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International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2022Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common risk factor for cervical cancer. Cervical cancer can be prevented with vaccination and early screening methods using pap...
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common risk factor for cervical cancer. Cervical cancer can be prevented with vaccination and early screening methods using pap smears. However, the acceptance of these approaches can be affected by the awareness level of the population. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess knowledge and practices related to cervical cancer among women in the Al Madinah Province in Saudi Arabia. A total of 1489 responses were included in the analysis. The median awareness score related to cervical cancer was eight out of 20 points. Vaginal bleeding, dyspareunia, and leg pain were correctly identified by 79.8%, 43.7%, and 19.3% of the women, respectively. Thirty-four percent of the study sample knew that the sexually transmitted virus is a risk factor for cervical cancer. Only 44.6% were able to correctly identify pap smear as a screening tool, and 12.6% knew that there was a HPV vaccine. This study revealed a low to moderate awareness level toward cervical cancer, pap smear, and HPV vaccine. Thus, awareness campaigns are urgently needed to increase the awareness level for early detection and prevention of the disease.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Saudi Arabia; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35162471
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031455 -
BMJ Open Feb 2022The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the impact of socio-territorial characteristics on mammography and pap smear uptake according to the place...
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the impact of socio-territorial characteristics on mammography and pap smear uptake according to the place of residence in the recommended age groups, and second outside the recommended age groups.
SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
We used an existing dataset of 1 027 039 women which combines data from the Health Insurance information systems, with census data from Midi-Pyrénées, France.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES
Our outcome was, for each woman, the uptake of the pap smear and the uptake of the mammography during the year.
RESULTS
A social gradient of screening uptake was found in the recommended age groups. This gradient was stronger in large urban areas:(1) For mammography: decile 10 (the most deprived) vs 1 (the least deprived), adjusted OR 0.777, 95% CI (0.748 to 0.808) in large urban area; adjusted OR= 0.808 for decile 1 to 0.726 for decile 10 in other areas vs decile 1 in urban areas;(2) For pap smear: decile 10 vs 1 adjusted OR 0.66, 95%CI (0.642 to 0.679) in large urban areas; adjusted OR= 0.747 for decile 1 to 0.562 for decile 10 in other areas vs decile 1 in urban areas).Screening rates were globally higher in large urban areas.For mammography, the social and territorial disparities were higher outside the recommended age group.
CONCLUSIONS
Offering a universal approach to every woman, as it is often the case in nationally organised screening programmes, is likely to be insufficient to ensure real equity in access. Developing global dataset combining health data and diverse socioeconomic data, at individual and contextual levels, could enable a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in this social gradient, and therefore, the development of targeted territorial actions to improve equity of access to healthcare.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Mammography; Mass Screening; Papanicolaou Test; Socioeconomic Factors; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35193917
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055363 -
JNMA; Journal of the Nepal Medical... Sep 2021Persistent inflammatory smear is a benign finding on pap test but is associated with premalignant lesion of the cervix. Further evaluation is therefore necessary. This... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
INTRODUCTION
Persistent inflammatory smear is a benign finding on pap test but is associated with premalignant lesion of the cervix. Further evaluation is therefore necessary. This study was done to determine the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial lesions in women with persistent inflammatory smear.
METHODS
This is descriptive observational study conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of tertiary care centre of Nepal from 15th May 2020 to 14th May 2021 after obtaining ethical clearance from Institutional Review Board (Reference no MEMG/IRC/338/GA). Women with two consecutive pap smear reports showing inflammatory findings were enrolled. Colposcopy was performed and Modified Reid's colposcopic index was used to grade the lesions. Colposcopic guided biopsy was taken and tissue sent for histopathology for abnormal colposcopic lesions. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 and frequency and percentages were used to present data. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.
