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Current Psychiatry Reports Oct 2014Behavioral parent training (BPT) and stimulant medications are efficacious treatments for child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, there is some... (Review)
Review
Behavioral parent training (BPT) and stimulant medications are efficacious treatments for child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, there is some evidence to suggest that parental ADHD may reduce the efficacy of both treatment modalities. This review paper summarizes the literature related to the evidence-based behavioral and pharmacological treatment of child ADHD in the context of parental ADHD. We also review the literature on the effects of treating parents' ADHD symptoms on parenting and child behavior outcomes. Although the literature is small and inconsistent, studies suggest that medicating parents' ADHD symptoms may or may not be sufficient in demonstrating desired improvements in parenting and child behavioral outcomes. Therefore, interventions targeting both parent and child ADHD, when both are present, are likely needed to improve parent-child interactions and family functioning. Ongoing studies using a multimodal approach are discussed.
Topics: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Behavior Therapy; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Child; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Parents
PubMed: 25135774
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0474-8 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Apr 2022Behavioral parent training is an evidence-based intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but it is unknown which of its components... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
Behavioral parent training is an evidence-based intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but it is unknown which of its components are most effective. This meta-regression analysis investigated which specific behavioral techniques that parents learn in parent training are associated with effects on parental outcomes.
METHOD
A search was performed for randomized controlled trials on parent training for children with ADHD, with positive parenting, negative parenting, parenting sense of competence, parent-child relationship quality, and parental mental health as outcome measures. After screening 23,026 publications, 29 studies contributing 138 effect sizes were included (N = 2,345). For each study, the dosage of 39 behavioral techniques was derived from intervention manuals, and meta-regression determined which techniques were related to outcomes.
RESULTS
Parent training had robust small- to medium-sized positive effects on all parental outcomes relative to control conditions, both for unblinded and probably blinded measures. A higher dosage of techniques focusing on the manipulation of antecedents of behavior was associated with better outcomes on parenting sense of competence and parental mental health, and a higher dosage of techniques focusing on reinforcement of desired behaviors was related to larger decreases in negative parenting. Higher dosages of psychoeducation were negatively related to parental outcomes.
CONCLUSION
Although techniques were not investigated in isolation, the results suggested that manipulation of antecedents of behavior and reinforcement techniques are key components of parent training for children with ADHD in relation to parental outcomes. These exploratory findings may help to strengthen and tailor parent training interventions for children with ADHD.
Topics: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Behavior Therapy; Humans; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Parents
PubMed: 34224837
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.06.015 -
Journal of Youth and Adolescence Mar 2023Emerging evidence suggests that family members' stress and family interactions vary across days. This study examined the daily associations among parental and adolescent...
Emerging evidence suggests that family members' stress and family interactions vary across days. This study examined the daily associations among parental and adolescent daily stress, parental warmth, and adolescent adjustment with a 30-day daily diary study among 99 ethnically diverse Canadian parent-adolescent dyads (54% White, 23% Asian, 9% multiracial, M= 14.5, 55% female). Multilevel structural equation modeling revealed a negative within-day link between parental daily stress and parental warmth, and positive within-day links between adolescent daily stress and their emotional problems and negative affect. Parental warmth was positively associated with the next day's adolescent positive affect and prosocial behaviors, and explained the cross-day link between parental daily stress and adolescent adaptive outcomes. The findings indicate parent-driven effects in daily family stress processes.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adolescent; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Canada; Parents; Adolescent Behavior; Parenting
PubMed: 36273075
DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01691-5 -
Research in Nursing & Health Feb 2023Becoming a parent for the first time is a major transition, and parental self-efficacy (PSE) is considered an important predictor of parenting functioning. We aimed to... (Review)
Review
Becoming a parent for the first time is a major transition, and parental self-efficacy (PSE) is considered an important predictor of parenting functioning. We aimed to describe and synthesize qualitative studies that explore first-time parents' experiences related to PSE in the transition to parenthood in the first-year postpartum. We conducted a scoping review in accordance with international guidelines. The main search strategy consisted of searches in six electronic databases. We selected studies based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data, and conducted a descriptive qualitative thematic analysis. We included 58 studies (presented in 61 reports) with 1341 participants from 17 countries. Most of the participants (89%) were mothers, and a third of the studies were task-specific regarding breastfeeding. The thematic analysis of the findings concerning PSE revealed five main, interconnected themes: culture-factors in society and the healthcare services; parents-processes within the parents; tasks-different parental tasks; support-parents' perceived support from professionals, peers, friends, family, and partner; and child-the child's well-being and feedback. This scoping review describes qualitative studies on first-time parents' experiences related to PSE. The findings inform future studies of PSE and clinical practice by confirming the importance of PSE in the transition to parenthood, the complexity of different factors that may have an impact, and the centrality of breastfeeding in PSE. Based on these findings, we suggest that a full systematic review with quality assessment would be appropriate.
