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BioMed Research International 2022The anterior compartment of the arm consists of three muscles: the biceps brachii (BB), brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscle. The aim of the present study was to...
INTRODUCTION
The anterior compartment of the arm consists of three muscles: the biceps brachii (BB), brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscle. The aim of the present study was to characterize possible variations in the supernumerary heads of the biceps brachii and use these to prepare an accurate classification of the area that could be used for planning surgical procedures in the region. . One hundred (51 left and 49 right, 52 females and 48 males) upper limbs fixed in 10% formalin solution were examined.
RESULTS
Four types of supernumerary BB heads were identified, with subtypes. Type I was the most common type, characterized by the two heads (64%); this was subdivided into Type IA, with a single muscle belly, and Type IB with two muscle bellies. The second most common type was Type II, which was characterized by the three BB heads (26%). This type was divided into four subtypes (A-D): Type IIa characterized by attachment to the middle part of the shaft of the humerus; Type IIb characterized by the origin to the coracoid process together with the short head of the BB; Type IIc characterized by origin to the tendon of the pectoralis major muscle; and Type IId characterized by the attachment to the capsule of the humeral joint. The third most common type was Type III, which was characterized by four heads (6%); this was divided into Type IIIa, where two heads originated from the humerus bone, and Type IIIb, where one head originated from the short heads and the second from the long head of the BB. The rarest type was Type IV (4%) which was characterized by five heads: the short head originated from the coracoid process and the long head originated from the supraglenoid tubercle, the third and fourth head originated from the shaft of the humerus, while the fifth head originated from the pectoralis major muscle.
CONCLUSION
The biceps brachii is characterized by very high morphological variability. The new classification proposes four types of supernumerary head arrangement (I-IV), divided into subtypes. This classification has both clinical and anatomical significance.
Topics: Arm; Female; Humans; Humerus; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Pectoralis Muscles; Tendons
PubMed: 35496043
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1510363 -
BMC Oral Health Apr 2021Microvascular tissue transfer (MTT) has been established as the gold standard in oral- and maxillofacial reconstruction. However, free flap surgery may be critical in...
BACKGROUND
Microvascular tissue transfer (MTT) has been established as the gold standard in oral- and maxillofacial reconstruction. However, free flap surgery may be critical in multimorbid elderly patients and after surgery or radiotherapy, which aggravate microsurgery. This study evaluates indications and outcome of the submental island flap (SMIF) and the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) as alternatives to the free radial forearm flap (RFF).
METHODS
This retrospective study included 134 patients who had undergone resection and reconstruction with SMIF, PMMF, or RFF at our department between 2005 and 2020. The level of comorbidity was measured with the Age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (ACCI). Primary outcome variables were flap success, complications, wound dehiscence, surgery duration, as well as time at the ICU and the ward (hospitalization). Chi-square tests, t-tests, and ANOVA were performed for statistics.
RESULTS
24 SMIFs, 52 RFFs, and 58 PMMFs were included in this study. The flap types did not significantly differ in terms of flap success, complications, and healing disorders. The SMIF presented a success rate of 95.8% and was significantly more often used in elderly patients (mean age = 70.2 years; p < 0.001) with increased comorbidities than the PMMF (p < 0.01) and RFF (p < 0.001). SMIF reconstruction reduced surgery duration (p < 0.001) and time at the ICU (p = 0.009) and the ward (p < 0.001) more than PMMF and RFF reconstructions. PMMF reconstruction was successful in 91.4% of patients and was more frequently used after head and neck surgery (p < 0.001) and radiotherapy (p < 0.001) than SMIF and RFF reconstructions. Patients undergoing PMMF reconstruction more frequently required segmental jaw resection and had presented with advanced tumor stages (both p < 0.001). Nicotine and alcohol abuse was more frequent in the RFF and PMMF groups (both p < 0.001) than in the SMIF group.
