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Biomaterials Apr 2022Emerging antimicrobial resistance in infections asks for novel intervention strategies. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) might be attractive alternatives to antibiotics...
Emerging antimicrobial resistance in infections asks for novel intervention strategies. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) might be attractive alternatives to antibiotics due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-adhesive properties. Mannheimia haemolytica is one of the major Pasteurellaceae associated with bovine lung infections. Using M. haemolytica, we demonstrated that GOS have the capacity to reduce bacterial viability and can be used as adjuvant to improve antibiotic efficacy. Using M. haemolytica-treated primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) of calves, we identified the anti-adhesive and anti-invasive activities of GOS. The observed inhibition of cytokine/chemokine release and the prevention of airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in M. haemolytica-treated PBECs by GOS might be related to the downregulation of "toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB" pathway and the anti-invasive and anti-adhesive properties of GOS. Particularly, GOS lowered lipopolysaccharides- but not flagellin-induced cytokine/chemokine release in calf and human airway epithelial cells. Finally, we performed in vivo experiments in calves and demonstrated for the first time that intranasal application of GOS can relieve lung infections/inflammation and lower M. haemolytica positivity in the lungs without affecting clinical performance. These findings not only shed light on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of GOS during lung infections, but GOS might also be a promising anti-bacterial agent for preventing (lung) infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cattle; Humans; Lung; Mannheimia haemolytica; Oligosaccharides; Pneumonia
PubMed: 35286857
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121461 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019is a low-abundance Gram-negative oral pathobiont that is highly associated with a silent but aggressive orphan disease that results in periodontitis and tooth loss in... (Review)
Review
is a low-abundance Gram-negative oral pathobiont that is highly associated with a silent but aggressive orphan disease that results in periodontitis and tooth loss in adolescents of African heritage. For the most part conducts its business by utilizing strategies allowing it to conceal itself below the radar of the host mucosal immune defense system. A great deal of misinformation has been conveyed with respect to biology in health and disease. The purpose of this review is to present misconceptions about and the strategies that it uses to colonize, survive, and evade the host. In the process manages to undermine host mucosal defenses and contribute to disease initiation. This review will present clinical observational, molecular, and interventional studies that illustrate genetic, phenotypic, and biogeographical tactics that have been recently clarified and demonstrate how survives and suppresses host mucosal defenses to take part in disease pathogenesis. At one point in time was considered to be the causative agent of Localized Aggressive Periodontitis. Currently, it is most accurate to look at as a community activist and necessary partner of a pathogenic consortium that suppresses the initial host response so as to encourage overgrowth of its partners. The data for activist role stems from molecular genetic studies complemented by experimental animal investigations that demonstrate how establishes a habitat (housing), nutritional sustenance in that habitat (food), and biogeographical mobilization and/or relocation from its initial habitat (transportation). In this manner can transfer to a protected but vulnerable domain (pocket or sulcus) where its community activism is most useful. 's "strategy" includes obtaining housing, food, and transportation at no cost to its partners challenging the economic theory that "there ain't no such thing as a free lunch." This "strategy" illustrates how co-evolution can promote survival, on one hand, and overgrowth of community members, on the other, which can result in local host dysbiosis and susceptibility to infection.
Topics: Adolescent; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Aggressive Periodontitis; Animals; Biofilms; Genes, Bacterial; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Models, Immunological; Pasteurellaceae Infections
PubMed: 31040843
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00728 -
PloS One 2018Respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurellaceae poses a formidable challenge for bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) conservation. All-age...
Respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurellaceae poses a formidable challenge for bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) conservation. All-age epizootics can cause 10-90% mortality and are typically followed by multiple years of enzootic disease in lambs that hinders post-epizootic recovery of populations. The relative frequencies at which these epizootics are caused by the introduction of novel pathogens or expression of historic pathogens that have become resident in the populations is unknown. Our primary objectives were to determine how commonly the pathogens associated with respiratory disease are hosted by bighorn sheep populations and assess demographic characteristics of populations with respect to the presence of different pathogens. We sampled 22 bighorn sheep populations across Montana and Wyoming, USA for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurellaceae and used data from management agencies to characterize the disease history and demographics of these populations. We tested for associations between lamb:ewe ratios and the presence of different respiratory pathogen species. All study populations hosted Pasteurellaceae and 17 (77%) hosted Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. Average lamb:ewe ratios for individual populations where both Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurellaceae were detected ranged from 0.14 to 0.40. However, average lamb:ewe ratios were higher in populations where Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae was not detected (0.37, 95% CI: 0.27-0.51) than in populations where it was detected (0.25, 95% CI: 0.21-0.30). These findings suggest that respiratory pathogens are commonly hosted by bighorn sheep populations and often reduce recruitment rates; however ecological factors may interact with the pathogens to determine population-level effects. Elucidation of such factors could provide insights for management approaches that alleviate the effects of respiratory pathogens in bighorn sheep. Nevertheless, minimizing the introduction of novel pathogens from domestic sheep and goats remains imperative to bighorn sheep conservation.