RESULTS
Among 115 women, 57 (49.5%) at 95% Confidence Interval (40.37-58.63) had Cervical Intraepithelial lesions. Among them 48 (41.7%) had low grade intraepithelial lesions and 9 (7.8%) had high grade lesions on colposcopy.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial lesions in women with persistent inflammatory smear on pap was higher in our study compared to other studies.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Pregnancy; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
PubMed: 35199714
DOI: 10.31729/jnma.7011 -
Technology in Cancer Research &... 2023Pap smear is considered to be the primary examination for the diagnosis of cervical cancer. But the analysis of pap smear slides is a time-consuming task and tedious as...
Pap smear is considered to be the primary examination for the diagnosis of cervical cancer. But the analysis of pap smear slides is a time-consuming task and tedious as it requires manual intervention. The diagnostic efficiency depends on the medical expertise of the pathologist, and human error often hinders the diagnosis. Automated segmentation and classification of cervical nuclei will help diagnose cervical cancer in earlier stages. The proposed methodology includes three models: a Residual-Squeeze-and-Excitation-module based segmentation model, a fusion-based feature extraction model, and a Multi-layer Perceptron classification model. In the fusion-based feature extraction model, three sets of deep features are extracted from these segmented nuclei using the pre-trained and fine-tuned VGG19, VGG-F, and CaffeNet models, and two hand-crafted descriptors, Bag-of-Features and Linear-Binary-Patterns, are extracted for each image. For this work, Herlev, SIPaKMeD, and ISBI2014 datasets are used for evaluation. The Herlev datasetis used for evaluating both segmentation and classification models. Whereas the SIPaKMeD and ISBI2014 are used for evaluating the classification model, and the segmentation model respectively. The segmentation network enhanced the precision and ZSI by 2.04%, and 2.00% on the Herlev dataset, and the precision and recall by 0.68%, and 2.59% on the ISBI2014 dataset. The classification approach enhanced the accuracy, recall, and specificity by 0.59%, 0.47%, and 1.15% on the Herlev dataset, and by 0.02%, 0.15%, and 0.22% on the SIPaKMed dataset. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed work achieves promising performance on segmentation and classification in cervical cytopathology cell images..
Topics: Female; Humans; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Cytology; Cervix Uteri; Papanicolaou Test; Neural Networks, Computer; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 36744768
DOI: 10.1177/15330338221134833 -
International Journal For Equity in... Apr 2016Many evidences illustrate that the Pap smear screening successfully reduces if the cervical cancer could be detected and treated sufficiently early. People with...
BACKGROUND
Many evidences illustrate that the Pap smear screening successfully reduces if the cervical cancer could be detected and treated sufficiently early. People with disability were higher comorbidity prevalence, and less likely to use preventive health care and health promotion activities. There were also to demonstrate that people with visual impairment has less access to appropriate healthcare services and is less likely to receive screening examinations. In Taiwan, there was no study to explore utilization of Pap smear, associated factors and use barriers about Pap smear screening test among women with visual impairment. The purpose is to explore the utilization and barriers of using Pap smear for women with visual impairment in Taiwan. To identify the barriers of women with visual from process of receiving Pap smear screening test.
METHODS
The cross-sectional study was conducted and the totally 316 participators were selected by stratified proportional and random sampling from 15 to 64 year old women with visual impairment who lived in Taipei County during December 2009 to January 2010. The data was been collected by phone interview and the interviewers were well trained before interview.
RESULTS
The mean age was 47.1 years old and the highest percentage of disabled severity was mile (40.2 %). Totally, 66.5 % of participators were ever using Pap smear and 38.9 % used it during pass 1 year. Their first time to accept Pap smear was 38.8 year old. There was near 50 % of them not to be explained by professionals before accepting the Pap smear. For non-using cases, the top two percentage of barriers were "feel still younger" (22.3 %), the second was "there's no sexual experience" (21.4 %). We found the gynecology experiences was key factor for women with visual impairment to use Pap smear, especially the experiences was during 1 year (OR = 4).
