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Cancer Cytopathology May 2015
Review
Topics: Biopsy, Needle; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Congresses as Topic; Cytodiagnosis; Early Detection of Cancer; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Maryland; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Staging; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomavirus Infections; Sensitivity and Specificity; Terminology as Topic; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 25931431
DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21521 -
JAMA May 2019
Review
Topics: Adult; Colposcopy; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomaviridae; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Risk Factors; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 31135834
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.4595 -
European Review For Medical and... Oct 2021Cervical cancer is largely preventable. Although routine Pap smear screening has reduced cervical cancer-related mortality by 70-80% in all countries and by... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Cervical cancer is largely preventable. Although routine Pap smear screening has reduced cervical cancer-related mortality by 70-80% in all countries and by approximately 90% in developing countries, the gynecologist is still confronted with women in advanced stages of the disease. The eradication of cervical cancer depends on identifying the disease early and removing barriers to its timely detection. Given the significant burden of cervical cancer in Asian countries, we investigated factors related to its screening in Asia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A comprehensive search was carried out in databases such as Medline, Web of Science and Scopus for articles published until September 2020. The following keywords were used: vaginal smear, Pap smear, cervical cancer screening, barriers, obstacles, challenge, early detection, the name of each Asian country, and a combination of these words.
RESULTS
Seventy-five articles were included in the study. The investigation revealed various factors related to cervical cancer screening in Asian women, including sociodemographic factors, awareness, attitudes and beliefs, perceived risk, psychological factors, self-efficacy, previous experiences, time, household, culture, fatalism, social support, access, cost, safety, insurance and health system-related factors.
CONCLUSIONS
Several barriers hinder the efficacy of a screening program. Its success requires the use of educational interventions, professional and inter-professional cooperation, allocation of sufficient resources, and policymakers focusing on the elimination of barriers.
Topics: Asian People; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Mass Screening; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 34661271
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202110_26889 -
Acta Cytologica 2017The aims of The Bethesda System (TBS) were to provide effective communication from the laboratory to the clinical provider; facilitate cytologic-histologic correlation;... (Review)
Review
The aims of The Bethesda System (TBS) were to provide effective communication from the laboratory to the clinical provider; facilitate cytologic-histologic correlation; facilitate research into the epidemiology, biology, and pathology of cervical disease; and provide reproducible and reliable data for national and international statistical analysis comparisons. Dr. Diane Solomon and colleagues' contribution to cervical cancer screening, diagnosis, and management began with the inception and dissemination of TBS for reporting cervical cytology in 1988, as detailed in the accompanying article [Solomon et al.: Acta Cytol 1989;33:567-574]. The significance of TBS for the further development and implementation of standardized terminology in pathology, and the research/management of cervical cancer have continued to evolve over the past three decades. TBS has always been a multidisciplinary effort and acknowledgement needs to be given to several stakeholders who, over the years, have contributed to its success. It has been our privilege and honor to have carried on the legacy of this seminal work, even as molecular methods are being closely integrated into cervical cancer screening, triage, and prevention.
Topics: Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 28693017
DOI: 10.1159/000477556 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Jan 2019
Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Delivery of Health Care; Documentation; Female; Fertility Preservation; Gender Identity; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Papanicolaou Test; Terminology as Topic; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 30665978
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.180954 -
BMC Women's Health Apr 2021Cervical cancer is a leading cause of death among Peruvian women. Barriers at multiple levels impact effective screening and treatment, including a lack of knowledge...
BACKGROUND
Cervical cancer is a leading cause of death among Peruvian women. Barriers at multiple levels impact effective screening and treatment, including a lack of knowledge about cervical cancer and how regular screening can reduce morbidity and mortality through earlier detection. The aim of this study is to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer and its prevention in the peri-urban communities of Oasis and Pampas in southern Lima, Peru that can be used to inform future campaigns about cervical cancer prevention.
METHODS
A cross-sectional survey that included several open-ended questions was administered to women in Pampas and Oasis between 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer and Pap smears.
RESULTS
In total, 224 women were interviewed. Knowledge about cervical cancer and Pap smears was high, and attitudes were predominantly positive among most participants. Most participants knew how often they should get Pap smears (89.7%), when to begin seeking screening (74.6%), knew the price of a Pap smear (61.9%), and felt Pap smears were important for their health (70.1%). About one third (29.5%) of premenopausal women reported receiving a Pap smear in the last year. However, open ended questions revealed some knowledge gaps around Pap smears, as well as some stigma associated to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection.