Topics: Animals; Conservation of Natural Resources; Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae; Pasteurellaceae; Probability; Respiratory System; Sheep, Bighorn
PubMed: 30475861
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207780 -
The New Microbiologica Dec 2022As already known, orthodontic treatment presents a factor of plaque retention, promoting an increase of bacterial growth in the oral cavity. Nevertheless, after...
As already known, orthodontic treatment presents a factor of plaque retention, promoting an increase of bacterial growth in the oral cavity. Nevertheless, after orthodontic debonding an alteration of the previous microbiological status may occur. The present study was designed to assess variations among six bacterial species in the oral cavity and the status of oral health after orthodontic debonding. At the end of the fixed orthodontic treatment, 30 patients were divided into three groups based on the type of retention: I - 10 patients were treated with upper and lower fixed retention devices, II - 10 with upper and lower removable retention devices, and III - 10 with lower fixed and upper removable retention devices. To assess the alterations of oral microbiota after orthodontic debonding, two salivary swabs were collected for each individual: the first immediately after debonding (T0) and the other one 6 weeks later (T1). Six species, the ones most correlated with the development of caries and periodontal disease, were selected for microbiological analysis with Real-time PCR: Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Furthermore, in order to correlate the microbiological outcomes with the clinical condition, oral health indexes at T0 and T1 were assessed for all patients. Six weeks after debonding, the salivary levels of the bacteria investigated tend to decrease and the values of the oral health indexes tend to improve with all types of treatment considered (p<.05). Salivary bacteria levels and oral health are similarly influenced by fixed and/or removable orthodontic retentions.
Topics: Humans; Pharynx; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Periodontal Diseases; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Streptococcus mutans; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
PubMed: 36190371
DOI: No ID Found -
Poultry Science Jan 2022Infectious coryza (IC) is an acute infectious upper respiratory disease in chickens. Recently, the prevalence of IC has increased in China. In this study, to clarify the...
Infectious coryza (IC) is an acute infectious upper respiratory disease in chickens. Recently, the prevalence of IC has increased in China. In this study, to clarify the pathogenic mechanism and innate immune response of Avibacterium paragallinarum (A. paragallinarum), an infection experiment with A. paragallinarum was conducted. Our results showed that the whole course of IC was approximately 7 d. The clinical signs score was highest at 3 dpi and decreased from 5 dpi. A large amount of mucus and exudates was found in the infraorbital sinuses and nasal cavity. The A. paragallinarum contents in blood remained the highest, reaching 9.16 × 10 CFU/g at 5 dpi, which indicated that A. paragallinarum could rapidly invade the host, replicate in the blood and cause bacteremia. A. paragallinarum targets the upper respiratory tract. The infiltration of inflammatory cells, macrophages, and heterophilic granulocytes was only observed in the nasal cavity and infraorbital sinus. The Tlr4 and Nod1 pathways were activated and induced proinflammatory responses in chickens after infection with A. paragallinarum. The expression of Il1β and Il6 in the nasal cavity was significantly higher than that in the spleen, and it was consistent with the gross lesions and pathological changes. In particular, the expression of Il6 increased 229.07-fold at 1 dpi in the nasal cavity and increased 3.12-fold in the spleen. The high level of proinflammatory cytokines in the nasal cavity at an early stage of infection may be the main factor related to acute upper respiratory inflammation in chickens. These findings provide a reference for the occurrence and development of diseases mediated by A. paragallinarum.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Haemophilus paragallinarum; Mucus; Spleen; Virulence
PubMed: 34784516
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101523 -
Veterinary Microbiology Sep 2019Antimicrobial consumption, with bovine respiratory disease as main indication, is higher in the veal calf industry compared to other livestock production branches. The...
Antimicrobial consumption, with bovine respiratory disease as main indication, is higher in the veal calf industry compared to other livestock production branches. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible associations between antimicrobial drug use and resistance in Pasteurellaceae and indicator Escherichia (E.) coli from veal calves under field conditions in a prospective trial. Over a period of one year, nasopharyngeal and rectal swabs were collected from 2587 animals on 12 and 43 farms, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 346 Mannheimia (M.) haemolytica, 1162 Pasteurella (P.) multocida and 2138 E. coli. Drug use was quantified as treatment incidence for each farm based on the used daily dose methodology (TI), separately for group and individual treatments, and for antimicrobial classes. In multivariable mixed logistic regression analyses, risk factors could be identified for reduced susceptibility to certain antimicrobial classes. Group treatment was generally associated with higher rates of not susceptible (NS) M. haemolytica and P. multocida and non-wildtype (non-WT) E. coli. Individual treatment was associated with less NS and non-WT isolates. Age and entry protocol were important confounders with younger animals showing higher rates of NS and non-WT strains. The present findings suggest that, under field conditions, targeted individual treatment of calves can reduce the development of antimicrobial resistance compared to oral group treatment. For the different microorganisms, risk factors for resistance were partially different. This demonstrates that indicator organisms like E. coli do not necessarily reflect the associations observed in respiratory pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Nasopharynx; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Rectum
PubMed: 31500731
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.015 -
BMC Veterinary Research Nov 2022Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) infection can cause a series of diseases in different animals and cause huge economic losses to the breeding industry. P. multocida...