CONCLUSIONS
Associated factors and barriers to receive Pap smear screening test for women with visual impairment can be addressed through interventions aimed at improving on cognitions and attitudes for cervical cancer risk factors. Our study would be as a reference resource for erasing the barriers and inequality among the visually disabled women.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Preventive Health Services; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 27068132
DOI: 10.1186/s12939-016-0354-4 -
Acta Cytologica 2017This editorial by Dr. Leopold G. Koss appeared in the January 1980 issue of Acta Cytologica. It addressed recent critical opinions in the general media on cervical... (Review)
Review
This editorial by Dr. Leopold G. Koss appeared in the January 1980 issue of Acta Cytologica. It addressed recent critical opinions in the general media on cervical screening and its costs. It marked the beginning of a more critical approach to cytology by the lay press, health care providers, and epidemiologists. It was also the first of a series of highly informative editorials by Dr. Koss that illustrated the critical issues of cytology during the 1980s. The elegance and clarity of his articles reflect the high standard of editorial writing in Acta Cytologica at this time. These articles are reviewed and excerpts are presented.
Topics: Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Mass Screening; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 28693015
DOI: 10.1159/000477653 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2022The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a crucial but not the predominant cause of cervical cancer. This study aimed to identify gene expression in human papillomavirus using...
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a crucial but not the predominant cause of cervical cancer. This study aimed to identify gene expression in human papillomavirus using a pap smear. A total of 120 serum samples, 60 samples were taken from infected females with papillomavirus and another 60 as healthy control. These samples were collected after pap smears were done. These women attended Al-Emam Hospital for delivery from March 1st, 2021, to February 28th, 2022. The levels of Pap-IgM and Pap-IgG were increasing among patients attacked by papilloma. The levels of viruses were higher than in levels than control groups, which was indicated by increases in the scores of mean and standard deviation (2.01±1.17, 0.11±0.02), (14.24±7.10, 0.4±0.17), respectively. Statistically, these differences between the levels of the studied groups were highly significant. The levels of the three markers Ca19.9, Ca125, and Ca15.3 were normal in levels among papilloma patients and the control group compared to the normal value of the three markers, which equaled N.V. (>37ng/ml). Statistically, these differences between the scores of the three markers, which were measured depending on mean and standard deviation, were highly significant. There is a low positive correlation between the levels of Pap-IgM (>1) with levels of Ca19.9 (>37) with (r=0.409**, =0.000), while there is a moderate association between the levels of Pap-IgM (>1) with Ca125 (>35ng/ml) and Ca15.3 (>37ng/ml) levels with (r=0.574**, 0.565**, =0.000, 0.000) respectively. Also, this table documents that there is a moderate positive correlation between the levels of Pap-IgG (>1) and the levels of the three tumor markers Ca19.9 (>37), Ca125 (>35), and Ca15.3 (>37) (r=0.521**, 0.592**, 0.647**). The gene expression was investigated in patients infected with Papillomaviruses compared to healthy controls using real-time PCR. The results showed a high Ct value for patients and controls with a high Ct value of templates, preoperational to the gene concentration.
Topics: Female; Humans; Human papillomavirus 16; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Papanicolaou Test; Papilloma; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 37274879
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.359292.2397 -
BMC Women's Health May 2023Despite the fact that the Pap smear test is a simple, affordable, painless and relatively reliable method to diagnose cervical cancer in women, the majority of women are...
INTRODUCTION
Despite the fact that the Pap smear test is a simple, affordable, painless and relatively reliable method to diagnose cervical cancer in women, the majority of women are unaware of the value of this valuable diagnostic method. There are many cultural and social barriers to this diagnostic method. The present study was conducted to predict cervical cancer screening behavior with PEN-3 model among women residents of Bandar Abbas.
METHODS
The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 260 women aged 18 years and above who visited the comprehensive health centers of Bandar Abbas. The data were collected online using a demographic information questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the PEN-3 model constructs and analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson correlation test and logistic regression analysis in SPSS-23.
