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Disease Markers 2022Thyroid cancer (THCA) represents a frequently seen endocrine cancer, which can be divided as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and...
Thyroid cancer (THCA) represents a frequently seen endocrine cancer, which can be divided as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A total of 362 IDEGs were obtained from TCGA-THCA and IMMPORT databases, which were found to be related to BP, CC, MF, and STAT signaling pathway upon GO functional annotation and KEGG analysis. This work identified 23 survival-related hub genes using WGCNA and uniCOX analysis. In addition, a risk prognosis model was constructed to obtain a signature involving fifteen IDEGs. According to survival and univariate along with multivariate analysis, high-risk patients had markedly dismal prognostic outcome compared with low-risk counterparts. Siglec-15 belongs to one of the fifteen IDEG signature, but the precise biological roles in diverse THCA subtypes are largely unclear. In this work, Siglec-15 expression evidently increased in ATC and FTC samples compared with matched surrounding PTC and THCA samples, which was used as a diagnostic biomarker for THCA. Siglec-15 RNAi significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, Siglec-15 knockout suppressed the expression of STAT1, STAT3, and VEGF and promoted that of cleaved caspase-3. In experiments revealed that transfection with vectors expressing STAT1 and STAT3 inhibited the Siglec-15 RNAi-induced inhibition on tumor growth and the increases in CD4/CD8 ratio. In conclusion, Siglec-15 expression increases in ATC and FTC, which promotes THCA occurrence via the STAT1/STAT3 signaling, in particular for FTC and ATC. Therefore, it is the possible marker that can be used to diagnose and treat THCA.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Follicular; Apoptosis; Carcinoma, Papillary; Cell Proliferation; Humans; STAT1 Transcription Factor; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins; Signal Transduction; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 35769818
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1606404 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Sep 2020
Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Papillary; Female; Humans; Medical Illustration; Middle Aged; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Nasopharynx; Neoplasm Grading; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 31146581
DOI: 10.1177/0145561319853257 -
Endocrine Pathology Jun 2019Advances in our understanding of thyroid lesions, especially those entities with an indolent behavior, has led clinicians to question the most appropriate surgical... (Review)
Review
Advances in our understanding of thyroid lesions, especially those entities with an indolent behavior, has led clinicians to question the most appropriate surgical management of such thyroid nodules. Several studies have shown that the non-invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas (NI-EFVPC) exhibits poor histopathologic diagnostic reproducibility and have been over-treated as conventional thyroid cancer. In 2015, an international thyroid working group re-evaluated NI-EFVPC and its diagnostic criteria. The new terminology of "noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features" (NIFTP) was accordingly introduced to replace NI-EFVPC. The literature has emphasized that NIFTPs are biologically similar to follicular adenomas lacking lymph node metastases and/or recurrence. While the definition of NIFTP is based on specific morphological parameters, recent studies have questioned whether the criterion allowing less than 1% of true papillae should be revised to a total absence of papillae. The motivation for this revision is the rare finding, in some studies, of lymph nodes with metastatic NIFTP. This review evaluates the existing published series of NIFTP cases, clinical consequences of NIFTP, and emerging changes in the diagnostic criteria for NIFTP. The introduction of NIFTP has resulted in significant impact on the clinical management of thyroid nodules. Recent revisions in the morphological criteria for NIFTP emphasize the need to adhere to very stringent histomorphologic criteria when making a diagnosis of NIFTP. The adoption of NIFTP terminology instead of NI-EFVPC is associated with conservative lobectomy without radioactive iodine treatment in the majority of cases.
