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Scientific Reports Mar 2018As an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, live yeast supplementation has proven useful in reducing weaning stress and improving performance parameters of...
As an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, live yeast supplementation has proven useful in reducing weaning stress and improving performance parameters of piglets. Here, we compared the performance and hindgut microbiota of weanling piglets subjected to different pre- and post-weaning yeast supplementation regimens using a live strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Actisaf Sc 47). Average feed intake and average daily weight gain of piglets within Yeast-Control and Yeast-Yeast groups were higher than those in the Control-Control group. Yeast supplementation resulted in development of microbial communities that were phylogenetically more homogenous and less dispersed compared to the microbiota of control piglets. Key bacterial taxa overrepresented in the microbiota of yeast supplemented piglets included phylum Actinobacteria, specifically family Coriobacteriaceae, as well as Firmicutes families Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Peptococcaceae. Correlation network analysis revealed that yeast supplementation was associated with enrichment of positive correlations among proportions of different bacterial genera within the hindgut ecosystem. In particular, within the cecal microbiota of supplemented piglets, higher numbers of positive correlations were observed among potentially beneficial genera of the phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, suggesting a mechanism by which yeast supplementation may contribute to regulation of intestinal homeostasis and improved performance of piglets.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Biodiversity; Computational Biology; Dietary Supplements; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Probiotics; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Swine; Weaning
PubMed: 29593306
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23373-8 -
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal... Mar 2018Although the efficacy of (RC) byproducts as a feed additive has been recognized, its effects on intestinal microorganisms and the immune system are still unknown.
OBJECTIVE
Although the efficacy of (RC) byproducts as a feed additive has been recognized, its effects on intestinal microorganisms and the immune system are still unknown.
METHODS
Six-week-old male rats were treated with 0.5% RC (T1), 1.0% RC (T2), and 1.5% RC (T3) for 4 weeks.
RESULTS
We found that treatment with RC byproducts significantly increased the daily gain of body weight and feed intake. Treg-cell differentiation was enhanced in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen from the rats fed with RC byproducts. Illumina sequencing showed that bacteria in the phylum decreased and while those in the phylum increased in RC-treated groups. Particularly, the pathogenic microorganisms in the family decreased, and the non-pathogenic families and increased. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the RC byproducts increased the lactic acid bacteria spp., spp., , and in a concentration-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION
RC byproducts may be effective in immunomodulation by affecting intestinal microorganisms.
PubMed: 29502392
DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0733 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2019Anoxic aquifers suffer from energy limitations due to the unavailability of organic substrates, as dictated by hydrogen (H) for various electron-accepting processes....
Anoxic aquifers suffer from energy limitations due to the unavailability of organic substrates, as dictated by hydrogen (H) for various electron-accepting processes. This deficiency often results in the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants, where bioremediation using organic compounds often leads to secondary contamination. This study involves the reductive dechlorination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by dechlorinators that do not use H directly, but rather through a reduced state of humin-a solid-phase humic substance-as the extracellular electron donor, which requires an organic donor such as formate, lactate, etc. This shortcoming was addressed by the development of an anaerobic mixed culture that was capable of reductively dechlorinating PCP using humin under autotrophic conditions induced by homoacetogenesis. Here, H was used for carbon-dioxide fixation to acetate; the acetate produced was used for the reduction of humin; and consequently used for dechlorination through reduced humin. The 16SrRNA gene sequencing analysis showed Dehalobacter and Dehalobacterium as the possible dechlorinators, while Clostridium and Oxobacter were identified as the homoacetogens. Thus, this work contributes to the development of an anaerobic consortium that balanced H dependency, where efficiency of humin reduction extends the applicability of anaerobic microbial remediation in aquifers through autotrophy, syntrophy, and reductive dechlorination.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Autotrophic Processes; Biodegradation, Environmental; Clostridium; Electrons; Groundwater; Halogenation; Humic Substances; Microbiota; Oxidation-Reduction; Pentachlorophenol; Peptococcaceae; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 31405258
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162873 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2020Impaired thermoregulation and lowered average daily gains (ADG) result when livestock graze toxic endophyte (Epichloë coenophialum)-infected tall fescue (E+) and are...
