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Journal of the American Association For... Jan 2022Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV), a newly identified parvovirus of the genus , causes inclusion body nephropathy in severely immunocompromised mice and is prevalent in...
Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV), a newly identified parvovirus of the genus , causes inclusion body nephropathy in severely immunocompromised mice and is prevalent in research mouse colonies. As nonenveloped viruses, mammalian parvoviruses are stable and generally resist thermal inactivation; however, as a novel and highly divergent parvovirus, the thermal stability of MKPV is undefined. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of cage sanitization in a mechanical washer to eliminate MKPV. Cages contaminated by MKPV-infected mice were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) control (bedding change only); 2) sanitization in a tunnel washer (88°C final rinse for 20 s); or 3) sanitization in a tunnel washer followed by autoclave sterilization (121 °C for 20 min). The presence of MKPV on the cage's interior surface was assessed by PCR of cage swab extracts collected before and after cage treatment. After treatment and swabbing, each cage housed 4 MKPV-negative CD1 mice. Each group of naive CD1 mice was assigned to one of the treatment groups and was housed in a cage from this group for two, 1 wk periods. At 12, 17, and 20 wk after the first exposure, renal tissue was collected from 1 test mouse per cage and assessed for MKPV by PCR. MKPV was detected by PCR on the surface of 63% of the pretreatment cages. All cages sanitized in a tunnel washer with or without sterilization were PCR negative after treatment. Seven of 10 mice housed in untreated cages contained a mouse positive for MKPV by 20 wk after exposure. None of the mice housed in cages sanitized in a tunnel washer with or without sterilization tested positive for MKPV at any time point. This study indicates that MKPV contaminated caging can result in MKPV infection of mice, and the use of a tunnel washer at the temperature and duration evaluated was sufficient to remove MKPV nucleic acid and prevent MKPV transmission.
Topics: Animals; Housing, Animal; Kidney; Mice; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Sterilization
PubMed: 34920766
DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-21-000096 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Mar 2015Many viruses have the ability to modulate the apoptosis, and to accomplish it; viruses encode proteins which specifically interact with the cellular signaling pathways.... (Review)
Review
Many viruses have the ability to modulate the apoptosis, and to accomplish it; viruses encode proteins which specifically interact with the cellular signaling pathways. While some viruses encode proteins, which inhibit the apoptosis or death of the infected cells, there are viruses whose encoded proteins can kill the infected cells by multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis. A particular class of these viruses has specific gene(s) in their genomes which, upon ectopic expression, can kill the tumor cells selectively without affecting the normal cells. These genes and their encoded products have demonstrated great potential to be developed as novel anticancer therapeutic agents which can specifically target and kill the cancer cells leaving the normal cells unharmed. In this review, we will discuss about the viral genes having specific cancer cell killing properties, what is known about their functioning, signaling pathways and their therapeutic applications as anticancer agents.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Animals; Apoptosis; Capsid Proteins; Chicken anemia virus; Genes, Viral; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Parvovirus
PubMed: 25408521
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1782-1 -
Journal of Neurovirology Apr 2023Etiology of vestibular schwannoma (VS) is unknown. Viruses can infect and reside in neural tissues for decades, and new viruses with unknown tumorigenic potential have...
Etiology of vestibular schwannoma (VS) is unknown. Viruses can infect and reside in neural tissues for decades, and new viruses with unknown tumorigenic potential have been discovered. The presence of herpesvirus, polyomavirus, parvovirus, and anellovirus DNA was analyzed by quantitative PCR in 46 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded VS samples. Five samples were analyzed by targeted next-generation sequencing. Viral DNA was detected altogether in 24/46 (52%) tumor samples, mostly representing anelloviruses (46%). Our findings show frequent persistence of anelloviruses, considered normal virome, in VS. None of the other viruses showed an extensive presence, thereby suggesting insignificant role in VS.
Topics: Humans; Polyomavirus; Anelloviridae; Neuroma, Acoustic; Herpesviridae; Parvovirus; DNA, Viral
PubMed: 36857017
DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01112-8 -
GigaScience Dec 2022With the development of viral metagenomics and next-generation sequencing technology, more and more novel parvoviruses have been identified in recent years, including...
With the development of viral metagenomics and next-generation sequencing technology, more and more novel parvoviruses have been identified in recent years, including even entirely new lineages. The Parvoviridae family includes a different group of viruses that can infect a wide variety of animals. In this study, systematic analysis was performed to identify the "dark matter" (datasets that cannot be easily attributed to known viruses) of parvoviruses and to explore their genetic diversity from wild birds' cloacal swab samples. We have tentatively defined this parvovirus "dark matter" as a highly divergent lineage in the Parvoviridae family. All parvoviruses showed several characteristics, including 2 major protein-coding genes and similar genome lengths. Moreover, we observed that the novel parvo-like viruses share similar genome organizations to most viruses in Parvoviridae but could not clustered with the established subfamilies in phylogenetic analysis. We also found some new members associated with the Bidnaviridae family, which may be derived from parvovirus. This suggests that systematic analysis of domestic and wild animal samples is necessary to explore the genetic diversity of parvoviruses and to mine for more of this potential dark matter.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Phylogeny; Cloaca; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Birds; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
PubMed: 36734170
DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad001 -
Viruses Oct 2023The XVIII International Parvovirus Workshop took place in Rimini, Italy, from 14 to 17 June 2022 as an on-site event, continuing the series of meetings started in 1985...