CONCLUSIONS
The pedicled SMIF represents a valuable reconstructive option for elderly patients with increased comorbidity because of the shorter duration of surgery and hospitalization. On the other hand, the PMMF serves as a solid backup solution after head and neck surgery or radiotherapy. The rates of flap success, complications, and healing disorders of both pedicled flaps are comparable to those of free flap reconstruction.
Topics: Aged; Free Tissue Flaps; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Myocutaneous Flap; Pectoralis Muscles; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 33874923
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01563-7 -
Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2018Individuals with short resting pectoralis minor muscle length have been shown to have aberrant scapulothoracic motion when compared to individuals with long resting...
Pectoralis minor muscle elongation and scapulothoracic motion do not differ in individuals with short versus typical resting pectoralis minor muscle length: a cross-sectional study.
BACKGROUND
Individuals with short resting pectoralis minor muscle length have been shown to have aberrant scapulothoracic motion when compared to individuals with long resting pectoralis minor muscle length. However, the degree to which the pectoralis minor muscle can be lengthened and whether or not scapulothoracic motion differs between individuals with short and typical resting pectoralis minor muscle length is unknown.
OBJECTIVES
To determine if: (1) pectoralis minor muscle elongation (percent pectoralis minor muscle can be actively and passively lengthened beyond resting length), (2) pectoralis minor muscle percent length change during overhead reaching, and (3) scapulothoracic motion during overhead reaching differ between individuals with short and typical resting pectoralis minor muscle length.
DESIGN
Two group comparison.
METHODS
Thirty healthy individuals were placed into a short or typical resting pectoralis minor muscle length group. A caliper was used to measure resting pectoralis minor muscle length and pectoralis minor muscle length during active and passive muscle lengthening. An electromagnetic tracking system was used to measure pectoralis minor muscle length change as well as scapular, humeral, and trunk motion during several arm elevation tasks. Pectoralis minor muscle elongation and length change during arm elevation tasks were compared between groups using independent t-tests. Two-factor mixed-model analyses of variance were used to compare scapulothoracic motion at arm elevation angles of 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120°.
RESULTS
Pectoralis minor muscle elongation and pectoralis minor muscle length change during arm elevation did not differ between groups. Scapulothoracic motion did not differ between groups across arm elevation tasks.
CONCLUSIONS
Although resting pectoralis minor muscle length differed between groups, pectoralis minor muscle lengthening and scapulothoracic motion were similar between participants with short and typical resting pectoralis minor muscle length. Additional studies are needed to better understand the role of pectoralis minor muscle elongation on scapulothoracic motion.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Pectoralis Muscles; Rest; Scapula
PubMed: 29914856
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.05.003 -
Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira... 2022We aimed to investigate whether sarcopenia measured from pectoralis muscles is a risk factor for long-term mortality in left ventricular assist device patients.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to investigate whether sarcopenia measured from pectoralis muscles is a risk factor for long-term mortality in left ventricular assist device patients.
METHODS
Patients aged >18 years implanted with a left ventricular assist device in a single center between 2013 and 2019 were retrospectively included. Patients without a thoracic computed tomography scan performed within 3 months of left ventricular assist device implantation and without computed tomography scans appropriate for pectoralis muscle measurement were excluded. Pectoralis muscle measurements were made on thoracic computed tomography slices, and pectoralis muscle indices were calculated for each patient. Sarcopenia was defined as being in the gender-specific lowest tertile of pectoralis muscle index. Survival was compared between patients with and without sarcopenia.
RESULTS
The study was conducted on 64 left ventricular assist device patients who met the inclusion criteria. Notably, 21 (32.8%) of the study patients were sarcopenic. Diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia were more common in patients with 2-year mortality in our cohort. Patients with sarcopenia had a worse 2-year survival (p<0.001). Sarcopenia had an adjusted hazard ratio of 4.04 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36-12.02, p=0.012), while diabetes mellitus was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.14 (95%CI 1.17-8.39, p=0.023).
CONCLUSION
Sarcopenia defined by low pectoralis muscle index increases the risk for 2-year mortality in left ventricular assist device patients.
