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Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Nov 2019is a highly versatile pathogen capable of causing infections in a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite over... (Review)
Review
is a highly versatile pathogen capable of causing infections in a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite over 135 years of research, the molecular basis for the myriad manifestations of pathogenesis and the determinants of phylogeny remain poorly defined. The current availability of multiple genome sequences now makes it possible to delve into the underlying genetic mechanisms of fitness and virulence. Using whole-genome sequences, the genotypes, including the capsular genotypes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotypes, and multilocus sequence types, as well as virulence factor-encoding genes of isolates from different clinical presentations can be characterized rapidly and accurately. Putative genetic factors that contribute to virulence, fitness, host specificity, and disease predilection can also be identified through comparative genome analysis of different isolates. However, although some knowledge about genotypes, fitness, and pathogenesis has been gained from the recent whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis studies of , there is still a long way to go before we fully understand the pathogenic mechanisms of this important zoonotic pathogen. The quality of several available genome sequences is low, as they are assemblies with relatively low coverage, and genomes of isolates from some uncommon host species are still limited or lacking. Here, we review recent advances, as well as continuing knowledge gaps, in our understanding of determinants contributing to virulence, fitness, host specificity, disease predilection, and phylogeny of .
Topics: Animals; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Genotype; Host Specificity; Humans; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Phylogeny; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31484691
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00014-19 -
International Journal of Infectious... Oct 2020
Topics: Humans; China; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; Vaccination; Vaccines, Combined
PubMed: 32763445
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.085 -
Periodontology 2000 Feb 2020The etiopathogenesis of severe periodontitis includes herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection. This article evaluates the pathogenicity of herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and... (Review)
Review
The etiopathogenesis of severe periodontitis includes herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection. This article evaluates the pathogenicity of herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) and periodontopathic bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis) and coinfection of these infectious agents in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and A. actinomycetemcomitans/P. gingivalis exercise synergistic pathogenicity in the development of localized ("aggressive") juvenile periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus are associated with P. gingivalis in adult types of periodontitis. Periodontal herpesviruses that enter the general circulation may also contribute to disease development in various organ systems. A 2-way interaction is likely to occur between periodontal herpesviruses and periodontopathic bacteria, with herpesviruses promoting bacterial upgrowth, and bacterial factors reactivating latent herpesviruses. Bacterial-induced gingivitis may facilitate herpesvirus colonization of the periodontium, and herpesvirus infections may impede the antibacterial host defense and alter periodontal cells to predispose for bacterial adherence and invasion. Herpesvirus-bacteria synergistic interactions, are likely to comprise an important pathogenic determinant of aggressive periodontitis. However, mechanistic investigations into the molecular and cellular interaction between periodontal herpesviruses and bacteria are still scarce. Herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection studies may yield significant new discoveries of pathogenic determinants, and drug and vaccine targets to minimize or prevent periodontitis and periodontitis-related systemic diseases.
Topics: Adult; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Cytomegalovirus; Herpesviridae; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 31850623
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12311 -
Microbiology Spectrum May 2018Members of the highly heterogeneous family cause a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. Antimicrobial agents are the most powerful tools to control such... (Review)
Review
Members of the highly heterogeneous family cause a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. Antimicrobial agents are the most powerful tools to control such infections. However, the acquisition of resistance genes, as well as the development of resistance-mediating mutations, significantly reduces the efficacy of the antimicrobial agents. This article gives a brief description of the role of selected members of the family in animal infections and of the most recent data on the susceptibility status of such members. Moreover, a review of the current knowledge of the genetic basis of resistance to antimicrobial agents is included, with particular reference to resistance to tetracyclines, β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides/aminocyclitols, folate pathway inhibitors, macrolides, lincosamides, phenicols, and quinolones. This article focusses on the genera of veterinary importance for which sufficient data on antimicrobial susceptibility and the detection of resistance genes are currently available (, , , , and ). Additionally, the role of plasmids, transposons, and integrative and conjugative elements in the spread of the resistance genes within and beyond the aforementioned genera is highlighted to provide insight into horizontal dissemination, coselection, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance genes. The article discusses the acquisition of diverse resistance genes by the selected members from other Gram-negative or maybe even Gram-positive bacteria. Although the susceptibility status of these members still looks rather favorable, monitoring of their antimicrobial susceptibility is required for early detection of changes in the susceptibility status and the newly acquired/developed resistance mechanisms.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurellaceae Infections
PubMed: 29916344
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0022-2017 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Oct 2017