Topics: Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular; Humans; Pathology, Molecular; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 30953289
DOI: 10.1007/s12022-019-9574-7 -
Cancer Cytopathology Aug 2017When one is dealing with pediatric thyroid lesions, fine-needle aspiration is the first diagnostic tool for the correct characterization of these nodules. Despite the... (Review)
Review
When one is dealing with pediatric thyroid lesions, fine-needle aspiration is the first diagnostic tool for the correct characterization of these nodules. Despite the apparent infrequency of thyroid cancers in children, recent data from the National Cancer Institute prove that the incidence has been increasing, especially in adolescents. With the same data, a higher prevalence of well-differentiated cancers can be estimated, with 90% diagnosed as papillary thyroid cancer. Nonetheless, some publications have demonstrated that some specific malignant variants are more frequent in children and have a more aggressive behavior that justifies the increased number of surgical procedures. For this reason, the American Thyroid Association recommends the performance of neck ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for the evaluation of pediatric thyroid nodules. Accordingly, as reported in adult thyroid series, several authors have documented the high sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in pediatric series; they have also shared the same problematic issues encountered in adult populations, mostly in the diagnosis of indeterminate lesions. To provide precise clinical and/or surgical management, the correct cytological identification of specific malignant histotypes/entities should be mandatory because lymph nodes, distant metastases, and extrathyroidal infiltration are more frequent within specific histotypes. A perusal of the literature shows that their identification has not been extensively studied and investigated in cytological samples. This review focuses on the analysis of data from the literature on the evaluation of malignancies and specific morphological features in pediatric thyroid lesions. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:594-603. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Follicular; Adolescent; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Papillary; Child; Humans; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyroid Nodule; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 28581673
DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21884 -
Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology Sep 2020The noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) is a strictly defined thyroid lesion, reclassified in 2016, in order to more... (Review)
Review
The noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) is a strictly defined thyroid lesion, reclassified in 2016, in order to more accurately reflect the biological behavior of the tumor and thus, modify the way the lesion is clinically approached and perceived both by practitioners and patients. Additionally, this newly specified designation also allows for more uniformity in reporting for general pathologists less comfortable to exclude overt malignancy with certain nuclear features. In recent years, increasing molecular analyses correlated with longitudinal clinical outcomes have fostered improved diagnostic and treatment paradigms. Important revisions made to the definition of NIFTP in 2018 include the prohibition of any true papillae formation and the exclusion of lesions harboring the BRAF V600E mutation and other high-risk genetic abnormalities. These changes reflect the imperfection of the current criteria in outcome prediction and the global efforts for improvement. NIFTP are lesions with a wide range of size and cytomorphology. Although not addressed in the original series, large (≥4 cm) and oncocytic NIFTP have recently been shown to incur no recurrence or metastatic risk. Molecularly, NIFTP have a similar mutational profile as other follicular thyroid neoplasms, with frequent RAS family mutations and PAX8-PPARɤ fusions. However, the transcriptomic landscape is highly heterogenous, adding difficulty to gene expression-based cytopathologic classification. This review summarizes the evolution of the NIFTP concept and important advances in recent literature.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Follicular; Humans; Mutation; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 32646613
DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2020.06.001 -
Digestive Endoscopy : Official Journal... May 2015Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is characterized by intraductal papillary proliferation of mucin-producing epithelial cells that exhibit... (Review)
Review
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is characterized by intraductal papillary proliferation of mucin-producing epithelial cells that exhibit various degrees of dysplasia. IPMN is classified into four histological subtypes (gastric, intestinal, pancreatobiliary, and oncocytic) according to its histomorphological and immunohistochemical characteristics. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography plays a crucial role in the evaluation of these features of IPMN. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has proven to be more sensitive than computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging for early detection of malignancy. The present review addresses the current roles of endoscopy and related techniques in the management of IPMN. The particular focus is on diagnosing IPMN and malignancy within IPMN, detecting pancreatic cancer concomitant with IPMN, differentiating the epithelial subtypes of IPMN, determining the optimal strategy for the management of branch duct IPMN, and discussing innovative endoscopic technology related to IPMN. The disadvantages of endoscopic examinations of IPMN and different attitudes toward EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration for IPMN between Japan (negative) and other countries (active) are also discussed.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adenocarcinoma, Papillary; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration; Endosonography; Humans; Pancreatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 25588761
DOI: 10.1111/den.12434 -
PloS One 2018There is limited literature about the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of rare histologic variants of gallbladder cancer (GBC).
BACKGROUND
There is limited literature about the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of rare histologic variants of gallbladder cancer (GBC).
METHODS
Using SEER database, surgically managed GBC patients with microscopically confirmed adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma and papillary carcinoma were identified from 1988 to 2009. Patients with second primary cancer and distant metastasis at presentation were excluded. The effect of clinicopathological variables on overall survival (OS) and disease specific survival (DSS) were analyzed using univariate and multivariate proportional hazards modeling. All associations were considered statistically significant at an alpha error of 0.01.
RESULTS
Out of 4738 cases, 217 adenosquamous/squamous (4.6%), 367 papillary (7.7%), and 4154 adenocarcinomas (87.7%) were identified. Median age was 72 years. Higher tumor grade (grade 2, 3, 4 versus grade 1), higher T stage (T2, T3, T4 versus T1), lymph node positivity (N1 versus N0) and adenosquamous/squamous histology (versus adenocarcinoma) had worse OS and DSS (p < .001). Papillary GBC had better OS and DSS than adenocarcinoma (HR = 0.7; p < .001). Radical surgery (versus simple cholecystectomy) had better OS (HR = 0.83, p = 0.002) in multivariate analysis. OS rates at 3 and 5 years were 0.56 and 0.44 for papillary, 0.3 and 0.22 for adenocarcinoma, and 0.14 and 0.12 for adenosquamous/squamous histology, while DSS rates at 3 and 5 years were 0.67 and 0.61 for papillary, 0.38 and 0.31 for adenocarcinoma, and 0.17 and 0.16 for adenosquamous/squamous subtypes respectively.
CONCLUSION
Papillary GBC had better survival outcomes while adenosquamous/squamous GBC had worse survival outcomes compared to gallbladder adenocarcinoma.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Papillary; Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Databases, Factual; Female; Gallbladder Neoplasms; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Neoplasm Staging; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 29889907
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198809 -
Endocrine Pathology Sep 2023A 44-year-old female patient with a familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) was diagnosed with a cribriform morular thyroid carcinoma (CMTC). We observed within the very...