Impaired thermoregulation and lowered average daily gains (ADG) result when livestock graze toxic endophyte (Epichloë coenophialum)-infected tall fescue (E+) and are hallmark signs of fescue toxicosis (FT), a disease exacerbated by increased temperature and humidity (+temperature-humidity index; +THI). We previously reported FT is associated with metabolic and microbiota perturbations under thermoneutral conditions; here, we assessed the influence of E+ grazing and +THI on the microbiota:metabolome interactions. Using high-resolution metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, plasma/urine metabolomes and the fecal microbiota of Angus steers grazing non-toxic or E+ tall fescue were evaluated in the context of +THI. E+ grazing affected the fecal microbiota profile; +THI conditions modulated the microbiota only in E+ steers. E+ also perturbed many metabolic pathways, namely amino acid and inflammation-related metabolism; +THI affected these pathways only in E+ steers. Integrative analyses revealed the E+ microbiota correlated and co-varied with the metabolomes in a THI-dependent manner. Operational taxonomic units in the families Peptococcaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Ruminococcaceae correlated with production parameters (e.g., ADG) and with multiple plasma/urine metabolic features, providing putative FT biomarkers and/or targets for the development of FT therapeutics. Overall, this study suggests that E+ grazing increases Angus steer susceptibility to +THI, and offers possible targets for FT interventions.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Environment; Epichloe; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Herbivory; Lolium; Metabolome; Mycotoxicosis
PubMed: 32051515
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59104-1 -
Microbial Ecology Jul 2017The Watson River drains a portion of the SW Greenland ice sheet, transporting microbial communities from subglacial environments to a delta at the head of Søndre...
The Watson River drains a portion of the SW Greenland ice sheet, transporting microbial communities from subglacial environments to a delta at the head of Søndre Strømfjord. This study investigates the potential activity and community shifts of glacial microbiota deposited and buried under layers of sediments within the river delta. A long-term (12-month) incubation experiment was established using Watson River delta sediment under anaerobic conditions, with and without CO/H enrichment. Within CO/H-amended incubations, sulphate depletion and a shift in the microbial community to a 52% predominance of Desulfosporosinus meridiei by day 371 provides evidence for sulphate reduction. We found evidence of methanogenesis in CO/H-amended incubations within the first 5 months, with production rates of ~4 pmol g d, which was likely performed by methanogenic Methanomicrobiales- and Methanosarcinales-related organisms. Later, a reduction in methane was observed to be paired with the depletion of sulphate, and we hypothesise that sulphate reduction out competed hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. The structure and diversity of the original CO/H-amended incubation communities changed dramatically with a major shift in predominant community members and a decline in diversity and cell abundance. These results highlight the need for further investigations into the fate of subglacial microbiota within downstream environments.
Topics: Geologic Sediments; Greenland; Ice Cover; Methane; Methanomicrobiales; Methanosarcinales; Microbiota; Peptococcaceae; Rivers; Sulfates
PubMed: 28070677
DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0926-2 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021is one of the leading causes of gastrointestinal illness worldwide and is mainly transmitted from chicken through the food chain. Previous studies have provided...
is one of the leading causes of gastrointestinal illness worldwide and is mainly transmitted from chicken through the food chain. Previous studies have provided increasing evidence that this pathogen can colonize and replicate in broiler chicken during its breeding; however, its temporal kinetics in laying hen are poorly understood. Considering the possible interaction between and gut microbiota, the current study was conducted to address the temporal dynamics of in the cecum of laying hen over 40 weeks, with possible alteration of the gut microbiota and fatty acid (FA) components. Following oral infection with 81-176, inocula were stably recovered from ceca for up to 8 weeks post-infection (.). From 16 weeks ., most birds became negative for and remained negative up to 40 weeks . 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses revealed that most of the altered relative rRNA gene abundances occurred in the order , in which increased relative rRNA gene abundances were observed at >16 weeks . in the families , and . Lipidome analyses revealed increased levels of sterols associated with bile acid metabolisms in the cecum at 16 and/or 24 weeks . compared with those detected at 8 weeks ., suggesting that altered microbiota and bile acid metabolism might underlie the decreased colonization fitness of in the gut of laying hens.
