the abundance of and and the phosphorus cycle genes, and soil available phosphorus and phosphatase activity were increased. The RBP inoculants composed of three strains (R5038, BA and PM) significantly affected soybean biomass and the N and P contents of the rhizosphere. Compared with RB and RP, RBP consistently increased soybean nitrogen content, and dry weight. Overall, these results showed that several PGPR with different functions could be combined into composite bacterial inoculants, which coordinately modulate the rhizosphere microbial community structure and improve soybean growth.
Topics: Bradyrhizobium; Glycine max; Plant Roots; Bacillus; Soil; Paenibacillus; Phosphorus; Nitrogen
PubMed: 36360159
DOI: 10.3390/genes13111922 -
MSphere Jan 2020is a spore-forming bacterial genus that is frequently isolated from fluid milk and is proposed to play a role in spoilage. To characterize the genetic and phenotypic...
Paenibacillus odorifer, the Predominant Species Isolated from Milk in the United States, Demonstrates Genetic and Phenotypic Conservation of Psychrotolerance but Clade-Associated Differences in Nitrogen Metabolic Pathways.
is a spore-forming bacterial genus that is frequently isolated from fluid milk and is proposed to play a role in spoilage. To characterize the genetic and phenotypic diversity of spp., we first used allelic typing data for a preexisting collection of 1,228 species isolates collected from raw and processed milk, milk products, and dairy environmental sources. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and average nucleotide identity by BLAST (ANIb) analyses performed for a subset of 58 isolates representing unique and overrepresented allelic types in the collection revealed that these isolates represent 21 different spp., with being the predominant species. Further genomic characterization of isolates identified two distinct phylogenetic clades, clades A and B, which showed significant overrepresentation of 172 and 164 ortholog clusters and 94 and 52 gene ontology (GO) terms, respectively. While nitrogen fixation genes were found in both clades, multiple genes associated with nitrate and nitrite reduction were overrepresented in clade A isolates; additional phenotypic testing demonstrated that nitrate reduction is specific to isolates in clade A. Hidden Markov models detected 9 to 10 different classes of cold shock-associated genetic elements in all isolates. Phenotypic testing revealed that all isolates tested here can grow in skim milk broth at 6°C, suggesting that psychrotolerance is conserved in Overall, our data suggest that spp. isolated from milk in the United States represent broad genetic diversity, which may provide challenges for targeted-control strategies aimed at reducing fluid milk spoilage. Although species isolates are frequently isolated from pasteurized fluid milk, the link between the genetic diversity and phenotypic characteristics of these isolates was not well understood, especially as some isolated from milk are unable to grow at refrigeration temperatures. Our data demonstrate that spp. isolated from fluid milk represent tremendous interspecies diversity, with being the predominant sp. isolated. Furthermore, genetic and phenotypic data support that is well suited to transition from a soil-dwelling environment, where nitrogen fixation (and other nitrate/nitrite reduction pathways present only in clade A) may facilitate growth, to fluid milk, where its multiple cold shock-associated adaptations enable it to grow at refrigeration temperatures throughout the storage of milk. Therefore, efforts to reduce bacterial contamination of milk will require a systematic approach to reduce contamination of raw milk.
Topics: Animals; Cold-Shock Response; Colony Count, Microbial; Genetic Variation; Markov Chains; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Milk; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Fixation; Paenibacillus; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Spores, Bacterial; United States; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 31969477
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00739-19 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2023Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose in hardwood and graminaceous plants. It is a heteropolysaccharide comprising different moieties appended to the xylose units....
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose in hardwood and graminaceous plants. It is a heteropolysaccharide comprising different moieties appended to the xylose units. Complete degradation of xylan requires an arsenal of xylanolytic enzymes that can remove the substitutions and mediate internal hydrolysis of the xylan backbone. Here, we describe the xylan degradation potential and underlying enzyme machinery of the strain, sp. LS1. The strain LS1 was able to utilize both beechwood and corncob xylan as the sole source of carbon, with the former being the preferred substrate. Genome analysis revealed an extensive xylan-active CAZyme repertoire capable of mediating efficient degradation of the complex polymer. In addition to this, a putative xylooligosaccharide ABC transporter and homologues of the enzymes involved in the xylose isomerase pathway were identified. Further, we have validated the expression of selected xylan-active CAZymes, transporters, and metabolic enzymes during growth of the LS1 on xylan substrates using qRT-PCR. The genome comparison and genomic index (average nucleotide identity [ANI] and digital DNA-DNA hybridization) values revealed that strain LS1 is a novel species of the genus . Lastly, comparative genome analysis of 238 genomes revealed the prevalence of xylan-active CAZymes over cellulose across the genus. Taken together, our results indicate that sp. LS1 is an efficient degrader of xylan polymers, with potential implications in the production of biofuels and other beneficial by-products from lignocellulosic biomass. Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose in the lignocellulosic (plant) biomass that requires cooperative deconstruction by an arsenal of different xylanolytic enzymes to produce xylose and xylooligosaccharides. Microbial (particularly, bacterial) candidates that encode such enzymes are an asset to the biorefineries to mediate efficient and eco-friendly deconstruction of xylan to generate products of value. Although xylan degradation by a few spp. is reported, a complete genus-wide understanding of the said trait is unavailable till date. Through comparative genome analysis, we showed the prevalence of xylan-active CAZymes across spp., therefore making them an attractive option towards efficient xylan degradation. Additionally, we deciphered the xylan degradation potential of the strain sp. LS1 through genome analysis, expression profiling, and biochemical studies. The ability of sp. LS1 to degrade different xylan types obtained from different plant species, emphasizes its potential implication in lignocellulosic biorefineries.
