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International Braz J Urol : Official... 2018To investigate the effect of papaverine and alprostadil on testicular torsion-detorsion injury in rats.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of papaverine and alprostadil on testicular torsion-detorsion injury in rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 40 male Wistar-Albino rats were used in this study. Four hours of right testicular torsion was applied to each group, excluding sham operated group. The torsion-detorsion (T/D), T/D + papaverine and T/D + alprostadil groups received saline, papaverine and alprostadil at the same time as surgical detorsion, respectively. At 14 days after the surgical detorsion, ischaemic changes and the degree of damage were evaluated with Cosentino scoring and the Johnson tubular biopsy score (JTBS).
RESULTS
JTBS was determined as 8.8±2.7 in the Sham group, 5.08±1.9 in the T/ D+papaverine group, 5.29±2.3 in the T/D +alprostadil group and 2.86±1.9 in the TD group. The JTBS was determined to be statistically significantly high in both the T/D + papaverine group and the T/D + alprostadil group compared to the T/D group (p=0.01, p=0.009). In the T/D + papaverine group, 3 (43 %) testes were classified as Cosentino 2, 3 (43%) as Cosentino 3 and 1 (14 %) as Cosentino 4. In the T/D +alprostadil group, 5 (50 %) testes were classified as Cosentino 2, 3 (30 %) as Cosentino 3 and 2 (20%) as Cosentino 4.
CONCLUSION
The present study indicated that spermatic cord administration of alprostadil and papaverine showed a protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury after right-side testes torsion and histological changes were decreased after testicular ischemia reperfusion injury.
Topics: Alprostadil; Animals; Biopsy; Ischemia; Male; Papaverine; Protective Agents; Random Allocation; Rats, Wistar; Reperfusion Injury; Reproducibility of Results; Severity of Illness Index; Spermatic Cord Torsion; Testis; Treatment Outcome; Vasodilator Agents
PubMed: 29617080
DOI: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2017.0600 -
Journal of Analytical Toxicology Sep 2019Opioid usage in the USA has increased over the past decade, with prescriptions increasing from 76 million in 1991 to 207 million in 2013. New regulations have curbed...
Opioid usage in the USA has increased over the past decade, with prescriptions increasing from 76 million in 1991 to 207 million in 2013. New regulations have curbed the number of prescriptions, leading to an increase in heroin use. Heroin-related overdoses have quadrupled between 2000 and 2015. The traditional urinary biomarkers for indicating heroin use are a combination of morphine and 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM). Morphine is detectable in urine for several days. 6-AM is detected in urine for 2-8 hours. Papaverine has been proposed as an alternative heroin biomarker. It has been reported to have a 1-2 day detection window. Papaverine metabolites have been reported to have up to a 3-day detection window. Presented is a method for the detection of papaverine and its metabolites, 6-desmethyl papaverine (6-DMP) and 4', 6-didesmethyl papaverine (4,6-DDMP), in urine using a modified Waters® MCX™ microelution method. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS), with a Waters' BEH C18 column, and 20 mM ammonium formate water: 20 mM ammonium formate methanol mobile phase was employed. Calibration curves were linear from 0.1 to 50 ng/mL. No interferences were observed from the analysis of multicomponent therapeutic drug or drugs of abuse control materials; intra- and inter-run precision tests were acceptable. A total of 428 genuine urine specimens where heroin use was suspected were analyzed. These included 101 6-AM and 179 morphine only positive samples as well as 6 morphine-negative samples where papaverine and/or metabolites were detected. The determined concentrations in these samples for papaverine, 6-DMP and 4,6-DDMP ranged from 0.10 to 994, 0.10 to 462 and 0.12 to 218 ng/mL, respectively. The method was rugged and robust for the analysis of papaverine and metabolites, 6-DMP and 4,6-DDMP. The use papaverine and metabolites, 6-DMP and 4,6-DDMP has the potential to increase the detection window of heroin use.