Topics: Humans; Sarcopenia; Pectoralis Muscles; Heart-Assist Devices; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36449796
DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20220744 -
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation May 2020Tightness of the pectoralis minor is a common characteristic that has been associated with aberrant posture and shoulder pathology. Determining conservative treatment... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
CONTEXT
Tightness of the pectoralis minor is a common characteristic that has been associated with aberrant posture and shoulder pathology. Determining conservative treatment techniques for maintaining and lengthening this muscle is critical. Although some gross stretching techniques have been proven effective, there are currently no empirical data regarding the effectiveness of self-myofascial release for treating tightness of this muscle.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the acute effectiveness of a self-myofascial release with movement technique of the pectoralis minor for improving shoulder motion and posture among asymptomatic individuals.
DESIGN
Randomized controlled trial.
SETTING
Orthopedic rehabilitation clinic.
PARTICIPANTS
A total of 21 physically active, college-aged individuals without shoulder pain volunteered to participate in this study.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Glenohumeral internal rotation, external rotation, and flexion range of motion (ROM), pectoralis minor length, and forward scapular posture were measured in all participants. The intervention group received one application of a self-soft-tissue mobilization of the pectoralis minor with movement. The placebo group completed the same motions as the intervention group, but with minimal pressure applied to the xiphoid process. Separate analyses of covariance were used to determine differences between groups (P < .05).
RESULTS
Separate analyses of covariance showed that the self-mobilization group had significantly more flexion ROM, pectoralis minor length, and less forward scapular posture posttest than the placebo group. However, the difference in forward scapular posture may not be clinically significant. No differences were found between groups for external or internal rotation ROM.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study indicate that an acute self-myofascial release with movement is effective for improving glenohumeral flexion ROM and pectoralis minor length, and may assist with forward scapular posture. Clinicians should consider this self-mobilization in the prevention and rehabilitation of pathologies associated with shortness of the pectoralis minor.
Topics: Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Movement; Muscle Stretching Exercises; Pectoralis Muscles; Posture; Range of Motion, Articular; Rotation; Scapula; Shoulder; Shoulder Pain; Young Adult
PubMed: 30860417
DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0220 -
Journal of Neurophysiology Jul 2021The pectoralis major critically enables arm movement in several directions. However, its neural control remains unknown. High-density electromyography (HD-sEMG) was...
The pectoralis major critically enables arm movement in several directions. However, its neural control remains unknown. High-density electromyography (HD-sEMG) was acquired from the pectoralis major in two sets of experiments in healthy young adults. Participants performed ramp-and-hold isometric contractions in: adduction, internal rotation, flexion, and horizontal adduction at three force levels: 15%, 25%, and 50% scaled to task-specific maximal voluntary force (MVF). HD-sEMG signals were decomposed into motor unit spike trains using a convolutive blind source separation algorithm and matched across force levels using a motor unit matching algorithm. The mean discharge rate and coefficient of variation were quantified across the hold and compared between 15% and 25% MVF across all tasks, whereas comparisons between 25% and 50% MVF were made where available. Mean motor unit discharge rate was not significantly different between 15% and 25% MVF (all > 0.05) across all tasks or between 25% and 50% MVF in horizontal adduction ( = 0.11), indicating an apparent saturation across force levels and the absence of rate coding. These findings suggest that the pectoralis major likely relies on motor unit recruitment to increase force, providing first-line evidence of motor unit recruitment in this muscle and paving the way for more deliberate investigations of the pectoralis major involvement in shoulder function. This work is the first to investigate the relative contribution of rate coding and motor unit recruitment in the pectoralis major muscle in several functionally relevant tasks and across varying force levels in healthy adults. Our results demonstrate the absence of motor unit rate coding with an increase in EMG amplitude with increases in force level in all tasks examined, indicating that the pectoralis major relies on motor unit recruitment to increase force.