A 44-year-old female patient with a familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) was diagnosed with a cribriform morular thyroid carcinoma (CMTC). We observed within the very necrotic tumor a small but distinct poorly differentiated carcinomatous component. As expected, next generation sequencing of both components revealed a homozygous APC mutation and in addition, a TERT promoter mutation. A TP53 mutation was found exclusively in the CMTC part, while the poorly differentiated component showed a clonal evolution, harboring an activating PIK3CA mutation and copy number gains of BRCA2, FGF23, FGFR1, and PIK3CB-alterations which are typically seen in squamous cell carcinoma. The mutational burden in both components was low, and there was no evidence for microsatellite instability. No mutations involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, typically seen in papillary thyroid carcinomas, were detected. Immunohistochemically, all tumor parts were negative for thyroglobulin, providing further evidence that this entity does not belong to the follicular epithelial cell-derived thyroid carcinoma group. CD5 was negative in the poorly differentiated component, making a relation to intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma rather unlikely. However, since this marker was seen in the morules, a loss in the poorly differentiated component and a relation to the ultimobranchial body cannot be excluded either. After total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation, the patient was disease-free with no residual tumor burden on 2-year follow-up.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adult; Iodine Radioisotopes; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Neoplasms; Adenomatous Polyposis Coli; Adenocarcinoma, Follicular; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
PubMed: 37249797
DOI: 10.1007/s12022-023-09775-z -
Scientific Reports Aug 2021The main types of thyroid neoplasms, follicular adenoma (FA), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), classical and follicular variants of papillary carcinoma (clPTC and...
The main types of thyroid neoplasms, follicular adenoma (FA), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), classical and follicular variants of papillary carcinoma (clPTC and fvPTC), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), differ in prognosis, progression rate and metastatic behaviour. Specific patterns of lncRNAs involved in the development of clinical and morphological features can be presumed. LncRNA landscapes within distinct benign and malignant histological variants of thyroid neoplasms were not investigated. The aim of the study was to discover long noncoding RNA landscapes common and specific to major benign and malignant histological subtypes of thyroid neoplasms. LncRNA expression in FA, FTC, fvPTC, clPTC and ATC was analysed with comprehensive microarray and RNA-Seq datasets. Putative biological functions were evaluated via enrichment analysis of coexpressed coding genes. In the results, lncRNAs common and specific to FTC, clPTC, fvPTC, and ATC were identified. The discovered lncRNAs are putatively involved in L1CAM interactions, namely, pre-mRNA processing (lncRNAs specific to FTC); PCP/CE and WNT pathways (lncRNAs specific to fvPTC); extracellular matrix organization (lncRNAs specific to clPTC); and the cell cycle (lncRNAs specific to ATC). Known oncogenic and suppressor lncRNAs (RMST, CRNDE, SLC26A4-AS1, NR2F1-AS1, and LINC00511) were aberrantly expressed in thyroid carcinomas. These findings enhance the understanding of lncRNAs in the development of subtype-specific features in thyroid cancer.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Follicular; Adenoma; Humans; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Neoplasm; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 34408227
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96149-2 -
Journal of B.U.ON. : Official Journal... 2018Distinction of thyroid neoplasms that include papillary carcinoma (PC) and follicular carcinoma (FC) from benign thyroid neoplasms can be performed successfully by...
PURPOSE
Distinction of thyroid neoplasms that include papillary carcinoma (PC) and follicular carcinoma (FC) from benign thyroid neoplasms can be performed successfully by histopathologic examination in most of the cases. However, in some cases it may be difficult to distinct PC and FC as well as FC and follicular adenoma (FA) and also FA and the dominant nodule of multinodular goiter (MNG) histopathologically. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of expression of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in the distinction of thyroid neoplasms and its relation with prognostic factors by immunohistochemical methods.
METHODS
This retrospective study included 138 cases histopathologically diagnosed with benign and malignant thyroid neoplasia. Sections obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin- embedded blocks were stained with hTERT antibody. Cases were divided into hTERT-positive and -negative categories according to hTERT expression score that included percentage and intensity of staining in neoplastic cells.
RESULTS
hTERT expression was negative in 93 (67.4%) and positive in 45 (32.6%) patients. Twenty-three (46.0%) of 50 PC, 12 (36.0%) of 33 FA, 1 (10.0%) of 10 FC, 4 (13.0%) of 31 MNG, 2 (66.0%) of 3 medullary carcinoma (MC) patients were found hTERT (+), showing that the difference between PC and FC was significant (p=0.034). There was also a significant difference between FA and MNG (p=0.030). There was no difference between FA and FC (p=0.117).
CONCLUSION
The high expression of hTERT can be useful for making a differential diagnosis between PC and FC, and between FA and MNG when histopathological findings are equivocal.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Follicular; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Retrospective Studies; Telomerase; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 29552789
DOI: No ID Found