Topics: Female; Humans; Parents; Parenting; Mothers; Postpartum Period; Qualitative Research
PubMed: 36564911
DOI: 10.1002/nur.22285 -
Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 2021To propose a brief parenting program offered in the context of health promotion and evaluate the immediate results relating to use of appropriate parenting practices and...
OBJECTIVE
To propose a brief parenting program offered in the context of health promotion and evaluate the immediate results relating to use of appropriate parenting practices and quality of parent-child interaction.
METHODS
Forty-five parents of school-age children from two non-governmental institutions located in a medium-sized city in the state of Sao Paulo participated in the study. The following assessment tools were used in the pre and post-tests: the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Quality of Family Interaction Scales (EQIFs), and the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB). Only scores of parents who attended 75% of the program were included in the analysis (25 participants).
RESULTS
Most of the participants who completed the program were grouped in socioeconomic levels B and C (72%) and the complaints reported in the pre-test centered on disobedience and stubbornness (29.6%, each). Regarding parents' perceptions of their educational practices and interaction with the children, improvements were detected in several of the aspects measured: affective relationship, involvement, model, communication, rules and monitoring, and children's feelings, besides reduction in use of physical punishment and negative marital atmosphere (p < 0.03). Reductions were detected in aggressive behavior (p = 0.02) and externalizing problems (p = 0.04).
CONCLUSION
Despite the small sample and application in a specific community, this quick and affordable intervention seems to have yielded improvements in parent's monitoring and their affective relationships with their children, in addition to reductions in punishments and children's aggressive behavior, contributing to better parent-child interaction in the community.
Topics: Brazil; Health Promotion; Humans; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Parents
PubMed: 33681910
DOI: 10.47626/2237-6089-2019-0055 -
Journal of Pediatric Psychology Apr 2021This study aimed to describe informant discrepancies between mother and father reports of child vulnerability in youth with spina bifida (SB) and examine variables that...
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to describe informant discrepancies between mother and father reports of child vulnerability in youth with spina bifida (SB) and examine variables that were associated with these discrepancies.
METHODS
Ninety-two parent dyads, with a child with SB (ages 8-15 years), were recruited as a part of a longitudinal study. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaires assessing parental perception of child vulnerability (PPCV), as well as medical and demographic information, behavioral aspects of the couple relationship, parenting stress, mental health of the parent, and child behavioral adjustment. The degree to which there was a parenting alliance was assessed with observational data. Mother-father discrepancies were calculated at the item level.
RESULTS
Findings revealed that greater father mental health symptoms, parenting stress, and child behavior problems were associated with "father high and mother low" discrepancies in PPCV. There were also lower scores on observed parenting alliance when there were higher rates of "father high and mother low" discrepancies in PPCV.
CONCLUSIONS
For families of youth with SB, discrepancies in PPCV where fathers perceive high vulnerability and mothers perceive low vulnerability may be a "red flag" for the presence of other parental and child adjustment difficulties. Findings are discussed in terms of the Attribution Bias Context Model and underscore the importance of including fathers in research on families who have children with chronic health conditions.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Fathers; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mothers; Parenting; Parents; Perception; Spinal Dysraphism
PubMed: 33355337
DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa115 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2023There is evidence of a significant raise in youths' emotional and behavioral difficulties during the pandemic. Only a few studies have addressed parent-adolescent...
The Mediation of Care and Overprotection between Parent-Adolescent Conflicts and Adolescents' Psychological Difficulties during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Which Role for Fathers?
BACKGROUND
There is evidence of a significant raise in youths' emotional and behavioral difficulties during the pandemic. Only a few studies have addressed parent-adolescent conflict, and none investigated the possible mediating effect of parenting in the association between conflicts with parents and adolescents' symptoms. This study aimed at investigating youths' psychological symptoms during the pandemic, focusing on the predicting effect of parent-adolescent conflict. The mediating role of care and overprotection was also explored, considering whether adolescent gender moderated this mediation.
METHODS
195 adolescents aged 14-18 years participated in an online longitudinal study. Perceived conflict with parents and parenting dimensions (Parental Bonding Instrument; PBI) were assessed at baseline (2021). Self-reported psychological difficulties (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ) were collected at baseline and after one year (2022).
RESULTS
A significantly severer symptomatology was found in adolescents having a conflictual relationship with one or both parents. Major conflicts with parents correlated with lower care and greater overprotection in mothers and fathers. However, parental overprotection and maternal care were not mediators of the relationship between conflict and youths' difficulties. The only exception was represented by paternal care that fully mediated this relationship in both adolescent males and females.