Topics: Adult; Electrocardiography; Electromyography; Female; Humans; Isometric Contraction; Male; Motor Neurons; Neural Pathways; Pectoralis Muscles; Psychomotor Performance; Recruitment, Neurophysiological; Young Adult
PubMed: 34107220
DOI: 10.1152/jn.00046.2021 -
Poultry Science Feb 2021Goose meat is increasingly popular among consumers because of its good quality. The fiber characteristics have been well demonstrated to be key contributing factors of...
Goose meat is increasingly popular among consumers because of its good quality. The fiber characteristics have been well demonstrated to be key contributing factors of meat quality, and the marketable ages are also closely related to meat quality. However, little is known about the effect of different marketable ages on the quality of goose meat through its fiber characteristics. Here, fiber characteristics of Yangzhou geese of different marketable ages (70, 90, and 120 d) and their effect on meat quality were investigated. The results showed that only fast-twitch fibers were present in breast muscle, irrespective of age, and that few slow-twitch fibers could be identified in leg muscle, especially in gastrocnemius and extensor digitorum longus. Fiber diameter in breast muscle increased rapidly from age 70 d to 90 d, from 19.88 to 26.27 μm, and remained stable for 90 d thereafter. The diameter and cross-sectional area of muscle fiber continue to grow with day increasing in leg muscle. In addition, we measured the proximate composition and physical properties at different ages. Among the 3 marketable ages investigated, the 120-day-old geese had higher intramuscular fat and protein content, as well as lower moisture content, both in breast and leg meat. Greater lightness and pressing loss, with lower redness and shear force, were observed in the breast and leg meat of 70-day-old geese when compared with 90- or 120-day-old geese. Taken together, although older marketable age hardly affected muscle fiber type in geese, it would contribute to larger muscle fiber area, higher intramuscular fat and protein content, as well as redder and chewier meat. As a result, the reasonable marketable age should be taken into account to improve quality in goose meat production, and the marketable age of 90 or 120 d was recommended and it could potentially improve meat quality in goose meat production.
Topics: Age Factors; Animal Feed; Animals; Dietary Fiber; Female; Geese; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immunohistochemistry; Lower Extremity; Meat; Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Skeletal; Myosin Heavy Chains; Pectoralis Muscles; Pigmentation
PubMed: 33518126
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.053 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2017The role of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) in head and neck reconstruction is challenged recently due to its natural drawbacks and the popularity of free...
The role of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) in head and neck reconstruction is challenged recently due to its natural drawbacks and the popularity of free flaps. This study was designed to evaluate the indications and reliability of using a PMMF in the current free flap era based on a single center experience. The PMMF was harvested as a pedicle-skeletonized flap, with its skin paddle caudally and medially to the areola, including the third intercostal perforator, preserving the upper one third of the pectoralis major muscle. The harvested flap was passed via a submuscular tunnel over the clavicle. One hundred eighteen PMMFs were used in 114 patients, of which 76 were high-risk candidates for a free flap; 8 patients underwent total glossectomy, and 30 underwent salvage or emergency reconstruction. Major complications occurred in 4 patients and minor complications developed in 10. Tracheal extubation was possible in all cases, while oral intake was possible in all but 1 case. These techniques used in harvesting a PMMF significantly overcome its natural pitfalls. PMMFs can safely be used in head and neck cancer patients who need salvage reconstruction, who are high risk for free flaps, and who need large volume soft-tissue flaps.
Topics: Aged; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Myocutaneous Flap; Pectoralis Muscles; Postoperative Complications; Plastic Surgery Procedures
PubMed: 28387356
DOI: 10.1038/srep46256 -
Pectoralis muscle index might be a factor associated with frailty in older women with breast cancer.Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences Jun 2023To investigate the possible relationship between pectoralis muscle (PM) measurement and frailty in older women with breast cancer (BC) (preoperatively defined as stage... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
To investigate the possible relationship between pectoralis muscle (PM) measurement and frailty in older women with breast cancer (BC) (preoperatively defined as stage 1, 2, and 3 diseases).