The XVIII International Parvovirus Workshop took place in Rimini, Italy, from 14 to 17 June 2022 as an on-site event, continuing the series of meetings started in 1985 and continuously held every two years. The communications dealt with all aspects of research in the field, from evolution and structure to receptors, from replication to trafficking, from virus-host interactions to clinical and veterinarian virology, including translational issues related to viral vectors, gene therapy and oncolytic parvoviruses. The oral communications were complemented by a poster exhibition available for view and discussion during the whole meeting. The XVIII International Parvovirus Workshop was dedicated to the memory of our dearest colleague Mavis Agbandje-McKenna (1963-2021).
Topics: Humans; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Genetic Vectors; Italy
PubMed: 37896906
DOI: 10.3390/v15102129 -
Self-Assembly of Porcine Parvovirus Virus-like Particles and Their Application in Serological Assay.Viruses Aug 2022Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is widely prevalent in pig farms. PPV is closely related to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and porcine circovirus disease (PCVD),...
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is widely prevalent in pig farms. PPV is closely related to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and porcine circovirus disease (PCVD), which seriously threatens the healthy development of the pig industry. Although commercial antibody detection kits are available, they are expensive and unsuitable for large-scale clinical practice. Here, a soluble VP2 protein of PPV is efficiently expressed in the expression system. The VP2 protein can be self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) in vitro. After multiple steps of chromatography purification, PPV-VLPs with a purity of about 95% were obtained. An indirect, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA), comparable to a commercial PPV kit, was developed based on the purified PPV-VLPs and was used to detect 487 clinical pig serum samples. The results showed that the I-ELISA is a simple, cost-effective, and efficient method for the diagnosis of clinical pig serum and plasma samples. In summary, high-purity, tag-free PPV-VLPs were prepared, and the established VLP-based I-ELISA is of great significance for the sero-monitoring of antibodies against PPV.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Capsid Proteins; Circovirus; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Escherichia coli; Parvovirus, Porcine; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 36016450
DOI: 10.3390/v14081828 -
Viruses Mar 2021Three human protoparvoviruses, bufavirus (BuV), tusavirus (TuV) and cutavirus (CuV), have recently been discovered in diarrheal stool. BuV has been associated with...
Three human protoparvoviruses, bufavirus (BuV), tusavirus (TuV) and cutavirus (CuV), have recently been discovered in diarrheal stool. BuV has been associated with diarrhea and CuV with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, but there are hardly any data for TuV or CuV in stool or respiratory samples. Hence, using qPCR and IgG enzyme immunoassays, we analyzed 1072 stool, 316 respiratory and 445 serum or plasma samples from 1098 patients with and without gastroenteritis (GE) or respiratory-tract infections (RTI) from Finland, Latvia and Malawi. The overall CuV-DNA prevalences in stool samples ranged between 0-6.1% among our six patient cohorts. In Finland, CuV DNA was significantly more prevalent in GE patients above rather than below 60 years of age (5.1% vs 0.2%). CuV DNA was more prevalent in stools among Latvian and Malawian children compared with Finnish children. In 10/11 CuV DNA-positive adults and 4/6 CuV DNA-positive children with GE, no known causal pathogens were detected. Interestingly, for the first time, CuV DNA was observed in two nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with RTI and the rare TuV in diarrheal stools of two adults. Our results provide new insights on the occurrence of human protoparvoviruses in GE and RTI in different countries.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; DNA, Viral; Feces; Female; Finland; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Infant; Latvia; Malawi; Male; Middle Aged; Nasopharynx; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Young Adult
PubMed: 33804173
DOI: 10.3390/v13030483 -
Virus Research May 2022Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), a highly contagious virus, affects dogs worldwide. Infected animals present severe and acute gastroenteritis which may culminate in death....
Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), a highly contagious virus, affects dogs worldwide. Infected animals present severe and acute gastroenteritis which may culminate in death. CPV-2 VP2 protein is responsible for important biological functions related to virus-host interactions. Herein we obtained VP2 full-length gene sequences from Brazilian dogs with bloody diarrhea (n=15) and vaccine strains (n=7) produced by seven different laboratories and marketed in Brazil. All wild sequences and one vaccine strain were classified as CPV-2b and six vaccines were the classic CVP-2. Mutations in VP2 protein from vaccine and wild strains obtained in Brazil and worldwide were analyzed (n=906). Amino acid sequences from vaccine strains remarkably diverge from each other, even that classic CPV-2. Phylogenetic analysis based on VP2 gene and conducted with sequences displaying mutations in epitope regions previously described shows that vaccine strains are distantly related from the wide range of wild CPV-2. The impact of amino acid mutations over VP2 protein structure shows that vaccine and wild strains obtained in this study diverge in loop 3, an epitope region that plays a role in the CPV-2 host range. This is the first analysis of CPV-2 VP2 from commercial vaccine strains in Brazil and wild ones from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and the first detailed attempt to vaccinal VP2 molecular and structural analyses.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny; Vaccines
PubMed: 35292290
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198746 -
Experimental and Clinical... Nov 2023Parvovirus testing is not done in routine clinical practice; thus, it is possible that reported parvovirus cases are just the tip of the iceberg of total prevalence. We...
OBJECTIVES
Parvovirus testing is not done in routine clinical practice; thus, it is possible that reported parvovirus cases are just the tip of the iceberg of total prevalence. We present a single-center retrospective analysis of 22 events of parvovirus B19 anemia in 20 renal transplant recipients, among which 2 patients had recurrence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For this descriptive analytical study, parvovirus B19 disease was defined as parvovirus infection (detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction) in the presence of anemia with clinical symptoms or bone marrow biopsy findings consistent with the diagnosis. Study duration was 18 months, from June 2021 through December 2022, and patients were enrolled from a single center.
RESULTS
All patients detected with the virus had received induction with thymocyte globulin and were on standard triple drug immunosuppression. Mean age was 32 ± 12 years with median time to diagnosis of 2 months after transplant. Anemia was observed in all patients with mean hemoglobin level at presentation of 6.02 ± 1.28 g/dL. Creatinine at presentation was 1.49 mg/dL (interquartile range, 0.92-2.69 mg/dL). The most common presentation was asymptomatic patient with evaluation for anemia. During therapy, the highest median creatinine level was 2.0 mg/dL (interquartile range, 1.38-3.2 mg/dL), which was significantly higher than that at presentation (P < .018). After therapy, median creatinine level was 1.3 mg/dL, which was not significantly higher than the baseline level, demonstrating a mostly transient graft dysfunction.
CONCLUSIONS
Parvovirus B19 is a relatively underreported disease in renal transplant recipients, with patients presenting with anemia and the disease causing transient graft dysfunction. Parvovirus B19 infection responds well to a decrease in immunosuppression and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.
Topics: Humans; Young Adult; Adult; Kidney Transplantation; Creatinine; Retrospective Studies; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Anemia; Parvovirus B19, Human
PubMed: 38140930
DOI: 10.6002/ect.2023.0127 -
Virology Journal Dec 2014Parvoviruses are classified into two subfamilies based on their host range: the Parvovirinae, which infect vertebrates, and the Densovirinae, which mainly infect insects...
BACKGROUND
Parvoviruses are classified into two subfamilies based on their host range: the Parvovirinae, which infect vertebrates, and the Densovirinae, which mainly infect insects and other arthropods. In recent years, a number of novel parvoviruses belonging to the subfamily Parvovirinae have been identified from various animal species and humans, including human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), porcine hokovirus, ovine partetravirus, porcine parvovirus 4 (PPV4), and porcine parvovirus 5 (PPV5).
METHODS
Using sequence-independent single primer amplification (SISPA), a novel parvovirus within the subfamily Parvovirinae that was distinct from any known parvoviruses was identified and five full-length genome sequences were determined and analyzed.
RESULTS
A novel porcine parvovirus, provisionally named PPV6, was initially identified from aborted pig fetuses in China. Retrospective studies revealed the prevalence of PPV6 in aborted pig fetuses and piglets(50% and 75%, respectively) was apparently higher than that in finishing pigs and sows (15.6% and 3.8% respectively). Furthermore, the prevalence of PPV6 in finishing pig was similar in affected and unaffected farms (i.e. 16.7% vs. 13.6%-21.7%). This finding indicates that animal age, perhaps due to increased innate immune resistance, strongly influences the level of PPV6 viremia. Complete genome sequencing and multiple alignments have shown that the nearly full-length genome sequences were approximately 6,100 nucleotides in length and shared 20.5%-42.6% DNA sequence identity with other members of the Parvovirinae subfamily. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PPV6 was significantly distinct from other known parvoviruses and was most closely related to PPV4.
CONCLUSION
Our findings and review of published parvovirus sequences suggested that a novel porcine parvovirus is currently circulating in China and might be classified into the novel genus Copiparvovirus within the subfamily Parvovirinae. However, the clinical manifestations of PPV6 are still unknown in that the prevalence of PPV6 was similar between healthy pigs and sick pigs in a retrospective epidemiological study. The identification of PPV6 within the subfamily Parvovirinae provides further insight into the viral and genetic diversity of parvoviruses.
Topics: Animals; China; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; Molecular Sequence Data; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Porcine; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 25442288
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0203-2