Topics: Biomarkers; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Limit of Detection; Papaverine; Reproducibility of Results; Substance Abuse Detection; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Time Factors
PubMed: 31436291
DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz069 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2022Obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction and this relationship is probably mediated in part by inflammation. The current study evaluated the effects of...
Obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction and this relationship is probably mediated in part by inflammation. The current study evaluated the effects of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor, on endothelial and vascular reactivity, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) immunoreactivity, and serum and aortic concentrations of TNF-α in a diet-induced rat model. Male weanling Wistar rats were exposed to a standard diet and cafeteria diet (CD) for 12 weeks and etanercept was administered during CD treatment. Isolated aortas of the rats were used for isometric tension recording. Carbachol-induced relaxant responses were impaired in CD-fed rats, while etanercept treatment improved these endothelium-dependent relaxations. No significant change was observed in papaverine- and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced relaxant responses. eNOS expression decreased in CD-fed rats, but no change was observed between etanercept-treated CD-fed rats and control rats. CD significantly increased both the serum and the aortic levels of TNF-α, while etanercept treatment suppressed these elevated levels. CD resulted in a significant increase in the body weight of the rats. Etanercept-treated (ETA) CD-fed rats gained less weight than both CD-fed and control rats.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Endothelium, Vascular; Etanercept; Male; Nitric Oxide; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 35206342
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042138 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022The genus is highly esteemed in the pharmacy industry, in the culinary field, and as ornamental plants. These plants are also valued in traditional medicine. Among all... (Review)
Review
The genus is highly esteemed in the pharmacy industry, in the culinary field, and as ornamental plants. These plants are also valued in traditional medicine. Among all species, L. (opium poppy) is the most important species in supplying phytochemicals for the formulation of drugs, mainly alkaloids like morphine, codeine, rhoeadine, thebaine, and papaverine. In addition, plants present other types of phytochemicals, which altogether are responsible for its biological activities. Therefore, this review covers the phytochemical composition of r plants, including alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and essential oils. The traditional uses are reviewed along with their pharmacological activities. Moreover, safety aspects are reported to provide a deep overview of the pharmacology potential of this genus. An updated search was carried out in databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed to retrieve the information. Overall, this genus is a rich source of alkaloids of different types and also contains interesting phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, flavonols, and the characteristic indole derivatives nudicaulins. Among other pharmacological properties, numerous preclinical studies have been published about the analgesic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of plants. Although it highlights the significant impact of this genus for the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions, as a future prospect, characterization works accompanying preclinical studies are required along with clinical and toxicology studies to establish a correlation between the scientific and traditional knowledge.
Topics: Papaver; Anthocyanins; Alkaloids; Phytochemicals; Medicine, Traditional
PubMed: 36824615
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2041769 -
Archives of Medical Science : AMS 2022Autologous saphenous vein (SV) and internal mammary artery (IMA) are used as bypass conduits during coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Vasospasm of the arterial and...
INTRODUCTION
Autologous saphenous vein (SV) and internal mammary artery (IMA) are used as bypass conduits during coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Vasospasm of the arterial and venous grafts may constitute a significant clinical problem. Pretreatment with a vasodilator drug of the graft or intraluminal injection before implantation may be used for spasm prophylaxis. This study was designed to assess the vasoactive effects and time-dependent changes of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) and papaverine pretreatment on vasospasm of human SV and IMA grafts. Also, histomorphology of the vessels was assessed.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
SV and IMA segments were suspended in organ baths, and isometric contraction responses to 2 different concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were recorded after incubation with 2 different concentrations of BTX-A and papaverine at 2 time points (0 h and 2 h).
RESULTS
The results revealed the following: 1) incubation with BTX-A and papaverine relaxes both SV and IMA rings contracted with 5-HT and ET-1; 2) the duration of the relaxant effect of BTX-A lasts longer than papaverine; and 3) no apparent histomorphological changes were observed in the grafts under light microscopy.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that in human SV and IMA grafts, pretreatment with both BTX-A and papaverine are safe and have a potent inhibitory effect depending on the vessel and vasoconstrictor agent. The long-lasting vasodilatory effect of BTX-A on vascular smooth muscle may provide promising results in the prevention of venous and arterial graft spasm.