Topics: Cellulose; Xylans; Paenibacillus; Xylose; DNA
PubMed: 37071006
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05028-22 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2021Application of diazotrophs (N-fixing microorganisms) can decrease the overuse of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Until now, there are few studies on the effects of diazotroph...
Application of diazotrophs (N-fixing microorganisms) can decrease the overuse of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Until now, there are few studies on the effects of diazotroph application on microbial communities of major crops. In this study, the diazotrophic and endospore-forming BJ-18 was inoculated into maize soils containing different N levels. The effects of inoculation on the composition and abundance of the bacterial, diazotrophic and fungal communities in the rhizosphere and root/shoot endosphere of maize were evaluated by sequencing the 16S rRNA, gene and ITS (Inter Transcribed Spacer) region. BJ-18 survived and propagated in all the compartments of the maize rhizosphere, root and shoot. The abundances and diversities of the bacterial and diazotrophic communities in the rhizosphere were significantly higher than in both root and shoot endospheres. Each compartment of the rhizosphere, root and shoot had its specific bacterial and diazotrophic communities. Our results showed that inoculation reshaped the structures of the bacterial, diazotrophic and fungal communities in the maize rhizosphere and endosphere. Inoculation reduced the interactions of the bacteria and diazotrophs in the rhizosphere and endosphere, while it increased the fungal interactions. After inoculation, the abundances of , and in all three compartments, in the rhizosphere and in the root and shoot were significantly increased, while the abundances of and were greatly reduced. was significantly correlated with plant dry weight, nitrogenase, N-fixing rate, P solubilization and other properties of the soil and plant.
Topics: Bacteria; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; Fungi; Microbiota; Mycobiome; Nitrogen Fixation; Paenibacillus; Plant Roots; Rhizosphere; Soil Microbiology; Zea mays
PubMed: 33540521
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031460 -
PeerJ 2019is a large genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, endospore-forming bacteria. The genus currently comprises more than 150 named species, approximately 20 of...
is a large genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, endospore-forming bacteria. The genus currently comprises more than 150 named species, approximately 20 of which have nitrogen-fixation ability. The N-fixing strains have potential uses as a bacterial fertilizer in agriculture. In this study, 179 bacterial strains were isolated by using nitrogen-free medium after heating at 85 °C for 10 min from 69 soil samples collected from different plant rhizospheres in different areas. Of the 179 bacterial strains, 25 strains had gene encoding Fe protein of nitrogenase and showed nitrogenase activities. Of the 25 N-fixing strains, 22 strains produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). 21 strains out of the 25 N-fixing strains inhibited at least one of the 6 plant pathogens , , , , and . 18 strains inhibited 5 plant pathogens and sp. SZ-13b could inhibit the growth of all of the 6 plant pathogens. According to the nitrogenase activities, antibacterial capacities and IAA production, we chose eight strains to inoculate wheat, cucumber and tomato. Our results showed that the 5 strains sp. JS-4, sp. SZ-10, sp. SZ-14, sp. BJ-4 and sp. SZ-15 significantly promoted plant growth and enhanced the dry weight of plants. Hence, the five strains have the greater potential to be used as good candidates for biofertilizer to facilitate sustainable development of agriculture.
PubMed: 31579563
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7445 -
Journal of Dairy Science Feb 2021Food loss and waste is a major concern in the United States and globally, with dairy foods representing one of the top categories of food lost and wasted. Estimates... (Review)
Review
Food loss and waste is a major concern in the United States and globally, with dairy foods representing one of the top categories of food lost and wasted. Estimates indicate that in the United States, approximately a quarter of dairy products are lost at the production level or wasted at the retail or consumer level annually. Premature microbial spoilage of dairy products, including fluid milk, cheese, and cultured products, is a primary contributor to dairy food waste. Microbial contamination may occur at various points throughout the production and processing continuum and includes organisms such as gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas), gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Paenibacillus), and a wide range of fungal organisms. These organisms grow at refrigerated storage temperatures, often rapidly, and create various degradative enzymes that result in off-odors, flavors, and body defects (e.g., coagulation), rendering them inedible. Reducing premature dairy food spoilage will in turn reduce waste throughout the dairy continuum. Strategies to reduce premature spoilage include reducing raw material contamination on-farm, physically removing microbial contaminants, employing biocontrol agents to reduce outgrowth of microbial contaminants, tracking and eliminating microbial contaminants using advanced molecular microbiological techniques, and others. This review will address the primary microbial causes of premature dairy product spoilage and methods of controlling this spoilage to reduce loss and waste in dairy products.
Topics: Animals; Dairy Products; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Fungi; Milk; Paenibacillus; Pseudomonas; Refuse Disposal; United States
PubMed: 33309352
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19130