RESULTS
The participants' age ranged between 18 and 52 years with an average of 30.95 ± 5.47 years. 27.7% of the participants had done their last pap smear test less than 1 year before the study and 26.2% had not done a pap smear test until the time of study. The results showed that the mean scores of knowledge (11.28 ± 2.87), attitude (64.96 ± 4.96), enablers (44.66 ± 5.8), and nurturers (36.02 ± 8.83) in women who had done the cervical cancer screening behavior was more than those who had not done the behavior. Also, the results of logistic regression analysis showed that knowledge, attitude and nurturers were the major predictors of cervical cancer screening behavior.
CONCLUSION
The present findings showed that knowledge, attitude, enablers and nurturers play a major role in women's participation in Pap smear test. These findings should be considered in the development and implementation of educational interventions.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adolescent; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged; Vaginal Smears; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Iran; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Papanicolaou Test; Mass Screening
PubMed: 37173665
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02416-x -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Dec 2018Background: Knowledge of cervical cancer and performance of Pap smear testing are influenced by several sociodemographic factors. This study aimed to describe the effect...
Background: Knowledge of cervical cancer and performance of Pap smear testing are influenced by several sociodemographic factors. This study aimed to describe the effect of relevant variables on knowledge and compliance with guidelines in Oman. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, participants were divided into three groups: patients who attended Outpatient Gynecology Department, female medical staff and university graduate students. Results: There were 204 outpatients, 133 staff, and 157 students. Adequate knowledge among was seen in 38.7%, 35.3%, and 7.6%, respectively. Knowledge of cervical cancer and Pap smear was significantly lower among outpatients with secondary education, while those with high level of income were more likely to have adequate cancer knowledge. Uptake of Pap smear was significantly greater among outpatients aged ≥ 30 years, with high income and a positive history of cancer. Conclusion: Culturally tailored interventions that focus on improving cancer risk knowledge are needed to maximize screening uptake for cervical cancer.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Knowledge; Mass Screening; Oman; Papanicolaou Test; Patient Compliance; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Young Adult
PubMed: 30583342
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2018.19.12.3367 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2022The objective of this study was to conduct a 2-year follow-up of individuals having unsatisfactory reports of Pap smears and to analyze the contributing factors. This...
The objective of this study was to conduct a 2-year follow-up of individuals having unsatisfactory reports of Pap smears and to analyze the contributing factors. This was a retrospective study at a medical center that performed about 5000-6000 Pap smears annually in Eastern Taiwan. Women who had unsatisfactory results due to scant cellularity between January 1, 2015-December 31, 2016, were included in this study. The control group comprised age-matched women with normal Pap smears at a 1:4 ratio, during the same period. The clinical characteristics and the 2-year outcomes were followed. Patients who were unavailable for follow-up assessments or who had insufficient clinical information were excluded. Student's t-test and chi-square test were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value < 0.05. A total of 887 Pap smears were included. A total of 717 and 170 women had normal Pap and unsatisfactory Pap tests, respectively. After excluding women who were unavailable for follow-up, the final analysis included 248 and 67 women with normal and unsatisfactory Pap tests, respectively. The mean age was not significantly different between the two groups (49.97 ± 10.69 and 51.61 ± 11.28 years in the unsatisfactory Pap and control groups, respectively [p > 0.05]). The percentage of menopause and vaginal discharge were significantly different between the two groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that premenopausal status, increased discharge were associated with the risk of unsatisfactory Pap tests. Of the 67 women with unsatisfactory Pap tests, all tested negative for any malignancies at a 2-year follow-up assessment. Women with increased vaginal discharge and without menopause were at an increased risk of having an unsatisfactory Pap test. Our results indicate that an unsatisfactory Pap smear due to scant cellularity might not increase the risk of intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer after 2 years. Further, large-scale studies with longer follow-up periods are required.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Retrospective Studies; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Discharge
PubMed: 36100639
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19784-3