PubMed: 34222400
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.675570 -
The FEBS Journal Nov 2020Corrinoid-dependent enzyme systems rely on the super-reduced state of the protein-bound corrinoid cofactor to be functional, for example, in methyl transfer reactions....
Corrinoid-dependent enzyme systems rely on the super-reduced state of the protein-bound corrinoid cofactor to be functional, for example, in methyl transfer reactions. Due to the low redox potential of the [Co ]/[Co ] couple, autoxidation of the corrinoid cofactor occurs and leads to the formation of the inactive [Co ]-state. For the reactivation, which is an energy-demanding process, electrons have to be transferred from a physiological donor to the corrinoid cofactor by the help of a reductive activator protein. In this study, we identified reduced flavodoxin as electron donor for the ATP-dependent reduction of protein-bound corrinoid cofactors of bacterial O-demethylase enzyme systems. Reduced flavodoxin was generated enzymatically using pyruvate:ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase rather than hydrogenase. Two of the four flavodoxins identified in Acetobacterium dehalogenans and Desulfitobacterium hafniense DCB-2 were functional in supplying electrons for corrinoid reduction. They exhibited a midpoint potential of about -400 mV (E , pH 7.5) for the semiquinone/hydroquinone transition. Reduced flavodoxin could be replaced by reduced clostridial ferredoxin. It was shown that the low-potential electrons of reduced flavodoxin are first transferred to the iron-sulfur cluster of the reductive activator and finally to the protein-bound corrinoid cofactor. This study further highlights the importance of reduced flavodoxin, which allows maintaining a variety of enzymatic reaction cycles by delivering low-potential electrons.
Topics: Acetobacterium; Adenosine Triphosphate; Bacterial Proteins; Corrinoids; Desulfitobacterium; Electrons; Flavodoxin; Hydroquinones; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Spectrophotometry
PubMed: 32160390
DOI: 10.1111/febs.15290 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2015Anaerobic degradation of lignin-derived aromatics is an important metabolism for carbon and nutrient cycles in soil environments. Although there are some studies on...
Anaerobic degradation of lignin-derived aromatics is an important metabolism for carbon and nutrient cycles in soil environments. Although there are some studies on degradation of lignin-derived aromatics by nitrate- and sulfate-reducing bacteria, knowledge on their degradation under methanogenic conditions are quite limited. In this study, methanogenic microbial communities were enriched from rice paddy field soil with lignin-derived methoxylated monoaromatics (vanillate and syringate) and their degradation intermediates (protocatechuate, catechol, and gallate) as the sole carbon and energy sources. Archaeal community analysis disclosed that both aceticlastic (Methanosarcina sp.) and hydrogenotrophic (Methanoculleus sp. and Methanocella sp.) methanogens dominated in all of the enrichments. Bacterial community analysis revealed the dominance of acetogenic bacteria (Sporomusa spp.) only in the enrichments on the methoxylated aromatics, suggesting that Sporomusa spp. initially convert vanillate and syringate into protocatechuate and gallate, respectively, with acetogenesis via O-demethylation. As the putative ring-cleavage microbes, bacteria within the phylum Firmicutes were dominantly detected from all of the enrichments, while the dominant phylotypes were not identical between enrichments on vanillate/protocatechuate/catechol (family Peptococcaceae bacteria) and on syringate/gallate (family Ruminococcaceae bacteria). This study demonstrates the importance of cooperation among acetogens, ring-cleaving fermenters/syntrophs and aceticlastic/hydrogenotrophic methanogens for degradation of lignin-derived aromatics under methanogenic conditions.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Biodiversity; Fermentation; Lignin; Microbiota; Models, Theoretical; Organic Chemicals; Oryza; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 26399549
DOI: 10.1038/srep14295 -
MBio Feb 2019Microbial diversity in the environment is mainly concealed within the rare biosphere (all species with <0.1% relative abundance). While dormancy explains a low-abundance...