CONCLUSIONS
Although further investigations are needed to overcome limitations due to the small sample, findings extend our insight into the impact of parent-adolescent conflict, highlighting the role of fathers' care and the need to maximize their involvement in clinical interventions.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Adolescent; Pandemics; Longitudinal Studies; COVID-19; Mothers; Fathers; Parenting; Parent-Child Relations
PubMed: 36767325
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031957 -
Current Psychiatry Reports Nov 2022Parental mental disorders, particularly borderline personality disorder (BPD), impair parenting behavior. Consequently, the children exhibit an elevated risk for... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Parental mental disorders, particularly borderline personality disorder (BPD), impair parenting behavior. Consequently, the children exhibit an elevated risk for psychopathology across their lifespan. Social support for parents is thought to moderate the relationship between parental mental illness and parenting behavior. It may dampen negative effects and serve as starting point for preventive interventions. This paper provides a literature overview regarding the impact of social support on the sequelae of parental mental illness and BPD for parenting behavior.
RECENT FINDINGS
Current literature highlights the increased burden of families with a mentally ill parent and associated changes in parenting behavior like increased hostility and affective dysregulation, especially in the context of parental BPD. Literature further demonstrates the powerful impact of social support in buffering such negative outcomes. The effect of social support seems to be moderated itself by further factors like socioeconomic status, gender, or characteristics of the social network. Social support facilitates positive parenting in mentally ill parents and may be particularly important in parents with BPD. However, social support is embedded within a framework of influencing factors, which need consideration when interpreting scientific results.
Topics: Child; Humans; Parenting; Borderline Personality Disorder; Parents; Child of Impaired Parents; Social Support
PubMed: 36282473
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-022-01367-8 -
Psychiatria Danubina 2022Attachment parameters affect the development of self-concept and relationship patterns. However, studies on the impact of attachment parameters on symptoms of the...
BACKGROUND
Attachment parameters affect the development of self-concept and relationship patterns. However, studies on the impact of attachment parameters on symptoms of the offspring in childhood are still lacking. We therefore investigated the influence of attachment parameters of the grandparents on those of the parents treated in a psychiatric hospital, and finally on the symptoms of their (grand)children. Furthermore, the impact of attachment factors on parenting style and on resilience of parents and children has been examined.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
A sample of n=50 mother-child-dyads in an inpatient setting was examined using the questionnaires FEB (Questionnaire on the Parental Attachment; adult and child perspective), RQ2 (Relationship Questionnaire), EFB-K (Educational Questionnaire, short form), RS13 (Resilience Scale; adult and child perspective), and CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist). Regression analyses and correlation analyses were carried out.
RESULTS
On grandparents' level, attachment patterns predicted parents' attachment patterns (p=0.012): Grandfather's care (control) behavior correlated with more (less) mother's care for their own children (0.002 (0.005)). Control behavior of the grandfather was negatively correlated with the resilience of their daughters (p=0.033). On parents' level, a secure attachment style predicted a less overreacting parenting style (p=0.004), whereas an anxious-avoiding (p=0.035) or clinging attachment style (p=0.044) predicted an increased overreacting parenting style. On child's level, mental (esp. attentional (p=0.013) and externalizing (p=0.032)) symptoms correlated negatively with the level of care reported by the mother.
CONCLUSION
Functional attachment behavior at the grandparents' level correlated significantly with functional attachment behavior at the parental level, which in turn correlated with reduced mental symptoms at the child's level. The parenting style seems to play a mediator role for the development of attachment between mother and child, with resilience mediating between attachment and the onset of mental disorders. The results point to the crucial role of attachment parameters for mental development with corresponding implications for psychotherapy.
Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Female; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mothers; Parenting; Parents
PubMed: 35467606
DOI: 10.24869/psyd.2022.19 -
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Apr 2018Parental scaffolding robustly predicts child developmental outcomes, including improved self-regulation and peer relationships and fewer externalizing behaviors....
Parental scaffolding robustly predicts child developmental outcomes, including improved self-regulation and peer relationships and fewer externalizing behaviors. However, few studies have examined parental characteristics associated with a parent's ability to scaffold. Executive functioning (EF) may be an important individual difference factor associated with maternal scaffolding that has yet to be examined empirically. Scaffolding may be particularly important for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) symptoms due to their core difficulties with inattention, disorganization, EF, and self-regulation, their need for greater parental structure, and higher-than-average rates of parental EF deficits. Yet, little research has examined child ADHD in relation to parental scaffolding. This cross-sectional study examined: (1) the association between maternal EF (as measured by the Hotel Test, Barkley's Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale, and Digit Span) and observed scaffolding, (2) the association between parent-reported child ADHD/DBD symptoms and scaffolding, and (3) the interaction between child ADHD/DBD symptoms and maternal EF in predicting scaffolding. In a sample of 84 mothers and their 5-10 year-old biological children (62% male) with and without parent-reported ADHD, we found that maternal EF, as measured by Digit Span and the Hotel Test, predicted observed maternal scaffolding. However, child ADHD/DBD symptoms did not significantly predict maternal scaffolding controlling for child age, maternal education, and maternal EF, nor did the interaction of maternal EF and parent-reported child ADHD/DBD symptoms. Working memory and task shifting may be key components of parental EF that could be targeted in interventions to improve parental scaffolding.
Topics: Adult; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Executive Function; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Parenting
PubMed: 28361338
DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0289-2