PubMed: 36457963
DOI: 10.5114/aoms/110157 -
Advances in Clinical and Experimental... Oct 2019Papaverine is used to induce maximal hyperemia for index of coronary microcirculatory resistance (IMR) measurement in animal experiments, although it can lead to...
Effectiveness and safety of intracoronary papaverine, alprostadil, and high dosages of nicorandil and adenosine triphosphate for measurement of the index of coronary microcirculatory resistance in a pig model.
BACKGROUND
Papaverine is used to induce maximal hyperemia for index of coronary microcirculatory resistance (IMR) measurement in animal experiments, although it can lead to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the effect of an intracoronary (IC) bolus of high adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicorandil doses for IMR measurement and explored the possibility of inducing maximal hyperemia with an IC alprostadil bolus.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Index of coronary microcirculatory resistance was measured in a hyperemic state induced by 7 experimental conditions in 21 pigs (IC bolus of papaverine (18 mg), ATP (40 μg, 80 μg, 160 μg, and 240 μg), and nicorandil (2 mg and 4 mg)). The 7 conditions were induced sequentially, and the average IMR was calculated. Because of the long-term hyperemic condition in the pilot experiments, the IMR was measured 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 min after an IC bolus of alprostadil (10 μg) in another 7 pigs.
RESULTS
The IMR induced by 240 μg of ATP or 4 mg of nicorandil was not significantly different from that induced by 18 mg of papaverine (both p > 0.05). A strong linear correlation was observed between IMRs with papaverine (18 mg) and nicorandil (4 mg) (R2 = 0.936, p < 0.001) and with papaverine (18 mg) and ATP (240 μg) (R2 = 0.838, p < 0.05). The IC bolus of nicorandil (4 mg) produced the smallest changes, whereas papaverine caused the most significant changes in mean blood pressure and heart rate (p < 0.05). Tachypnea and transient ST depression were more common with increasing ATP dosages (especially 240 μg). Alprostadil (5 min) yielded a significant hyperemic response but reduced baseline blood pressure by almost 40% for a long time.
CONCLUSIONS
Intracoronary bolus administration of 4 mg of nicorandil was better than 18 mg of papaverine or 240 μg of ATP for induction of maximal hyperemia and IMR measurement in a pig model, whereas alprostadil was not suitable for IMR measurement.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Alprostadil; Animals; Coronary Circulation; Microcirculation; Nicorandil; Papaverine; Swine; Vasodilator Agents
PubMed: 31638745
DOI: 10.17219/acem/104541 -
Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 2021
Topics: Administration, Topical; Hemodynamics; Humans; Mammary Arteries; Papaverine; Stellate Ganglion
PubMed: 33938858
DOI: 10.4103/aca.ACA_171_20 -
Journal of Materials Science. Materials... May 2023Vasospasm during reconstructive microsurgery is a common, uncertain, and devastating phenomena concerning flap survival. Topical vasodilators as antispasmodic agents are...
Vasospasm during reconstructive microsurgery is a common, uncertain, and devastating phenomena concerning flap survival. Topical vasodilators as antispasmodic agents are widely used to reduce vasospasm and enhance microvascular anastomosis in reconstructive microsurgery. In this study, thermo-responsive hydrogel (CNH) was fabricated by grafting chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) to poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). Papaverine, an anti-spasmodic agent, was then loaded to evaluate its effect on rat skin flap survival. Post-operative flap survival area and water content of rat dorsal skin flap were measured at 7 days after intradermal application of control hydrogel (CNHP0.0) and papaverine loaded hydrogel (CNHP0.4). Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine oxidative stress in flaps. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to evaluate flap angiogenesis and inflammatory markers. Results showed that CNHP0.4 hydrogel could reduce tissue edema (35.63 ± 4.01%), improve flap survival area (76.30 ± 5.39%), increase SOD activity and decrease MDA content. Consequently, it also increased mean vessel density, upregulated expression of CD34 and VEGF, decreased macrophage infiltration, and reduced CD68 and CCR7 expression based on IHC staining. Overall, these results indicate that CNHP0.4 hydrogel can enhance angiogenesis with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and promote skin flap survival by preventing vascular spasm.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Papaverine; Hydrogels; Surgical Flaps; Graft Survival; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 37209216
DOI: 10.1007/s10856-023-06732-4 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022In this work, the thermal degradation of tropane and opium alkaloids was studied in samples of breadsticks prepared with corn flour, contaminated with seeds of , and...