Microbial diversity in the environment is mainly concealed within the rare biosphere (all species with <0.1% relative abundance). While dormancy explains a low-abundance state very well, the mechanisms leading to rare but active microorganisms remain elusive. We used environmental systems biology to genomically and transcriptionally characterize " Desulfosporosinus infrequens," a low-abundance sulfate-reducing microorganism cosmopolitan to freshwater wetlands, where it contributes to cryptic sulfur cycling. We obtained its near-complete genome by metagenomics of acidic peat soil. In addition, we analyzed anoxic peat soil incubated under -like conditions for 50 days by -targeted qPCR and metatranscriptomics. The population stayed at a constant low abundance under all incubation conditions, averaging 1.2 × 10 16S rRNA gene copies per cm³ soil. In contrast, transcriptional activity of " Desulfosporosinus infrequens" increased at day 36 by 56- to 188-fold when minor amendments of acetate, propionate, lactate, or butyrate were provided with sulfate, compared to the no-substrate-control. Overall transcriptional activity was driven by expression of genes encoding ribosomal proteins, energy metabolism, and stress response but not by expression of genes encoding cell growth-associated processes. Since our results did not support growth of these highly active microorganisms in terms of biomass increase or cell division, they had to invest their sole energy for maintenance, most likely counterbalancing acidic pH conditions. This finding explains how a rare biosphere member can contribute to a biogeochemically relevant process while remaining in a zero-growth state over a period of 50 days. The microbial rare biosphere represents the largest pool of biodiversity on Earth and constitutes, in sum of all its members, a considerable part of a habitat's biomass. Dormancy or starvation is typically used to explain the persistence of low-abundance microorganisms in the environment. We show that a low-abundance microorganism can be highly transcriptionally active while remaining in a zero-growth state for at least 7 weeks. Our results provide evidence that this zero growth at a high cellular activity state is driven by maintenance requirements. We show that this is true for a microbial keystone species, in particular a cosmopolitan but permanently low-abundance sulfate-reducing microorganism in wetlands that is involved in counterbalancing greenhouse gas emissions. In summary, our results provide an important step forward in understanding time-resolved activities of rare biosphere members relevant for ecosystem functions.
Topics: Bacterial Load; Biomass; Gene Expression Profiling; Genome, Bacterial; Metagenomics; Peptococcaceae; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil Microbiology; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 30755506
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02189-18 -
Toxins Jun 2020Trichothecenes are the most common mycotoxins contaminating small grain cereals worldwide. The C12,13 epoxide group in the trichothecenes was identified as a toxic group...
Trichothecenes are the most common mycotoxins contaminating small grain cereals worldwide. The C12,13 epoxide group in the trichothecenes was identified as a toxic group posing harm to humans, farm animals, and plants. Aerobic biological de-epoxidation is considered the ideal method of controlling these types of mycotoxins. In this study, we isolated a novel trichothecene mycotoxin-de-epoxidating bacterium, sp. PGC-3-9, from a consortium obtained from the soil of a wheat field known for the occurrence of frequent head blight epidemics under aerobic conditions. Along with MMYPF media, a combination of two antibiotics (sulfadiazine and trimethoprim) substantially increased the relative abundance of species from 1.55% (aerobic) to 29.11% (aerobic) and 28.63% (anaerobic). A single colony purified strain, PGC-3-9, was isolated and a 16S rRNA sequencing analysis determined that it was . The PGC-3-9 strain completely de-epoxidated HT-2, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, and efficiently eliminated DON in wheat grains under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The strain PGC-3-9 exhibited high DON de-epoxidation activity at a wide range of pH (6-10) and temperature (15-50 °C) values under both conditions. This strain may be used for the development of detoxification agents in the agriculture and feed industries and the isolation of de-epoxidation enzymes.
Topics: Desulfitobacterium; Edible Grain; Food Microbiology; Fungi; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Inactivation, Metabolic; Oxygen; Soil Microbiology; Temperature; Trichothecenes; Triticum
PubMed: 32492959
DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060363