METHODS
This retrospective, observational study was conducted at Konya Training and Research Hospital between June and December 2020. A total of 102 patients [median age 62.5 years, median follow-up period two years] were included in the study. PM measurements were obtained from thorax computerized tomography (CT). Pectoralis muscle index (PMI) was calculated by dividing the PM area by the height square of the patients (cm2/m2). Pectoralis muscle density (PMD) was evaluated using CT findings, including their Hounsfield Units (HU). Frailty status and sarcopenia-risk assessments were done by a telephone interview in September 2020 using the FRAIL index (categorized as robust or nonrobust) and SARC-F questionnaire (classified as no sarcopenia-risk or risk of sarcopenia), respectively. PM measurements were compared between robust and nonrobust patients and between patients with a risk of sarcopenia and no sarcopenia risk.
RESULTS
The nonrobust patients had lower pectoralis major muscle index (PMaMI) (p = 0.041) and pectoralis major muscle density(PMaD) (p = 0.020) levels than robust patients in the whole study sample. PMI (p = 0.017) and PMaMI (p = 0.010) levels were significantly lower in the nonrobust patients than in robust patients with early-stage BC. Frailty status was positively correlated with age (rho: 0.621; p < 0.001), BC stage (rho: 0.220; p = 0.026), and SARC-F score (rho: 0.747; p < 0.001), and negatively correlated with PMaMI (rho: -0.197; p = 0.047) and PMaD (rho: -0.237; p = 0.016). There were significant associations between PMaMI (OR: 0.467, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.226-0.962 p = 0.039) and PMI (OR: 0.543, 95% CI: 0.299-0.986 p = 0.045) levels with frailty status (being nonrobust) in regression models.
DISCUSSION
In the study, it has been shown that pectoralis muscle assessment might be a related parameter to frailty in older women with breast cancer.
Topics: Humans; Female; Aged; Middle Aged; Frailty; Pectoralis Muscles; Breast Neoplasms; Frail Elderly; Retrospective Studies; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 37476895
DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5645 -
Poultry Science Jul 2024The purpose of the study was to compare young (6-wk-old) and spent (52-wk-old) Japanese quail in terms of body weight, carcass characteristics, and some meat quality...
The purpose of the study was to compare young (6-wk-old) and spent (52-wk-old) Japanese quail in terms of body weight, carcass characteristics, and some meat quality traits. Whole carcasses were dissected, pectoral muscles and leg muscles were sampled for determination of basic chemical composition and L*a*b* color parameters, while m. pectoralis major was sampled for texture and microstructure traits. Age of quails had a significant effect on body weight, carcass weight, carcass yield, pectoral muscle, abdominal fat and skin with subcutaneous fat, and carcass remainders contents in eviscerated carcass. Spent quails had significantly higher intramuscular fat content in pectoral and leg muscles and protein content in breast muscle, and also lower content of water in breast and leg muscles than young quails. Slaughter age significantly affected lightness (L*) and redness (a*) of pectoral muscles, as well as texture traits (except for cohesiveness) and microstructure of m. pectoralis major, except for thickness of perimysium and endomysium. Regardless of age, quail sex had an effect on the carcass traits studied (except for leg muscle content), intramuscular fat content of pectoral and leg muscles, water content of leg muscles and yellowness of pectoral muscle. In addition, a significant effect of quail sex was found on cutting work, springiness, chewiness and marked microstructural characteristics, except for vertical fiber diameter. The interaction between age and sex was significant for most slaughter and microstructural characteristics and also WB-shear force of m. pectoralis major, and L*, b* pectoral muscles. Higher fatness of carcasses, higher intramuscular fat in meat, and poorer textural and microstructural characteristics of m. pectoralis major spent Japanese quail indicate poorer fulfillment of most consumers' requirements compared to carcasses and meat of young quails.
Topics: Animals; Meat; Coturnix; Male; Female; Age Factors; Muscle, Skeletal; Pectoralis Muscles; Body Composition
PubMed: 38697005
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103763