CONCLUSION
Although knowledge of cervical cancer prevention was generally high and perceptions were positive among women in peri-urban Peruvian communities, our findings revealed there is a need for education on HPV infection prevalence among sexually active individuals to reduce stigma. Future research should focus on exploring experiences with follow-up and treatment associated with abnormal Pap smears, as well as perspectives from health authorities and professionals about barriers in the early detection and treatment process for cervical cancer.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Mass Screening; Papanicolaou Test; Peru; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 33882904
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01291-8 -
PloS One 2021The knowledge of Pap smear and uptake of preventive behaviors to prevent cervical cancer are the most important contributors to the advanced stage of the disease....
BACKGROUND
The knowledge of Pap smear and uptake of preventive behaviors to prevent cervical cancer are the most important contributors to the advanced stage of the disease. Knowledge is one of the most leading factors to predict the health behaviors and a helpful factor in performing screening procedures. This study aimed to investigate Saudi Arabian women knowledge of Pap testing in relation to their intention to undergo the test.
METHODS
An online survey including demographic characteristics (3 questions), knowledge (13 questions), and intentions (3 questions) towards Pap smear was completed by 467 Saudi Arabian women. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 22, using descriptive statistics and correlation to measure the relationship between knowledge, demographic factors, and intention.
RESULTS
The study found that average level of knowledge was 1.3 which is between high and moderate knowledge, and the average score for the intention was 2.88, to indicate that the intentions to uptake Pap smear among the participants were above the average. The study revealed a significant correlation between demographic factors and intention (p<0.01).
CONCLUSION
Findings from the current study can inform health care providers about Saudi Arabian women knowledge of Pap smear and the intention to uptake the test. Strategies to motivate women to undergo Pap screening should be introduced.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Saudi Arabia; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Young Adult
PubMed: 34166452
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253850 -
Journal of Primary Care & Community... 2023Low- and middle-income countries represent nearly 85% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide; thereby, it is extremely important to identify methods to improve the... (Review)
Review
AIM
Low- and middle-income countries represent nearly 85% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide; thereby, it is extremely important to identify methods to improve the screening process. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize the primary characteristics of studies on accessibility, coverage, patient preferences, and factors associated with patient satisfaction or acceptance of colposcopy in primary healthcare.
METHODS
A search strategy, based on MeSH, Emtree, and free terms, was run through 5 databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Ovid/Medline, and Web of Science). EndNote 20.1 © and Rayyan QCRI © were used for screening. A preset datasheet was used for data extraction.
RESULTS
The systematic search retrieved 1127 references, and after removing duplicates, screening the titles and abstracts, and reviewing the full text, 7 studies were included. The interrater reliability was 77.73% (kappa statistic = 0.1842). Most studies estimated the proportion of women that sought for colposcopy after a previous screening test for human papilloma virus. One study identifies barriers to colposcopy examination in women at risk of developing cervical cancer. Three studies assessed the decentralization of colposcopy from a tertiary healthcare center to a primary care center. Pap smear was the most common first-line screening test, followed by liquid-based cytology sample and visual inspection with acetic acid.
CONCLUSION
Only a few countries have investigated the use of colposcopy in primary care. Thus, barriers and the care structure for this implementation to be successful in reducing cervical cancer incidence and mortality should be identified.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Colposcopy; Vaginal Smears; Reproducibility of Results; Papanicolaou Test; Early Detection of Cancer; Primary Health Care; Mass Screening
PubMed: 37740513
DOI: 10.1177/21501319231198942 -
Journal of Women's Health (2002) Aug 2022Pap smear has a central role in cervical cancer screening. Previous studies have found that female patients with disabilities are less likely to receive a Pap smear as...
Pap smear has a central role in cervical cancer screening. Previous studies have found that female patients with disabilities are less likely to receive a Pap smear as recommended by guidelines. The aim of our study was to examine the association between physical disability and Pap smear receipt in Israel. This cross-sectional study was conducted using the electronic medical records of the second largest health care maintenance organization in Israel. All female patients during 2012-2017 aged 25-65 were identified. The exposure variable was physical disability, and the outcome variable was Pap smear receipt. We used logistic regression to control for covariates. A total of 391,259 patients were eligible for this study, 6,720 (1.7%) with physical disability. 56.7% of patients with disabilities had received Pap smear compared to 63.3% of patients without disabilities, odds ratio (OR) 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72-0.80. When adjusting to sociodemographic and clinical covariates, patients with disabilities were less likely to receive Pap smear, adjusted OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.79-0.88. For all patients, older age, lower socioeconomic status, religious minorities, cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, and obesity were associated with lower odds of receipt of Pap smear. A history of nongynecologic oncologic disease was associated with increased odds of Pap smear receipt. Our study highlights the disparities between patients with and without physical disability with regard to screening for cervical cancer by receipt of Pap smear. Creating an appropriate practice with adequate access to patients with disability should be a focus for health care providers and policy makers.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Disabled Persons; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Mass Screening; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35072543
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0447 -
Cancer Cytopathology Jun 2022
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35291050
DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22561