Evaluation of Thermal Degradation of Tropane and Opium Alkaloids in Gluten-Free Corn Breadsticks Samples Contaminated with Stramonium Seeds and Baked with Poppy Seeds under Different Conditions.
In this work, the thermal degradation of tropane and opium alkaloids was studied in samples of breadsticks prepared with corn flour, contaminated with seeds of , and containing seeds of L. A total of seven different samples were prepared and eight alkaloids were studied, three tropane (atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine) and five opium (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, and noscapine) alkaloids. For this purpose, a fast, easy and efficient method based on solid-liquid extraction (SLE) prior to the analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was developed and validated. Thermal degradation studies showed a decrease in the TAs and OAs content under baking (180 °C for 20 min) that was between 7-65% for atropine, depending on the preparation conditions used, between 35-49% for scopolamine and anisodamine, up to 100% for morphine and codeine and between 14-58% for thebaine, papaverine, and noscapine. Results also evidenced that degradation of morphine and codeine was higher when the seeds were added as topping to the breadsticks.
PubMed: 35892780
DOI: 10.3390/foods11152196 -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Jul 2016Despite improvements in the care of patients after spinal cord injury (SCI), permanent impairment of locomotion, sensation, and autonomic function remains a major... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Despite improvements in the care of patients after spinal cord injury (SCI), permanent impairment of locomotion, sensation, and autonomic function remains a major hurdle. After the acute stage of injury, recovering sexual function is a high priority.
AIM
To review the efficacy of intracavernous injections (ICIs) in men with SCI and to identify prognostic factors affecting the efficacy of ICIs in this population.
METHODS
Systematic review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed-Medline, Embase, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. The literature search was restricted to articles published in English, French, and Spanish up to November 2014 using the key words alprostadil, papaverine, moxisylite, alpha-blocking agent, phentolamine, intracavernous injection, spinal cord injuries, paraplegia, quadriplegia, and erectile dysfunction. Studies involving patients with SCI and erectile dysfunction treated with ICIs of alprostadil, papaverine, and α-blocking agents, including retrospective and prospective cohorts, population studies, and randomized controlled trials, were included.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Overall response rate to ICI for erectile dysfunction in patients with SCI.
RESULTS
Of 283 studies identified, 23 involved 713 patients with SCI. ICIs resulted in successful erections in 88% of patients (n = 713, 95% CI = 83%-92%). Erections were obtained in 93% of patients (n = 101, 95% CI = 83%-99%) with the combination of papaverine and phentolamine, in 91% (n = 274, 95% CI = 78%-97%) with papaverine alone, and in 80% (n = 119, 95% CI = 64%-90%) with alprostadil. Type of injected drug, doses, level of injury (complete or incomplete), extent of injury, age, time since injury, and persistence or transience of erections were evaluated, but statistical analysis could not identify specific factors predictive of a response to ICI.
CONCLUSION
ICIs are an effective treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with SCI. No predictive factor for efficacy could be identified. Studies comparing the response to ICI in upper vs lower motor neuron lesions could improve our understanding of ICI failure.
Topics: Alprostadil; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Moxisylyte; Papaverine; Penile Erection; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Spinal Cord Injuries; Vasodilator Agents
PubMed: 27871959
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.02.005