BACKGROUND
Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) infection can cause a series of diseases in different animals and cause huge economic losses to the breeding industry. P. multocida is considered to be one of the most significant pathogens in rabbits. In order to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism and innate immune response of P. multocida, an infection experiment was carried out in this study.
RESULTS
Our results showed that the clinical symptoms of rabbits were severe dyspnoea and serous nasal fluid. During the course of the disease, the deaths peaked at 2 days post infection (dpi) and mortality rate was 60%. The pathological changes of the lung, trachea, and thymus were observed. In particular, consolidation and abscesses appeared in lung. Histopathologic changes in rabbits showed edema, hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration in the lung. P. multocida can rapidly replicate in a variety of tissues, and the colonization in most of the tested tissues reached the maximum at 2 dpi and then decreased at 3 dpi. The number of P. multocida in lung and thymus remained high level at 3 dpi. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 signaling pathways were activated after P. multocida infection. The expression of Il1β, Il6, Il8, and Tnf-α was significantly increased. The expression of most proinflammatory cytokines peaked at 2 dpi and decreased at 3 dpi, and the expression trend of cytokines was consistent with the colonization of P. multocida in rabbit tissues.
CONCLUSIONS
The P. multocida can rapidly replicate in various tissues of rabbit and cause bacteremia after infection. TLRs signaling pathways were activated after P. multocida infection, significantly inducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which is might the main cause of respiratory inflammation and septicemia.
Topics: Animals; Rabbits; Pasteurella multocida; Virulence; Lagomorpha; Pasteurella Infections; Immunity, Innate; Cytokines
PubMed: 36447208
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03517-9 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Mar 2020There are limited data on potential dysbiosis of the airway microbiota in horses with asthma.
BACKGROUND
There are limited data on potential dysbiosis of the airway microbiota in horses with asthma.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
We hypothesized that the respiratory microbiota of horses with moderate asthma is altered. Our objectives were (a) to quantify tracheal bacterial populations using culture and qPCR, (2) to compare aerobic culture and qPCR, and (c) to correlate bacterial populations with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology.
ANIMALS
Eighteen horses with moderate asthma from a hospital population and 10 controls.
METHODS
Prospective case-control study. Aerobic culture was performed on tracheal aspirates, and streptococci, Pasteurella multocida, Chlamydophila spp., Mycoplasma spp., as well as 16S (bacterial) and 18S (fungal) rRNA subunits were quantified by qPCR.
RESULTS
Potential pathogens such as Streptococcus spp., Actinobacillus spp., and Pasteurellaceae were isolated from 8, 5, and 6 horses with asthma and 3, 0, and 2 controls, respectively. There was a positive correlation between Streptococcus spp. DNA and 16S rRNA gene (r ≥ 0.7, P ≤ 0.02 in both groups), but the overall bacterial load (16S) was lower in asthma (1.5 ± 1.3 versus 2.5 ± 0.8 × 10 copy/μL, P < 0.05). There was no association between microbial populations and clinical signs, tracheal mucus or BALF inflammation.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
This study does not support that bacterial overgrowth is a common feature of chronic moderate asthma in horses. Lower bacterial load could suggest dysbiosis of the lower airways, either as a consequence of chronic inflammation or previous treatments, or as a perpetuating factor of inflammation.
Topics: Actinobacillus; Animals; Asthma; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Case-Control Studies; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; Pasteurellaceae; Prospective Studies; Streptococcus; Trachea
PubMed: 31985115
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15707 -
The European Respiratory Journal Oct 2021
Topics: Haemophilus; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
PubMed: 34649972
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02143-2021 -
FEBS Letters Nov 2016Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a commensal microbe often isolated from the upper and lower respiratory tract. This bacterial species can cause sinusitis,... (Review)
Review
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a commensal microbe often isolated from the upper and lower respiratory tract. This bacterial species can cause sinusitis, acute otitis media in preschool children, exacerbations in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as conjunctivitis and bacteremia. Since the introduction of a vaccine against H. influenzae serotype b in the 1990s, the burden of H. influenzae-related infections has been increasingly dominated by NTHi. Understanding the ability of NTHi to cause infection is currently an expanding area of study. NTHi is able to exert differential binding to the host tissue through the use of a broad range of adhesins. NTHi survival in the host is multifaceted, that is, using virulence factors involved in complement resistance, biofilm, modified immunoglobulin responses, and, finally, formation and utilization of host proteins as a secondary strategy of increasing the adhesive ability.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Biofilms; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus Vaccines; Haemophilus influenzae; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 27508518
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12351