Topics: Animals; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus parasuis; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Swine; Swine Diseases; Switzerland
PubMed: 28952962
DOI: 10.17236/sat00131 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Feb 2022
Topics: Humans; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections
PubMed: 35735282
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182022000100071 -
Molecular Oral Microbiology Oct 2016The QseBC two-component system (TCS) is associated with quorum sensing and functions as a global regulator of virulence. Based on sequence similarity within the sensor... (Review)
Review
The QseBC two-component system (TCS) is associated with quorum sensing and functions as a global regulator of virulence. Based on sequence similarity within the sensor domain and conservation of an acidic motif essential for signal recognition, QseBC is primarily distributed in the Enterobacteriaceae and Pasteurellaceae. In Escherichia coli, QseC responds to autoinducer-3 and/or epinephrine/norepinephrine. Binding of epinephrine/norepinephrine is inhibited by adrenergic antagonists; hence QseC functions as a bacterial adrenergic receptor. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans QseC is activated by a combination of epinephrine/norepinephrine and iron, whereas only iron activates the Haemophilus influenzae sensor. QseC phosphorylates QseB but there is growing evidence that QseB is activated by non-cognate sensors and regulated by dephosphorylation via QseC. Interestingly, the QseBC signaling cascades and regulons differ significantly. In enterohemorrhagic E. coli, QseC induces expression of a second adrenergic TCS and phosphorylates two non-cognate response regulators, each of which induces specific sets of virulence genes. This signaling pathway integrates with other regulatory mechanisms mediated by transcriptional regulators QseA and QseD and a fucose-sensing TCS and likely controls the level and timing of virulence gene expression. In contrast, A. actinomycetemcomitans QseC signals through QseB to regulate genes involved in anaerobic metabolism and energy production, which may prime cellular metabolism for growth in an anaerobic host niche. QseC represents a novel target for therapeutic intervention and small molecule inhibitors already show promise as broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Further characterization of QseBC signaling may identify additional differences in QseBC function and inform further development of new therapeutics to control microbial infections.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Bacterial Proteins; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Operon; Pasteurellaceae; Phosphorylation; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Quorum Sensing; Receptors, Adrenergic; Regulon; Signal Transduction; Trans-Activators; Virulence
PubMed: 26426681
DOI: 10.1111/omi.12138 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Dec 2018
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autopsy; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Lameness, Animal; Male; Meningoencephalitis; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurellaceae Infections
PubMed: 30451627
DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.11.1417 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Oct 2023Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), a member of the Pasteurellaceae family, normally inhabits the upper respiratory and lower genital tracts of poultry. However, under... (Review)
Review
Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), a member of the Pasteurellaceae family, normally inhabits the upper respiratory and lower genital tracts of poultry. However, under certain circumstances of immunosuppression, co-infection (especially with Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma), or various stressors, G. anatis caused respiratory, reproductive, and systemic diseases. Infection with G. anatis has emerged in different countries worldwide. The bacterium affects mainly chickens; however, other species of domestic and wild birds may get infected. Horizontal, vertical, and venereal routes of G. anatis infection have been reported. The pathogenicity of G. anatis is principally related to the presence of some essential virulence factors such as Gallibacterium toxin A, fimbriae, haemagglutinin, outer membrane vesicles, capsule, biofilms, and protease. The clinical picture of G. anatis infection is mainly represented as tracheitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, while other lesions may be noted in cases of concomitant infection. Control of such infection depends mainly on applying biosecurity measures and vaccination. The antimicrobial sensitivity test is necessary for the correct treatment of G. anatis. However, the development of multiple drug resistance is common. This review article sheds light on G. anatis regarding history, susceptibility, dissemination, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, and control measures.
Topics: Female; Animals; Poultry; Chickens; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Pasteurellaceae; Virulence Factors; Escherichia coli; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 37889324
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03796-w -
Viruses Dec 2022Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused... (Review)
Review
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused mainly by viruses (bovine herpesvirus, BVDV, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine coronavirus) and bacteria (, , and ). However, other microorganisms have been recognized to cause BRD. Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel RNA pathogen belonging to the family , first discovered in 2011. It is distributed worldwide in cattle, the main reservoir. IDV has been demonstrated to play a role in BRD, with proven ability to cause respiratory disease, a high transmission rate, and potentiate the effects of other pathogens. The transmission mechanisms of this virus are by direct contact and by aerosol route over short distances. IDV causes lesions in the upper respiratory tract of calves and can also replicate in the lower respiratory tract and cause pneumonia. There is currently no commercial vaccine or specific treatment for IDV. It should be noted that IDV has zoonotic potential and could be a major public health concern if there is a drastic change in its pathogenicity to humans. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding IDV structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Thogotovirus; Cattle Diseases; Mannheimia haemolytica; Bacteria; Viruses; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 36560721
DOI: 10.3390/v14122717